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新概念第三册语法详解和总结（带习题和答案）
第一章
英语从句
Subordination
英语从句主要有定语从句，状语从句和名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）
一．定语从句
1．
定语从句：由关系代词
who,
whom,
whose,
that,
which;
关系副词
when,
where,
why
引导。
（下面十个句子请读
5遍并脱口译出！）
1.
The
death
notices
tell
us
about
people
who
have
died
during
the
week.
2.
The
man
(whom)
you
spoke
to
just
now
is
my
friend.
3.
The
building
whose
lights
are
on
is
beautiful.
4.
Please
find
a
place
which
we
can
have
a
private
talk
in.
5.
The
knee
is
the
joint
where
the
thighbone
meets
the
large
bone
of
the
lower
leg.
6.
He
still
remembers
the
day
when
he
went
to
school.
7.
It
is
no
need
telling
us
the
reason
why
you
didn't
finish
it
in
time.
8.
He
has
three
sons,
two
of
whom
died
in
the
war.
9.
Mr.
Smith,
whose
wife
is
a
clerk,
teaches
us
English.
10.
In
the
Sunday
paper
there
are
comics,
which
children
enjoy.
2．
只能用that和who引导的定语从句
A．all,
nothing,
anything,
a
few,
one做先行词指物时
B．先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时，后面常跟that而不是which.
C．先行词前有
the
only,
the
first,
the
last,
the
next,
the
very等词修饰时，引导词只能用that。
D．当先行词是
anyone,
anybody,
everyone,
everybody,
someone,
somebody时，后面要用who或whom；
●
All
that
glitters
is
not
gold.
闪光的并非都是金子。
3．
as
引导定语从句
as
引导的定语从句有两种形式：
A．引导限制性语从句。
在此类定语从句中，as常与主语中作为其先行词的such,
the
same或as联用构成，“such...
as”，“the
same...
as”和“as
...as”句型，可代替先行词。
例如：We
hope
to
get
such
a
tool
as
he
is
using.
我们希望得到他正在用的那种工具。
B．as
引导非限制性定语从句时，作用与which相同，as作为关系代词代替整个主句。
（这是语法考试的一个考点。）
［注意区别］：
as
引导的从句用于句首、句中或句后，而which引导的定语从句不能放在句首。
例如：As
is
reported,
a
foreign
delegation
will
visit
the
city.
据报道，一个外国代表团将访问这个城市。
二．状语从句
超级作文联接词及词组，全部拿下！
①
原因：because,
since,
now
that（既然）as,
for,
this
reason....
②
结果：so
that,
so,
therefore,
consequently,
so
as
to,
as
a
result
....
③
时间：after,
before,
when,
while,
as,
until,
as
soon
as,
since,
by
the
time,
once,
lately,
presently,
shortly
after,
currently,
at
present,
nowadays
...
④
条件：if,
only
if.,
once,
unless,
in
the
event
(that),
in
case
(that),
provided
that,
on
the
condition
that,
etc.
⑤
让步：though,
although,
even
though(if),
no
matter
what
/
how
/
when→
whatever
/
however
/
whenever
....
⑥
目的：in
order
that,
in
order
to,
to,
⑦
比较：than,
as
...
as,
by
comparison（相比较），by
contrast（相对照）....
三．名词性从句
王牌要点：通常由
that或疑问词导出。
1.
How
some
mammals
came
to
live
in
the
sea
is
not
know.（主语从句）
2.
The
attorney
told
his
client
that
they
had
little
chance
of
winning
the
case.（宾语从句）
3.
The
problem
is
what
we'll
do
next.（表语从句）
4.
We
have
no
idea
that
he
has
come
back.（同位语从句）
同位语（Appositive）:
同位语是英语语法的重点内容，也是各类考试中的一个考点，同时，在写作中正确运用同位语可以使你的句型更加简洁得体。
《新概念英语》
第三册第一课有这样一个句子：
When
reports
came
into
London
zoo
that
a
wild
puma
had
been
spotted
forty-five
miles
south
of
London,
they
were
not
taken
seriously.
（当伦敦动物园接到报告说，在伦敦以南45英里处发现一只美洲狮时，这些报告并没有受到重视。）
在这里，a
wild
puma
had
been
spotted
forty-five
miles
south
of
London就是同位语从句，它本来应该放在
“reports”后面，这里却被放在了谓语成分
came
into
London
zoo的后面，目的是让句型显得更为稳重。
I．简单记忆：同位语从句，就是对某些名词做进一步的解释的句子。
I
was
greatly
shocked
when
I
heard
the
news
that
his
father
died
yesterday.
（that
引导的句子解释了news的内容，注意：that不做任何成分）
We
have
to
face
the
fact
that
the
weather
is
unexpectedly
bad.
（that
引导的句子解释了fact的内容）
II．联想记忆：
能接同位词从句的名词有：belief（信仰），fact，idea，doubt，rumor（谣言），evidence（证据），conclusion（结论），suggestion（建议），problem，order，answer，discovery（发
现）explanation（解释），principle（原则），possibility（可能性），truth，promise（承诺），report（报告），statement（声明），knowledge（知识），opinion（观点），likelihood（可能性）
［大声朗读三遍，背下即可。］
III．王牌要点：
●
同位语一般由that引导，但也可以用关系代词which,
who,
what和关系副词when,
where,
why,
how或
whether
引导。
There
arouse
the
question
whether
we
could
win
the
game.
I
have
no
idea
howto
explain
it.
●
一些介词词组后面也能引导同位语从句。（非常经典之功能句式，可用于四六级和托福作文，不妨一试！）：
on
the
assumption（在……前提下），
on
the
ground（由于……原因），
on
the
condition
that（在……条件下），
with
the
exception（有……例外）
owing
to
the
fact（由于……事实）；
on
the
understanding（基于……理解）；
The
young
lady
promised
to
marry
the
old
man
on
the
condition
that
he
bought
her
a
villa.
那位年轻的女士答应嫁给那位老头，条件是他给她买一幢别墅。
IV．分隔式同位语从句
为了使句型平衡不至于头重脚轻，有时同位语从句可以放到句子的末尾，（读两遍此定义，然后看倒句：）
An
idea
came
to
him
that
he
might
write
to
her
to
ask
more
information
about
the
matter.
I
got
information
from
my
friend
that
there
will
be
a
marvelous
American
movie
"Titanic".
V.
同位语从句与定语从句之区别
简单记忆：定语从句的引导词
that
或
which在句子中用作主语或宾语，而同位语从句的引导词that只起连接主句和从句之作用，不用作任何成分。
示例：I've
got
an
answer
that
A
is
right.
(同位语从句，that
不做成分)
I've
got
an
answer
that
surprised
me
a
lot.（定语从句，that做定语从句的主语）
VI．王牌重点：可以充当同位语的词组或短语。
1）名词短语。（使句型更为简洁）
Bill
Clinton,
the
president
of
America,
came
to
China
to
pay
an
official
visit
in
1998.
Lu
Xun,
one
of
the
greatest
essayists
in
China,
played
an
overwhelmingly
important
role
in
Chinese
literature
history.
2）动名词词组亦可用作同位语：别忘了加逗号。（使句型更为流畅）
I'm
crazy
about
the
game,
playing
baseball.
Going
to
concert,
that
sounds
a
great
idea.
3）不定式短语。（陌生只是掌握的开始）
The
problem
what
to
do
next
remains
unsolved.
Her
claim
to
have
finished
his
work
is
nothing
but
a
white
lie.
4）形容词词组。（有逗号隔开）
All
the
workers,
young
or
old,
should
be
treated
equally.
Young
man,
short
or
tall,
should
have
the
right
to
take
the
opportunity.
VII.
同位语的引导词。（重要！这是中高级写作中不可缺少的引导成分）
引导词用来表示同位语与它所说明的同位成分之间的关系：
1．namely,
that
it
is,
that
is
to
say（也就是说）,
in
other
words（换句话说）,
or,
for
short
表示等同关系。
2．such
as,
say,
so
to
speak（譬如说）,
including（包括）,
for
instance（或
for
example
(e.g.
/
eg），表示举例和列举关系。
3．especially,
mostly,
chiefly,
or
better,
in
particular,
particularly表示突出重点，（在高难度阅读中表示后面的部分为更重要或更突出的部分，是出题的关键点。）
测试精编
I.
选择正确选项：
1.
________
all
behavior
is
learned
behavior
is
a
basic
assumption
of
social
scientists.
A.
Nearly
B.
That
nearly
C.
It
is
nearly
D.
When
nearly
2.
The
people
at
the
party
were
worried
about
Janet
because
no
one
was
aware
________
she
had
gone.
A.
where
that
B.
of
where
C.
of
the
place
where
D.
the
place
3.
—
Susan
hasn't
written
us
for
a
long
time.
—
What
do
you
suppose________
to
her?
A.
that
happened
B.
happened
C.
to
happen
D.
having
happened
4.
—
May
I
have
the
loan?
________
you
offer
good
security.
A.
But
B.
Unless
C.
Provided
D.
But
for
5.
Gorillas
are
quiet
animals,
________
they
are
able
to
make
about
twenty
different
sounds.
A.
how
B.
in
spite
of
C.
because
of
D.
even
though
6.
The
little
White
House
in
warm
springs
was
the
Georgia
home
of
President
Franklin-D.
Roosevelt
________
there
on
April
12,
1945.
A.
who
died
B.
died
C.
while
died
D.
he
died
7.
Essentially,
a
theory
is
an
abstract,
symbolic
representation
of
________
reality.
A.
what
it
is
conceived
B.
that
is
conceived
C.
what
is
conceived
to
be
D.
that
is
being
conceived
of
8.
Seeds
usually
germinate
________
the
temperature
is
favorable.
A.
if
B.
whereas
C.
as
a
result
D.
in
consequences
9.
Francis
Preston
Blair.
Jr,
________
born
in
Kentucky,
lived
and
practiced
in
Missouri.
A.
was
B.
he
was
C.
although
D.
who
he
was
10.
________,
work
songs
often
exhibit
the
song
culture
of
a
people
in
a
fundamental
form.
A.
They
occur
where
they
are
B.
Occurring
where
C.
Where
they
occur
D.
Where
do
they
occur
第二章
虚拟语气
THE
SUBJUNCTIVE
MOOD
虚拟语气用来表达不可能或难以实现的愿望，与事实相反的假设，通常分为基本的三种形式。
1.
与现在事实相反的虚拟：
If
+
did
/
were
+
...,
...
would
should
could
+
do
（动词原形）
might
If
I
were
you,
I
would
go
abroad
at
once.
(I
am
not
you.)
If
he
knew
it
now,
he
could
help
me.
(He
doesn't
know
it
now.)
2.
与过去事实相反的虚拟：
If
+
had
done
+
...,
...
would
(might)
have
done
...
If
I
had
known
your
telephone
number
yesterday,
I
would
have
phoned
you.
(I
didn't
know
your
telephone
number.)
If
you
had
come
here
a
littleearlier
just
now,
you
might
have
met
her.
(You
didn't
come
here
earlier.)
3.
与将来事实相反的虚拟：
(1)
If
+
should
+
v.,
...
would
+
v.
（可能性很小）（译作“万一”）
If
it
should
rain
tomorrow,
you
could
stay
at
home.
If
I
should
fail,
what
should
Ido?
(2)
If
+
did
/
were
to
+
v
...,
would
+
v.
（完全不可能）
If
the
sun
were
to
rise
in
the
west,
I
would
lend
you
the
money.
If
you
finished
it
in
3
minutes,
I
would
give
you
my
car.
4.
金牌特殊重点：！！
［简单联想记忆］：
●
下列动词后的“宾语从句”中需要用虚拟形式，即should
+
动词原形，shoud在美国英语中要省略（TOEFL语法考点）。此类常见的动词有：order,
ask,
decide,
demand,
require,
recommend,
suggest（建议）insist（坚决要求），advise,
etc.
例句：He
suggested
that
we
(should)
help
them
with
English.
The
teacher
ordered
that
the
homework
(should)
be
finished
within
half
an
hour.
●
下列名词后的同位语从句中要用“should
+
动词原形”（should可省去）的虚拟。
suggestion,
order,
request,
demand,
importance,
proposal.
He
made
a
suggestion
that
we
(should)
have
a
fancy
dress
party.
I
think
it
is
a
thing
of
importance
that
it
(should)
be
done
soon.
●
It
is
/
was
important
/
necessary
/
natural
/
essential
/
advisable
/
strange
/
surprising,
ect.
+
that
+主语+
should
+
v.
It
is
strange
that
you
should
say
such
a
thing.
It
was
important
that
you
should
tell
me
all
the
information.
●
wish后的宾语从句中，as
if
后的状语从句中，须用下列的虚拟形式：
主
+
wish+
(that)
+
主
+
did
/
were（指现在）
haddone（指过去）
would+
v.（指将来）
Iwishthat
I
met
my
uncle
now.
IwishI
had
met
my
uncle
yesterday.
IwishI
could
meet
my
uncle
tomorrow.
●
It
is
(high)
time
that
...
+
did
/
were
...
It
is
time
that
you
went
to
bed.
●
would
rather
that
...
+
did
/
were
...
I
would
rather
that
you
were
not
here
now.
●
would
sooner
that
...
+
did
/
were
...
I
would
sooner
that
you
got
up
earlier.
I
would
sooner
that
you
were
not
my
brother.
测试精编
I.
选择正确选项：
1.
I
________
he
had
taught
me
the
word,
but
he
didn't.
A.
believe
B.
hope
C.
wish
D.
think
2.
The
man
in
charge
recommends
that
this
matter
________
at
the
meeting.
A.
would
be
discussed
B.
will
be
discussed
C.
be
discussed
D.
may
be
discussed
3.
It
is
raining
now,
otherwise
we
________
go
out
play.
A.
could
B.
can
C.
may
D.
will
4.
________
he
come
late,
give
him
the
message.
A.
Had
B.
Should
C.
Would
D.
Did
5.
Hadn't
my
car
broke
down,
I
________
the
train.
A.
would
have
caught
B.
might
catch
C.
could
catch
D.
would
catch
6.
I
would
have
helped
him
if
I
had
time,
but
I
________.
A.
haven't
B.
had
C.
didn't
D.
wouldn't
7.
The
dam
was
built
in
time
to
protect
the
inhabitants
from
the
flood;
________.
A.
otherwise
the
damage
would
be
beyond
measure.
B.
the
damage,
otherwise,
should
be
very
great.
C.
the
damage
could
have
been
very
serious
otherwise.
D.
the
damage
caused,
therefore,
many
of
them
homeless.
8.
It
is
natural
that
an
employee
________
his
work
on
time.
A.
finishes
B.
finish
C.
can
finish
D.
finishs
9.
I
would
go
abroad
but
that
I
________
poor.
A.
am
B.
was
C.
shall
be
D.
were
10.
Don't
act
as
if
you
________
the
only
pebble
on
the
beach.
A.
are
B.
were
C.
have
been
D.
would
be
第三章
代替与省略
SUBSTITUTIONAND
OMISSION
英语中，为了避免不必要的重复，经常用so,
not,
to,
do,
does
代替前面出现的动词或相关内容。
如：He
translated
the
article
better
than
I
did.
(did代替wrote
it)
—
Doyou
think
she
isclever?
—
I
think
so.
(so代替
she
is
clever)
(1)
从上两例中看出，do
/
does
/
did
代替动词。
(2)
"so
与
not"
代替某个词、短语、句子等，通常用于hope,
think,
believe,
expect,
suppose,
be
afraid,
fear,
imagine,
etc后作宾语。
E.g.
—
Is
it
correct?
—
I'm
afraid
not.
(not
correct)
(3)
"to"
用作不定式，常跟随下列动词：want,
mean,
hope,
expect,
refuse,
seem,
intend,
be,
afraid,
etc.
E.g.
I
asked
him
to
go
to
the
party,
but
he
refused
to.
(go
to
the
party)
(4)
"do
so,
do
that,
do
it"
用来代替动态动词，而不能代静态动词。
Eg.
—
He
gave
up
studying
English.
—
Why
did
he
do
so?
(=
give
up
studying
English)
—
The
dish
tastes
nice.
—
Yes,
so
it
does.
(tastes
nice)
(此句不能用it
does
it
或
it
does
so,
因taste属静态动词。）
(5)
为使语言精炼，避免不必要的重复，对话中常用省略形式。
E.g.
—
He
is
thinking
of
buying
a
car?
—
Is
he?（这里，“thinking
of
buying
a
car”被省略了。）
—
Will
he
come
back
in
time?
—
Perhaps.（省略了he
will
come
back
in
time.)
测试精编
I．选择正确答案：
1.
—
Shall
I
wake
you
up
tomorrow?
—
Yes,
________
.
A.
please
do
B.
you
shall
C.
you
will
D.
you
may
2.
I
think
records
are
often
________
an
actual
performance.
A.
as
good
as
or
better
than
B.
as
good
or
better
than
C.
like
good
or
better
than
D.
as
good
as
any
other
3.
—
If
he
doesn't
come
to
work,
he
may
be
fired.
—
Surely
he
isn't
so
foolish
________
not
to
realize
that.
A.
so
B.
and
C.
but
D.
as
4.
—
Don't
you
think
Alan's
health
has
beenruined
by
smoking?
—
Yes,
he
told
me
________
himself.
A.
the
fact
B.
this
thing
C.
It
D.
so
5.
—
Will
you
go
home
tomorrowevening?
—
No,
I'm
going
to
a
lecture,
or
at
least,
I'm
planning
________
.
A.
on
B.
to
C.
so
D.
It
6.
—
I
slipped
on
the
stairs,
I
think
my
arm
is
broken.
—
Oh!
I
________
.
A.
do
not
hope
so
B.
do
not
hope
C.
hope
not
so
D.
hope
not
7.
California
relies
mainly
on
income
from
fruit
crops,
and
________
.
A.
Florida
also
B.
Florida
too
C.
Florida
is
as
well
D.
so
does
Florida
8.
—
Have
you
been
here
long?
—
________
.
A.
No,
not
very
B.
Not
much
C.
Yes,
only
little
D.
No,
only
yesterday
9.
—
You
look
happy
today,
Mary.
—
I
like
my
new
dress
and
mother
________,
too.
A.
does
B.
likes
C.
is
D.
do
10.
—
So
you
are
lost,
little
boy.
Why
didn't
you
hang
on
to
your
mother's
skirt?
—
________,
but
I
couldn't
reach
it.
A.
I
hanged
to
B.
I
did
to
C.
I
didn't
hang
to
D.
I
tried
to
第四章
倒
装
INVERSION
根据语法要求，把谓语动词置于主语前，称为完全倒装，把助动词或情态动词置于主语前，称为部分倒装。
1．副词如：in,
out,
down,
there,
here,
off,
over,
away,
etc.
句子倒装。（完全倒装，但主语不能是代词）
Down
jumped
the
murderer
from
the
tenth
floor.
In
came
Miss
Green.
（特别注意：当主语是人称代词时不倒装。）
Away
she
went!（她走了！）
Here
you
are!（你在这儿！）
2．only
+
副词（介词短语）位于句首，句子要倒装。
Only
then
did
he
realize
that
he
was
mistaken.
Only
by
working
hard
can
we
succeed
in
doing
anything.
3．well,
so,
often,
such,
few,
little
放于句首，句子形成倒装。
So
fine
was
the
weather
that
we
all
went
out
lying
in
the
sun.
Well
did
I
know
him
and
well
did
he
know
me.
4．否定词或具有否定意义的词及词组用在句首时，句子须倒装。此类词有：
neither，nor，hardly，scarcely，
rarely，seldom，not，never，not
only，barely，at
no
time，nowhere等。
e.g.
—
Jack
could
not
swim.
—
Neither
could
Tom.
Never
have
I
seen
such
a
good
movie.
5．as引导让步状语从句，须倒装。（准确地说，是将需要强调的词提到as的前面。）
Rich
as
he
is,
he
spends
a
cent
on
charity.
Try
as
he
does,
he
never
seems
able
to
do
the
work
beautifully.
6．在表示祝愿的句子中。
May
you
make
greater
progress!
（愿你取得更大进步！）
7．在虚拟条件句中，连词if省略时，句型要倒装，即将were,
had,
should等词提到句首。
Were
I
you,
I
would
go
abroad
to
take
advanced
study.
我要是你，就出国进修了。
Should
he
come
tomorrow,
he
would
help
us
to
settle
the
problem.
他要是明天来的话，他会帮我们解决这个问题的。
8．百分特例重点：
Much
as
we
may
pride
ourselves
on
our
good
taste,
we
are
no
longer
free
to
choose
the
things
we
want.
（NCE
Book
III
Lesson
26）
尽管我们为自己的绝好鉴赏力感到自豪，但我们已经无法自由地选择我们所需要的东西了。
测试精编
I．选择正确选项：
1.
Not
until
the
mid-nineteenth-century
discovery
of
vast
deposits
of
borate's
in
the
Majave
Desert
________
relatively
common.
A.
borax
became
B.
did
borax
become
C.
and
borax
become
D.
borax's
becoming
2.
________
received
law
degrees
as
today.
A.
Never
so
many
women
have
B.
Never
have
so
many
women
C.
The
women
aren't
ever
D.
Women
who
have
never
3.
________
the
Bob's
belongings
that
he
carried
them
in
a
bundle
slung
over
his
shoulders.
A.
Were
so
few
B.
Few
were
so
C.
So
few
were
D.
They
were
so
few
4.
Only
after
a
baby
seal
is
pushed
into
the
sea
by
its
mother
________
to
swim.
A.
how
will
it
learn
B.
will
it
learn
how
C.
it
will
learn
how
D.
and
it
learns
how
5.
Not
only
________
a
promise,
but
he
also
kept
it.
A.
did
he
made
B.
he
made
C.
did
he
make
D.
he
makes
6.
Nowhere
in
the
world
________
.
A.
travelers
can
buy
so
much
beauty
for
so
little
as
in
Hawaii.
B.
no
one
can
buy
so
much
beauty
for
so
little
money
as
Hawaii.
C.
so
much
beauty
can
be
bought
for
so
little
money
in
Hawaii.
D.
can
travelers
buy
so
much
beauty
for
so
little
money
as
in
Hawaii.
7.
No
sooner
________
gone
home
than
it
began
to
rain
heavily.
A.
had
I
B.
have
I
C.
I
had
D.
I
have
8.
Not
for
a
moment
________
the
truth
of
your
story.
A.
he
has
doubted
B.
he
doubts
C.
did
he
doubt
D.
he
did
doubt
9.
________
succeed
in
doing
anything.
A.
Only
by
working
hard
we
can
B.
By
only
working
hard
we
can
C.
Only
by
working
hard
can
we
D.
Only
we
can
work
hard
10.
Never
before
in
similar
circumstances
________
.
A.
a
British
Prime
Minister
had
refused
to
step
down.
B.
did
a
British
Prime
Minister
have
refused
to
step
down.
C.
a
British
Prime
Minister
did
have
refused
to
step
down.
D.
had
a
British
Prime
Minister
refused
to
step
down.
11.
People
might
avoid
many
accidents
________
these
methods
been
adopted
before.
A.
that
B.
were
C.
have
D.
had
12.
________arose
the
problem
that
the
boy
will
never
overcome
the
great
difficulties.
A.
It
B.
This
C.
Here
D.
Those
第五章
形容词
ADJECTIVES
定义：形容词是用来修饰名词的词，描述名词的性质、外观、特点等。
功能：形容词可以做定语、表语或补助语。
分类：主要分为两类：描绘性形容词和限定性形容词。
●
描绘性形容词主要用来描绘大、小、新旧、颜色、质量等。
●
限定性形容词主要用来限定所修饰词的数量、距离及范围所属等。
1．当形容词修饰单数可数名词时，必须与冠词连用：
a
lovely
girl,
the
naughty
boy
2．形容词可与系动词连用，做表语，说明主语的性状。常用系动词有：be，become，seem，appear，feel，look，taste，smell，sound，remain，go，turn，keep，stay,
etc.
The
dish
tastes
delicious.
The
music
sounds
sweet.
The
milk
went
bad.
小心陷阱
feel，smell，taste，look，keep有时可以用作实义动词，并可以用副词修饰。
He
looked
me
up
and
down
carefully.
I
tasted
the
soup
slowly
to
see
whether
it
was
salty.
3．形容词用作后置定语。（简单理解：一般的形容词修饰名词时放在名词前面，但有些形容词修饰名词时放在名词的后面）
a
river
navigable（一条可通航的河）
sight
visible可见的景象
person
responsible（负责人）注意：responsible
person（有责任心的人）
the
best
way
possible（尽可能好的办法）
the
number
necessary（必要的数量）
the
people
present（在场的人）
4．只能作表语的形容词
1．某些表示健康状况的形容词。
well（身体好的），ill（病的），faint（虚弱的），poorly（身体不好的）
示例：His
mother
has
been
ill
for
a
long
time.
特别注意：sick是个特例。它既可做表语，又可做定语。
He
is
sick
for
a
couple
of
days.（他病两三天了）
He
is
a
sick
person.（他是个病人。）
2．某些以
a-开头的形容词。
如：afraid（害怕的），alone（独自的），alive（活着的），asleep（睡着的），awake（醒
着的），aware（意识到的）
The
old
man
is
alone
in
the
house.（老人一个人在家。）
The
teacher
is
alive
with
enthusiasm.（这位老师热情洋溢。）
He
is
asleep
in
his
mother's
arms.（他在母亲的怀抱中睡着了。）
I
have
been
aware
of
the
difficulty.（我已经意识到了困难。）
5．当一系列形容词修饰名词时，须注意排列顺序：代明形容词
+
数量形容词
+
性状
形容词
+
名词。（下图看起来费劲，看透了绝对实用）
代明形容词
数量形容词
性状形容词
名词
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
用于冠
词前的
形容词
冠词
序数
基数
性质
状态
大小
长短
形状
新旧
温度
颜色
国籍
材料
名词
指示代词
物主代词
动名词
不定代词
All
the
first
one
good
big
old
blue
English
wood
box
Both
A(n)
second
two
bad
small
new
yellow
Indian
stone
this
cage
Such
that
...
...
...
round
cold
...
...
Iron
your
...
Some
Eg.
a
broken
small
old
gray
stone
bridge.
such
a
good
yellow
pen.
测试精编
I．选择正确选项：
1.
The
Chinese
food
served
in
American
restaurant
is
not
bad
but
I
prefer
________.
A.
Chinese
food
authentically
B.
Chinese
authentic
food
C.
food
Chinese
authentically
D.
authentic
Chinese
food
2.
________
lessons
were
not
difficult.
A.
Our
first
few
short
English
B.
Our
few
first
short
English
C.
Our
few
first
English
short
D.
Few
our
first
English
short
3.
—
Do
you
think
that
the
Labor
bill
will
be
passed?
—
Oh,
yes,
it's
________
that
it
will.
A.
almost
surely
B.
very
likely
C.
near
positive
D.
quite
certainly
4.
—
Have
you
traveled
much?
—
No,
I
have
done
________
traveling.
A.
few
B.
little
C.
small
D.
less
5.
—
I
was
very
busy.
—
Did
you
really
work
hard
________?
A.
all
day
B.
all
the
day
C.
all
the
day
long
D.
all
of
day
long
6.
—
Do
you
need
anything
from
the
store?
—
________
and
some
cheddar
cheese.
A.
Only
a
French
bread
loaf
B.
A
French
bread
loaf
only
C.
Only
a
loaf
of
French
bread
D.
A
loaf
of
French
bread
only
7.
According
to
the
information,
the
newly-constructed
highway
is
said
to
be
________.
A.
lengthy
twenty
miles
B.
length
about
twenty
miles
C.
about
twenty
miles
long
D.
in
twenty
miles
of
length
8.
Mr.
Smith
has
done
________
business
here.
A.
a
lot
of
B.
a
number
of
C.
much
D.
lots
9.
—
Are
you
helping
to
organize
the
political
convention?
—
I'm
in
charge
of
welcoming
the
________.
A.
out-of-town
visitors
B.
visitors
from
outside
of
town
C.
visitors
out-of-town
D.
outside
town
visitors
10.
—
Does
Jane
have
brown
hair?
—
Yes,
In
fact,
it's
quitesimilar
in
shape
________
yours.
A.
as
B.
with
C.
like
D.
to
第六章
副
词
ADVERBS
定义：副词用来修饰动词（系动词除外），形容词，其它副词或整个句子。
功能：表示时间、方式、程度、范围等。
分类：
●
时间及频度副词：before，frequently，always，usually
等
●
地点副词：here，northward，anywhere，above，below等
●
方式副词：rapidly，quickly，clearly，hard，well等
●
程度副词：quite，much，nearly，just，enough，perfectly，only
等
●
疑问副词：how，why，when，where
等
例：He
walked
out
of
the
room
slowly.
She
looks
very
beautiful.
We
study
English
very
carefully.
Even
a
child
can
do
it
better.
Perhaps
she
will
telephone
you
tomorrow.
金牌要点：几个重要副词的使用：
1.
enough：修饰形容词或副词，须置于被修饰词后；而修饰名词时放在修饰词的前面。
He
is
old
enough
to
go
to
school.
I
have
enough
money
to
buy
this
type
of
bicycle.
2.
too：位于形容词或副词前。
She
is
too
eager
to
see
me.
3.
very：置于所修饰的形容词、副词前。
He
is
very
handsome
and
many
girls
like
to
speak
with
him.
4.
much：修饰动词，形容词及副词比较级。
The
subject
has
beentalked
too
much.
Her
dress
is
much
more
beautiful
than
mine.
5.
still:“依旧，仍然”用于肯定句、否定句中。
He
still
remembers
the
days
they
spent
together.
I
still
can
not
catch
his
words.
6.
yet:
位于疑问句末尾时意思是“已经”；用于否定句时意思是“还”。
Have
you
emptied
the
dustbin
yet?
I
haven't
done
that
yet.
7.
only:
根据句意灵活运用。（请翻译下面三个句子！）
Only
he
can
tell
you
how
to
do
it.
He
can
only
tell
you
how
to
do
it.
He
can
tell
you
how
to
do
it
only
today.
8.
hardly,
scarcely,
seldom,
never本身为否定意义副词，注意使用。
Hardly
had
we
left
the
station
when
it
began
to
rain.
你知道吗？
几个易混淆的副词：
1.
easy:
stand
easy
(=
comfortably)
easily:
It
can't
be
solved
easily.
2.
clear:
The
bullet
went
clear
through
the
window
(=
directly)
clearly:
Clearly,
he
doesn't
know
anything
about
it.
(=
obviously)
3.
high:
He
can
jump
very
high.（高地）
highly:
We
think
highly
of
the
good
teacher.（高度地）
4.
just:
We
have
just
know
the
news.（刚刚）
justly:
He
was
justly
punished.（公正地）
5.
hard:
You
must
think
hard.（努力地）
hardly:
He
hardly
knows
about
it.（几乎不）
6.
pretty:
He
is
not
pretty
sure
about
it.（非常）
prettily:
The
girl
is
prettily
dressed.（漂亮地）
7.
near:
He
lives
near
the
school.（附近）
nearly:
I
nearly
missed
the
bus.（几乎）
8.
late:
Don't
come
late
next
time.（迟到）
lately:
I
haven't
read
novels
lately.（最近）
9.
formally:
You
should
be
dressed
formally
at
the
meeting.（正式地）
formerly:
Formerly,
he
was
the
manager
of
the
company.（以前）
10.
free（免费地）
freely（自由地）
11.
most（最）
mostly（大部分）
12.
sharp（准时地）
sharply（严厉地）
测试精编
I．选择正确选项：
1.
Automobile
production
of
the
present
time
has
been
increased
________.
A.
greatly
B.
highly
C.
on
a
large
scale
D.
infinitely
2.
—
Was
the
class
long
enough?
—
No,
________
enough.
A.
it
wasn't
much
too
long
B.
it
wasn't
too
much
long
C.
it
wasn't
quite
long
D.
it
wasn't
too
long
much
3.
After
the
funeral,
the
residents
of
the
apartment
building
________.
A.
sent
faithfully
flowers
all
weeks
to
the
cemetery
B.
sent
to
the
cemetery
each
week
flowers
faithfully
C.
sent
flowers
faithfully
to
the
cemetery
each
week
D.
sent
eachweek
faithfully
to
the
cemetery
flowers
4.
Air
travel
has
provided
people
with
the
opportunity
to
travel
________.
A.
a
large
amount
of
miles
B.
much
distance
C.
extensively
D.
wide
rangingly
5.
—
Paul
still
hasn't
returned
from
the
meeting.
—
Really?
I'm
sure
he
expected
to
be
back
________.
A.
before
long
now
B.
long
before
now
C.
now
before
long
D.
now
long
before
6.
—
Has
your
father
arrived
in
Bombay
yet？
—
He
probably
arrived
there
sometime
________
.
A.
a
week
past
B.
thelast
week
C.
this
past
week
D.
theweekbefore
now
7.
—
Whydoesn't
Jessica
stay
withrelatives
inNewYork？
—
She________
inBoston.
A.
has
onlyrelatives
B.
only
has
relatives
C.
has
relatives
only
D.
relative
has
only
8.
The
nectarineis
a
fruit
________
likea
peach.
A.
as
B.
and
C.
too
D.
somewhat
9.
一
Isawyouat
theracetrack
last
week.
一
Igoquite
often,
but
I
onlybet
________
.
A.
scarcely
B.
hardly
C.
barely
D.
occasionally
10.
Let's
stayat
home,
Ithinkit's
________
for
walking.
A.
muchtoo
hot
B.
very
much
hot
C.
too
much
heat
D.
very
much
heat
第七章
冠
词
ARTICLES
不定冠词“a”用来表示可数名词的单数形式，用于辅音音素前，an用于元音音素前。
如：a
person,
a
day;
an
hour,
anold
man...
I．定冠词用法如下：
（英语刚启蒙时你就知道冠词了，可你真正掌握了吗？再背一遍又何妨？！）
1．用于双方都知道的名词前：Please
cleanthe
classroom．
2．用于单数名词前，表示一类人或物：
The
horseis
a
useful
animal.（马是有用的动物）
This
is
a
very
hardjob
for
theteacher.（对于老师这是一项很难的工作。）
3．用于世界上独一无二的东西前：the
sun,
the
spring.
4．用于方位名词前：People
in
the
west
like
coffee
very
much.
5．用于乐器名词前：play
the
violin.
6．用于计量单位前：Gasoline
is
soldby
the
gallon.
7．形容词最高级和序数词前：This
is
the
easiest
way
to
work
out
the
problem.
He
came
to
see
me
for
first
time.
8．用于江河湖海山脉名称前：the
Pacific，the
Thames，the
Rocky
Mountains
9．杂志、报刊名称前：the
Times，the
Overseas
Digest
10．用于建筑物、和组织前：the
White
House,
theMinistry
of
Education
11．用于姓氏复数前，表“某某夫妇，某某一家人”the
Smiths，the
Greens
12．用于形容词前，表一类人
/
物：the
rich,
theblind
13．用于
English，Chinese，French等名词前，表“全体国民”the
English，the
Chinese
II．以下情况不用冠词：
1．三餐前
breakfast，lunch，supper，
...
Have
you
had
lunch？
2．体育运动项目前
playchess，...
I
have
nointerest
intennis.
3．在由
by引出的交通工具前by
air（乘飞机），by
car
4．在称呼或职位前
He
has
been
elected
president
of
the
committee.
5．习惯用语前
at
school，day
by
day，at
table（在吃饭），go
to
church（做礼拜）...
测试精编
I．单项选择：
1.
The
cat
is
________
beautiful
animal,
but
its
intelligence
leaves
much
tobe
desired.
A.
a
B.
an
C.
the
D.
/
2.
________
universityofChicago
has
anexcellent
lawschool.
A.
A
B.
An
C.
The
D.
/
3.
—
Tina
looks
especiallyprettytonight.
—
Yes,
shealways
looks
her
best
in
________
ofthat
color.
A.
dress
B.
a
dress
C.
that
dress
D.
the
dress
4.
—
Didhe
flyacross
theEnglishChannel？
—
No,
hecrossedit
by________.
A.
a
ship
B.
theship
C.
ships
D.
ship
5.
If
you
want
to
gotothe
post
office
from
here,
take________.
A.
Broadwaybus
B.
theBroadwaybus
C.
some
Broadwaybus
D.
a
Broadway's
bus
6.
一
Howdid
you
paythe
workers？
一
As
a
rule,
they
were
paid
________.
A.
byan
hour
B.
bythehour
C.
bya
hour
D.
byhours
7.
________
moretobe
pitiedthanblamed.
A.
Uneducatedare
B.
Uneducatedis
C.The
uneducatedare
D.The
neducatedis
8.Astronomy
is
________
of
stars
and
planets.
A.
a
science
B.
science
C.
the
science
D.
scientific
9.
－
After
that,
what
happenedtohim？
—
The
chancetoenter
________
cameand
he
tookit.
A.
tocollege
B.
thecollege
C.
for
college
D.college
10.Westernart
ofthe19thcenturyshows
the
influence
of________
Far
East.
A.
a
B.
an
C.
the
D.
/
第八章
介
词
Prepositions
金牌要点：
“英语是介词和动词的语言”，由此可见，掌握介词的用法何其重要。
学习介词的最好方法是要弄清楚介词与介词之间位置上的关系，请参考下图：
above
over
to
→
on
↑
→
from
In
→
through
into
↗
↓
↘
out
of
by
under
below
I．分类：
1．常用简单介词：
about，across，against，among，after，at，behind，besides，beyond，by，concerning，beneath，between，despite，except，during，down，for，from，past，than，under，until
等。
2．合成介词：
inside，outside，onto，out
of，within等。
3．短语介词：
according
to，ahead
of，along
with，as
for，because
of，be
means
of，due
to，in
spite
of，on
behalf
of，owing
to，with
regard
to等。
II．介词与“……的”之关系：
在英语学习中，一遇到“……的”，大家就会立刻想到’s
所有格或者of，实际上，在很多情况下，“……的”必须借助于介词才能准确表达。
以下请学员重复记忆：
●
美国的冬天
→
the
winter
in
America
●
停车场的入口
→
the
entrance
to
the
parking
lot
●
穿过森林的小路
→
the
path
through
the
forest
●
鲁迅的著作
→
the
works
by
Lu
Xun
●
水中的月亮
→
the
moon
reflected
in
water
●
历史的见证
→
the
witness
to
history
●
对爱的渴望
→
a
longing
for
love
●
对我们不利的证据
→
the
evidence
against
us
●
阳光下的漫步
→
a
walk
in
the
sunlight
●
追求名誉的女人
→
a
lady
after
fame
●
两人之间的争论
→
an
argument
between
the
two
persons
重要介词的重要用法：
（1）from：此介词表示“to”相反的方向。
He
came
from
London.
Hewent
to
London.
二词常搭配使用“from
...
to...”
WestudiedEnglish
from
morningtoafternoon
He'll
start
fromBeijingto
Shanghai.
经典用法：
●
由于
→
The
girl
is
trembling
from
fear.
●
免除
→
Tramps
are
always
free
from
care.
流浪汉们总是无忧无虑。
●
分开
→
The
couple
parted
from
each
other
at
the
airport.
●
由……制成
→
The
red
wine
is
made
from
grapes.
红葡萄酒是由葡萄制成的
由
from引导的惯用法：
from
far
从远处
from
now
/
then
on从现在
/
那时起
from
bad
to
worse
每况愈下
from
time
to
time（occasionally
时而）
习语：
She
comes
to
visit
me
from
time
to
time
（2）out
of
：表示与“into”相反的语意
He
will
be
out
of
town.
I
stepped
out
of
the
dark
room.
out
of+
名词
(=
lack,
to
be
without
用完，用光）
He
went
to
the
shop
because
he
was
out
of
paper.
out
of
date
(=
old-fashioned
过时的）
The
book
has
been
out
of
date.
out
of
work
(=
jobless
失业的)
He
needs
money
because
be
is
out
of
work.
out
of
the
question
(=
impossible
不可能的)
Finishing
the
hard
work
is
out
of
the
question.
out
of
question
(=
doubtless
毫无疑问的）
That
hecan
doit
well
is
out
of
question.
out
of
order（=
not
functioning
失灵的）
Her
radio
is
out
of
order,
so
she
can't
listen
to
it.
（3）by:
表示从旁经过或在……附近。
经典用法：
●
通过→This
is
the
nearest
road
by
which
they
came.
●
在……时候→The
young
man
works
by
day
and
steals
money
by
night.
●
由……所生→He
has
two
sons
by
her
second
wife.
●
抓住→She
caught
her
child
by
his
coat
in
the
flood.
●
按……计算→The
farmers
sell
their
apples
by
the
pound.
●
就（气质，特征）而言→He
is
an
artist
by
temperament（气质）。
He
passed
by
me
without
saying
hello.
He
lives
by
the
sea.
用于被动语意，导出动作执行者
The
glass
was
broken
by
the
boy.
by
+
具体时间：
They
usually
have
dinner
by
8
o'clock.
by
+
交通工具
(bus,
train,
plan...)
He
travelled
to
Paris
by
air
/
plane.
by
the
end
of
+
时间名词：到……末为止。
By
the
end
of
last
year,
they
had
learnt
100
texts.
By
the
end
of
this
term,
they
will
have
learnt
100
texts.
by
then:
到那时
He
will
graduate
in
1999,
by
then
he
will
leave
Beijing.
by
way
of
(=
via)
经由，取道
They
are
going
to
the
United
States
by
way
of
Hong
Kong.
by
the
way
顺便问
By
the
way,
do
you
know
where
Mr.
Li
has
gone?
by
far:
……得多（用于修饰比较级和最高级）
The
book
is
by
far
the
best
on
the
subject
by
accident
［不小心，与on
purpose（故意地）语意相反］
The
wrong
information
was
put
into
the
computer
by
accident.
（4）in:
在……内部，与
"out"
语意相反。
All
the
students
are
in
the
classroom.
In
+
month
/
year:
在某月
/
年
In
January,
in
2000
In
time
及时
They
arrived
at
the
station
in
time.
In
the
street
在街上
In
the
past
在过去
In
the
future
在未来
In
the
beginning
开始，起初
In
the
end
最后，终于
In
the
way
挡住去路
He
couldn't
drive
his
car
away
because
a
big
stone
was
in
the
way.
once
in
a
while
时而
Once
in
a
while,
he
went
to
the
Museum.
in
no
time
at
all
立刻，迅速
He
finished
his
homework
in
no
time
at
all.
in
the
meantime
同时
He
was
having
supper,
and
in
the
meantime
he
watched
TV.
in
a
row
坐在某一排上
We
sat
in
the
20th
row
of
the
cinema.
in
the
event
that
如果
In
the
event
that
you
pass
the
exam,
I'll
telephone
you.
in
case
万一，如果
Bring
you
raincoat
in
case
it
rains.
get
in
touch
with
与……取得联系
keep
in
touch
with
与……保持联系
（5）on:
位于某物体表面上。
The
dishes
are
on
the
round
table.
on
a
day
/
date
在某天及某天的上，下午，晚上
on
Wednesday,
on
February
9th
,
1999
on
Friday
afternoon,
on
a
dark
night.
on
a
/
the
+
(bus,
plane,
ship,
train,
bike)
He
went
to
school
on
a
bus.
on
a
...
street
在某条街道
Mrs.
Smith
lives
on
5th
'Avenue.
on
the
floor
of
a
building.
位于某层楼
on
time
准时（比
in
time
具体）
on
the
corner
(of
two
streets)
在两条街道相交的一角
That
shoe
store
is
on
the
corner
of
2
nd
Street
and
5th
Avenue.
on
the
sidewalk
在人行道上
on
the
way
在途中
on
the
right
/
left
在右侧
/
左侧
on
the
television
/
the
radio
在电视
/
收音机里
The
manager
will
make
a
speech
onthe
TV.
on
the
telephone
打电话
You
are
wanted
on
the
phone.
有您的电话
on
the
whole
总的来说，总体上
on
the
one
hand,
or
the
other
hand
一方面，另一方面
on
sale
出售
The
books
are
on
salefor
$7
each.
on
foot
步行
（6）at:
此介词通常用来指某一特定时间和地点。
at
+
地点
Mr.
Smith
lives
at
15,
16th
Avenue.
注：在某条街道On...
street，而在某街某号应用at
at
+
特定时间
At
7:00
in
the
morning,
he
goes
towork.
at
home
/
school
/
work
在家
上学
上班
at
night
在晚上
at
best
充其量
at
times
有时
at
peace
和平状态
at
least
至少
at
worst
最差
at
intervals
间或，时而
at
random
随意，胡乱地
at
most
至多
at
present
目前，现在
at
war
交战
at
leisure
悠闲自得地
at
a
loss
不知所措
at
large
逍遥法外
（7）其它介词短语：
in
place
of
/
instead
of
代替
for
the
most
part
—
mainly
主要地
in
hopes
of
希望……
off
and
on
时断时续
all
of
a
sudden
突然
for
good
永远
（8）动词短语
+
介词构成的习语
break
off
结束
The
two
countries
broke
off
their
diplomatic
relationship.
bring
up
抚养，提出
call
on
sb.
要求，拜访，呼吁
He
called
on
the
workers
to
struggle.
care
for
关心，照顾，喜爱
She
only
cares
for
new
clothes.
I
have
to
care
for
my
son
after
school
check
on
调查
come
along
with
sb.
伴随，和某人在一起
come
down
with
因……而生病
Last
summer,
many
people
came
down
with
intestinal
disorders.
count
on
依靠、指望
do
away
with
摆脱
draw
up
起草
drop
out
of
(school
...
)
退（学）
figure
out
弄明白，弄清楚
find
out
发现，查明（事实）
get
by:
设法生存
Despite
the
high
cost
of
living,
we
will
get
by
on
our
salary.
get
through
完成，接通（电话）
It's
not
easy
to
get
through
the
work
in
a
day.
How
can
I
get
through
to
you?
get
up
起床，组织
Aparty
will
be
got
up
in
my
house.
go
along
with
同意
hold
on
to
抓住，坚持
In
spite
of
being
a
millionaire,
he
holds
on
to
his
usual
living
ways.
hold
up
抢劫，忍受，停止
The
bank
was
held
up
last
night.
He
held
up
very
well
after
the
death
of
his
wife.
The
work
had
been
held
up.
pass
out
昏迷
run
across
遇见，见到
I
ran
across
some
old
friends
yesterday.
run
into
偶然碰见
When
Tom
was
in
London,
he
ran
into
his
good
friend
at
the
theatre.
see
about
考虑
The
young
man
is
seeing
about
getting
a
ticket
for
the
football
game.
take
over
for
替代
I
took
over
for
Janet
because
she
was
ill.
talk
over
讨论
try
out
试验，试行
They
are
trying
out
a
new
idea
to
help
the
poor
students.
Turn
in
上交，睡觉
After
a
tiring
day,
he
turned
in
early.
watch
out
for
警觉
Please
watch
out
for
thieves.
weigh
on
sb.
压迫，使……焦虑
Some
problems
are
weighing
on
me,
so
I
can't
sleep
well.
测试精编
（1）单选：
1.
—
Where
is
your
hometown?
—
It
is
about
20
miles
________
the
east
of
Chicago.
A.
in
B.
on
C.
to
D.
by
2.
When
I
met
Jenny,
I
took
a
liking
________
her
at
once.
A.
of
B.
for
C.
on
D.
in
3.
I
am
________
your
temper.
A.
fed
up
by
B.
fed
up
with
C.
fed
up
because
of
D.
fed
up
to
4.
—
Do
you
like
working
as
a
waiter?
—
Yes,
but
I
get
tired
________
the
whole
day.
A.
with
standing
B.
from
standing
C.
to
stand
D.
of
the
standing
5.
The
accident
clearly
resulted
________
your
carelessness.
A.
in
B.
on
C.
for
D.
from
6.
—
Why
do
you
ask
if
I've
been
smoking?
—
Because
you
smell
________
cigarettes.
A.
of
B.
by
C.
with
D.
as
7.
The
colleges
vary
so
greatly
that
the
problem
was
finally
answered
only
________.
A.
with
respect
to
a
specific
college
B.
getting
to
specific
college
C.
with
a
view
to
specific
college
D.
with
a
regard
to
a
specific
college
8.
—
Have
you
some
other
reasons
________
the
ones
you
just
mentioned
above?
—
Yes,
I
do.
A.
in
addition
B.
besides
C.
off
D.
beside
9.
—
Do
you
ever
dance
like
that
in
public?
—
Certainly
not!
That
would
be
________
my
dignity.
A.
beneath
B.
under
C.
beyond
D.
above
10.
—What
do
you
have
to
do
tomorrow?
—
I'll
have
to
________
in
a
conference.
A.
join
B.
taking
part
C.
attend
D.
participate
11.
Modern
technological
advances
are
being
made,
but
________.
A.
with
highly
considerable
expense
B.
at
a
great
expense
C.
with
great
expense
involved
D.
by
a
lot
of
expense
12.
—
Why
didn't
you
go
to
the
lecture
yesterday
evening?
—
________,
I
changed
my
mind.
A.
On
a
second
thought
B.
By
the
second
thought
C.
On
second
thoughts
D.
By
secondthoughts
13.
________
one
time,
Manchester
was
the
home
of
the
most
productive
cotton
mills
in
the
world.
A.
On
B.
By
C.
To
D.
At
14.
—
Wasn't
the
issue
settled?
—
No,
the
two
sides
are
still
________
conflict.
A.
in
B.
during
C.
on
D.
with
15.
—
How
do
you
like
these
articles?
—
They
are
not
much
________
demand
now.
A.
on
B.
in
C.
at
D.
for
第九章
反意疑问句
Tag
Question
1．一般用法：
He
is
a
student,
isn't
he?
He
isn't
a
student,
is
he?
(1)
“have
to,
had
better,
used
to”要用下列方式反问：
He
has
to
finish
the
work,
doesn't
he?
They
used
to
smoke,
didn't
/
usedn't
they?
You'd
better
get
up
immediately,
hadn't
you?
(2)
“has,
have”作为助动词和实意动词，反问形式不同。
We
have
done
all
the
work,
haven't
we?
You
have
some
time,
don't
you?
金牌要点如下
2．
“seldom,
barely,
hardly,
scarcely,
few,
little”
语意本身是否定，因此反意问句应为肯定形式。
She
seldom
comes
to
visit
us,
does
she?
He
hardly
knew
it,
did
he?
3．当主句为祈使句，反意问句提出要求，命令应用
“will
you”
Do
it
at
once,
will
you?
但如表示邀请，劝告，反意问句用
“won't
you”
Have
a
cup
of
tea,
won't
you?
4．否定祈使句应用
“will
you”
来反问。
Don't
open
the
window,
will
you?
5．
“Let's”
短语
●
当其为肯定形式，“shall
we”
提出反问
Let's
play
basketball,
shall
we?
●
当其为否定形式，“all
right,
ok”
提出反问
Let's
not
go
to
the
party,
all
right?
●
如为
“let
us
...”
其反问形式应为
“will
you”
提出请求
Let
us
go
home,
will
you?
6．当
“think,
suppose,
consider,
believe”
etc
被用作为主句谓语动词，其后带有宾语从句时，反意疑问问句应与从句保持一致。
Idon't
think
that
he
is
an
honest
man,
is
he?
Exercises:
单选：
1.
—
Your
uncle
told
me
that
he
overslept
this
morning.
—
Oh,
my
uncle
rarely
used
to
oversleep,
________?
A.
wasn't
he
B.
was
he
C.
didn't
he
D.
did
he
2.
—
Remove
this,
________?
—
Right
away.
A.
will
you
B.
shall
you
C.
don't
you
D.
do
you
3.
You
ought
to
wait
for
her,
________?
A.
don't
you
B.
oughtn't
you
C.
shouldn't
you
D.
won't
you
4.
You
have
Tom
move
the
stone,
________?
A.
do
you
B.
don't
you
C.
haven't
you
D.
have
you
5.
Let's
go
dancing,
________?
A.
will
we
B.
shall
we
C.
don't
we
D.
are
we
6.
Have
dinner
here,
________?
A.
will
you
B.
would
you
C.
won't
you
D.
haven't
you
7.
There
is
someone
at
the
door,
________?
A.
isn't
there
B.
is
there
C.
isn't
he
D.
is
it
8.
The
price
of
crude
oil
used
to
be
a
great
deal
lower
than
now,
________?
A.
does
there
B.
wasn't
it
C.
don't
it
D.
didn't
it
9.
This
is
the
third
time
this
week
he's
had
to
study
late,
________?
A.
isn't
it
B.
isn't
he
C.
hasn't
it
D.
hasn't
he
10.
—
Don't
bother
to
drive
me
back!
—
But
then
you'd
have
to
walk
home
alone,
________?
A.
hadn't
you
B.
do
you
C.
would
you
D.
wouldn't
you
第十章
独立主格结构
Absolute
Structure
此独立形式只是一个小短语，而不是主谓完整的简单句，又称之为独立分词构句。当分词意义上的主语不是主句的主语时，必须在分词前保留意义上的主语，否则语意不通。（定义有点费解，多看几遍）
示例：
Being
ill
in
bed,
I
can't
go
to
school.
Mother
being
ill
in
bed,
I
can't
go
to
school.
（1）
独立主结构形式可用以表时间，理由，条件，伴随状态等
He
lay
on
the
grass,
the
sun
shining
upon
him.
=
He
lay
on
the
grass,
and
the
sun
was
shining
upon
him.
Weather
permitting,
I'll
start
tomorrow.
=
If
weather
permits,
I'll
start
tomorrow.
School
being
over,
the
boys
went
home.
=
When
school
was
over,
the
boys
went
home.
The
sun
having
set,
we
arrived
at
the
station.
=
After
the
sun
had
set,
we
arrived
at
the
station.
王牌重点：当独立主格结构的主语表示“一般人”，如：we,
one,
you时，主语可省略，此用法常用于下列表达方式中：
generally
speaking
一般来说
strictly
speaking
严格地说
talking
of
...
谈到
speaking
of
...
说到
judging
from
...
由……来判断
taking
all
things
into
consideration
把一切都考虑在内
considering
...
考虑到……
[示例]：
If
we
judge
from
his
face,
he
must
be
ill.
=
Judging
from
his
face,
he
must
be
ill.
He
has
lots
of
books
if
we
consider
that
he
is
young.
=
He
has
lots
of
books,
considering
that
he
is
young.
（2）with
复合结构也是独立主格结构形式之一。这种结构在句中作状语（表示原因，方式，伴随等）和定语，作定语时紧随被修饰名词后。
1．with+
名词
+
介词短语：
The
woman
with
a
baby
on
her
back
is
my
sister.
The
boy
rushed
into
the
room,
with
his
schoolbag
in
his
hand.
2．with
+
名词
+
adj.
with
the
door
open,
he
left
the
classroom.
3．with
+
名词
+
adv.
With
the
gloves
off,
she
felt
cold.
With
the
lights
on,
the
building
looks
beautiful.
4．with
+
名词
+
现在分词（主动）
with
+
名词
+
过去分词（被动）
Withthe
guide
leading
us,
we
got
to
the
village.
The
boy
was
crying
with
the
vase
broken.
5．with
+
名词
+
不定式
With
the
hard
work
to
be
done,
we
have
to
prepare
for
it.
第十一章
平行结构
Parallel
Structures
许多句子在描述一个人或一件物品时往往会出现一系列修饰语；动词的修饰语，
即副词往往也会几个同时使用，构成平行结构，平行结构要求语法结构须保持一致，如：
1．系列动词：
after
school,
we
sang,
danced
and
played
the
piano
in
the
classroom.
2．系列形容词：
She
is
slim,
tall,
blond
and
beautiful.
3．系列副词：
The
students
are
listening
to
me
carefully
and
eagerly.
平行结构不仅包括动词，形容词，副词，也包括分词，不定式，动名词，名词短语和句子等的平行用法，务必提高辨别力。
测试精编
I
单选：
1.
The
purpose
of
the
research
had
a
different
meaning
for
them
than
________.
A.
ours
B.
for
ours
it
had
C.
with
us
D.
it
did
for
us
2.
The
decision
to
ration
a
commodity
rests
on
a
judgement
of
its
relative
scarcity,
________
and
the
feasibility
of
continuing
it.
A.
it
is
important
B.
is
it
important
C.
its
importance
D.
what
is
its
importance
3.
Scandinavian
countries
make
household
goods
that
are
designed
both
to
function
well
________.
A.
and
to
be
looking
beautiful
B.
and
to
look
beautiful
C.
and
to
be
beautiful
looking
D.
as
well
as
to
look
beautifully
4.
The
chairman
urged
the
members
of
the
committee
to
set
aside
their
differences
________.
A.
and
began
to
work
B.
starting
to
begin
to
work
C.
and
be
settled
for
work
D.
and
settle
down
to
work
5.
In
his
novels
the
author
combines
sound
scholarship
with
________.
A.
a
witty
style
B.a
style
of
wit
C.
a
style
full
of
wit
D.
a
style
which
witty
6.
During
the
examination
we
were
supposed
to
stay
in
our
seats,
keep
our
eyes
on
our
work,
________
to
anyone.
A.
but
could
not
talk
B.
rather
than
speak
C.
instead
of
speaking
D.
and
not
speak
7.
Paris
is
renowned
both
as
the
political
center
of
the
nation
and
as
________.
A.
the
cultural
center
also
B.
a
center
of
cultural
activity
C.
being
a
cultural
center
D.
to
be
a
center
of
cultural
activity
8.
The
bonding
power
of
any
adhesive
depends
on
the
cohesion
of
the
adhesive
itself
and
________
to
the
surface
to
which
it
is
applied.
A.
how
well
does
the
adhesive
adhere
B.
how
well
the
adhesive
adheres
C.
does
the
adhesive
adheres
D.
the
adhesive
adheres
9.
Molds
can't
produce
their
own
food
________
their
nourishment
from
living
on
dead
organic
matter
or
on
other
living
matter.
A.
obtain
B.
obtained
C.
but
obtain
D.
is
obtained
10.
I
her
writing,
Eleanor
Willie
often
dealt
with
her
own
personality
as
it
was,
rather
than
________.
A.
as
others
defined
it
B.
other's
definitions
C.
its
definition
by
others
D.
it
was
defined
by
others
第十二章
容易混淆的动词
Some
Confusing
Verbs
在学习英语动词时，一些初学者常碰到大量易混淆的同义词，下面就几组常用的动词加以比较。
1.
rise，raise，arise，arouse
“rise”
是不及物动词，过去式为rose，过去分词为risen，其基本词义“上升，上涨”。
●
The
sun
rises
in
the
east.
●
A
good
idea
rose
in
my
mind.
“raise”
是及物规则动词，“举起，提高”。
●
He
raised
his
voice
to
make
himself
heard.
●
The
boy
can
raise
the
heavy
stone.
“arise”，是不及物动词，过去式为arose，过去分词arisen，其语义为“出现，发生”
。
●
His
curiosity
arose
due
to
the
question
his
mother
asked.
“arouse”是及物动词，过去式和过去分词为aroused，其语义为“唤醒，引起”
arouse
somebody
from
sleep
把某人唤醒
arouse
suspicion
引起怀疑
2.
lay，lie，lie
“lay”及物动词，“放置，生蛋”，过去式与过去分词为
“laid”
I've
laid
the
book
on
the
self.
The
hen
lays
an
egg
every
day.
“lie”不及物动词“位于，平躺”，过去式为“lay”过去分词
“lain”
He
lay
on
the
floor
and
slept
soundly.
Beijing
lies
in
the
north
of
China.
“lie”及物动词“说谎”，它是规则动词。
He
lied
to
his
teacher.
3.
sit，seat
“sit”不及物动词，过去式与过去分词均为
“sat”。
He
sat
in
the
classroom
reading
newspaper.
“seat”及物动词，“使就坐”“容纳”。
He
seats
himself
here.
He
is
seated
there.
He
seats
the
baby
on
his
knees.
The
hall
will
seat
5000
people.
4.
affect，effect
“affect”
及物动词，“对……有影响，感动，触及”
The
relations
between
then
will
be
affected.
“effect”
及物动词，
“导致，造成，带来（变化），产生”
The
changes
in
methods
effected
some
improvement
in
his
study.
5.
hang
(hanged,
hanged)
/
(hung,
hung)
当
hang过去式与过去分词为
“hanged”，其含义是“绞死”；而当hang的过去式与过去分词为“hung”时，其含义是“悬挂”。
The
man
was
hanged
for
murder.
He
hung
his
coat
on
the
hook.
6.
borrow，lend
“borrow”借入
“borrow
sth.
from
...”
“lend”(lent,
lent)
借出
“lend
sb.
sth”
或
“lend
sth.
To
sb.”
7.
take，bring，fetch
“take”(took,
taken)
及物动词“拿走”
“bring”(brought,
brought)
及物动词“带走”
“fetch”及物动词，“去取回来”
8.
receive，accept
“receive”
客观上收到
“accept”
主观上愿意接受
I
received
his
gift,
but
I
wouldn't
like
to
accept
it.
9.
fit,
suit“适合”
“fit”
指“尺寸”的适合
“suit”
指“款式，花样等”的适合
The
dress
doesn't
fit
me.
It
is
too
long.
Blue
is
the
color
that
suits
her
well.
10.
answer，reply
“回答”
“answer”
—
vt.
“reply”
—
vi
须和
“to”连用
“you
needn't
know
it.”
He
answered.
So
far,
they
haven't
answered
/
replied
to
our
questions.
11.
spend,
cost,
take
“花费”
“spend”
(spent,
spent)
花“时间，金钱”主语须是人。
He
spend
5
hours
writing
the
article.
“cost”
(cost,
cost)
花费“金钱，时间，劳力”可接双宾，主语须是“物”
The
book
cost
me
$20
and
2
days.
“take”
通常指花“时间”主语须是“某种事情”
It
takes
me
20
minuter
to
go
to
school.
The
work
took
me
longer
than
I
expected.
12.
assure，ensure
“assure”
使放心
assure
sb.
of
sth.
assure
sb.
that...
I
can
assure
you
of
my
honesty.
“ensure”
保证
ensure
sth.（其后不能接人称）
ensure
that
ensure
doing
sth.
I
can
ensure
his
safety.
He
ensured
that
he
finished
the
job
in
time.
He
ensured
coming
back
later.
百分重点：如ensure
含义为“保护，使安全”，其结构为：
ensure
sb
from
/
against
sth.
He
ensured
the
boy
from
drowning.
13.
beat,
defeat,
win
—
vt.
“beat”
(beat,
beaten)
战胜，打败比赛，辩论中的对手
He
beat
John
at
chess
yesterday.
“defeat”“击败”敌军，入侵者，整个球队
They
defeated
the
enemy
in
that
battle.
“win”
(won,
won)“赢得比赛”win
over
sb.（赢了某人）
The
football
team
won
the
match.
14.
damage，destroy，hurt，spoil，wound，injure.
以上六个词中，“hurt”
可作及物，不及物动词外，其余五个均为及物动词。
“damage”
——
损坏（害）（有修复的可能性）
“destroy”
——
摧毁，打破（希望，计划）毁灭（无修复的可能性）
“hurt”
——
伤害（感情或身体某一部位）痛疼
“spoil”
——
破坏，糟蹋（晚会，旅游，参观等）宠爱，惯怀（孩子）
“wound”
——
使受伤（枪伤，刀伤）
“injure”
——
使受伤
e.g.
Don't
spoil
your
son
too
much.
The
man
has
destroyed
the
girl's
life
all
her
hopes.
Some
houses
were
damaged
in
the
earthquake.
I
don't
mean
to
hurt
you.
He
was
injured
in
the
accident.
It
was
dangerous
because
he
was
wounded
seriously
in
the
war.
测试精编
1.
His
newly-published
novel
is
quite
a
success
________
a
good
income
from
the
reading
public.
A.
ensuring
him
B.
assuring
him
C.
assuring
him
of
D.
assuring
him
about
2.
Before
discussing
the
steps
in
detail,
________.
A.
a
general
principle
should
be
laid
down.
B.
I
should
like
to
lie
down
a
general
principle
C.
I'd
like
to
lay
down
a
general
principle
D.
a
general
principle
lies.
3.
The
typewriter
________.
A.
was
laying
on
the
table,
where
it
had
laid
all
week.
B.
was
lying
on
the
table,
where
it
had
laid
all
week.
C.
was
laying
on
the
table,
where
it
had
been
laid
all
week.
D.
was
lying
on
the
table,
where
it
had
been
laid
all
week.
4.
Up
till
now,
these
problems
have
been
________
for
centuries.
A.
laying
dormant
B.
laying
dormantly
C.
lying
dormant
D.
lain
dormantly
5.
During
the
period
of
inflation,
the
value
of
money
drops
as
________.
A.
prices
rise
B.
prices
arise
C.
the
price
is
rising
D.
prices
are
raised
6.
When
all
the
students
________,
the
professor
began
his
lecture.
A.
seated
B.
sit
C.
were
seated
D.
seat
7.
My
watch
________
five
o'clock.
A.
says
B.
tells
C.
speaks
D.
talks
8.
“Oh,
glad
to
see
you,
John.”
“What
________
you
to
this
city?”
A.
carries
B.
brings
C.
takes
D.
makes
9.
“He
has
been
working
very
hard
recently.”
“Because
the
burden
of
a
big
family
has
been
________
on
his
shoulder.”
A.
bear
B.
borne
C.
born
D.
bore
10.
The
visiting
delegates
were
urged
to
________.
A.
talk
at
liberty
B.
state
their
open
minds
C.
make
individual
expressions
D.
speak
freely
第十三章
赘词与否定
Redundancy
＆
Negation
（1）
所谓赘词，即累赘，也是句中不该重复出现的部分，因此不能使用。
1.
advance
+
forward
×
proceed
+
forward
×
progress
+
forward
×
这三个词汇本身具有“向前”的概念不能再与“forward”搭配
2.
return
+
back
×
revert
+
back
×
3.
sufficient
enough
×
4.
compete
together
×
5.
reason
...
because
×
（正确结构：reason
...
that
...）
6.
join
together
×
7.
repeat
again
×
8.
new
innovations
×
9.
two
twins
×
10.
same
identical
×
（都表示同一的，仅能使用其中一个）
（2）
否定：注意在下列否定句中形容词，副词和代词的变化。
1.
He
talked
too
much.
□
He
didn't
talk
very
much.
2.
He
will
come
back
too.
□
He
won't
come
back
either.
3.
She
has
already
know
that.
□
She
hasn't
known
that
yet.
4.
We
have
some
novels.
□
We
haven't
any
novels.
5.
He
is
telephoning
someone.
□
He
isn't
telephoning
anyone.
6.
They
are
still
in
the
classroom.
□
They
aren't
in
the
classroom
any
longer.
7.
I
like
her
a
great
deal.
□
I
don't
like
her
much.
8.
She
was
away
a
long
time.
□
She
wasn't
away
long.
测试精编
1.
Would
you
please
________
the
listening
comprehension
script
until
after
you
have
listened
to
the
tape.
A.
not
to
read
B.
not
read
C.
don't
read
D.
don't
to
read
2.
If
you
promise
________
angry
with
me,
I'll
tell
you
what
I
broke.
A.
get
not
B.
not
get
C.
not
to
get
D.
not
getting
3.
She
hasn't
begun
working
on
her
Ph.D.
________
working
on
her
master's.
A.
still
becauseshe
is
yet.
B.
yet
as
a
result
she
is
still
C.
yet
because
she
is
still
D.
still
while
she
is
already
4.
If
his
wife
won't
agree
to
sign
the
papers,
________.
A.
neither
he
will
B.
neither
won't
he
C.
neither
will
he
D.
he
won't
neither
5.
Not
for
a
moment
________
what
she
said.
A.
he
has
doubted
B.
he
doubts
C.
he
did
doubt
D.
did
he
doubt
特殊及习惯用法
Special
Usage
英语中有大量的特殊用法及惯用法，学习者应注意其使用，下面所给练习题为自测题：
1.
Advances
in
medicine
have
resulted
in
________.
A.
a
longer
living
expectancy
B.
an
increase
in
life
expectancy
C.
an
increase
in
living
D.
more
years
for
everyone
2.
The
fire
department
had
to
be
summoned
after
the
bush
fire
on
the
corner
lot
got
out
of
________.
A.
turn
B.
the
question
C.
hand
D.
sight
3.
I
am
________
your
temper.
A.
fed
up
by
B.
fed
up
with
C.
fed
up
because
of
D.
fed
up
to
4.
This
kind
of
work
is
________
me.
A.
unfamiliar
with
B.
unfamiliar
by
C.
unfamiliar
to
D.
not
familiar
of
5.
Jean
________
a
cold
when
she
was
in
Los
Angeles.
A.
came
by
B.
came
down
with
C.
came
into
D.
came
off
with
6.
All
the
evidence
I
have
collected
________
to
the
fact
that
he
is
a
shop
lifter.
A.
boils
up
B.
boils
on
C.
boils
off
D.
boils
down
7.
—
Do
you
like
those
kinds
of
cigarette.
—
________
cigarette
agrees
with
me.
A.
Hardly
no
B.
Nearly
no
C.
Rarely
no
D.
Almost
none
8.
—
I
am
surprised
that
the
administration
approved
of
the
protest.
—
I
am
too.
It
usually
frowns
________
such
demonstration.
A.
on
B.
with
C.
for
D.
to
9.
—
Does
Jone
have
brown
hair?
—
Yes,
in
fact
it's
quite
similar
in
shape
________
yours.
A.
as
B.
with
C.
to
D.
like
10.
—
I
thought
you
had
planned
to
practice
the
piano
today.
—
I
did
nothing
but
________
letter
all
day.
A.
write
B.
to
write
C.
wrote
D.
writing
11.
—
I
think
John
will
win
the
race.
—
Yes,
he
started
off
________
a
great
speed.
A.
with
B.
at
C.
through
D.
by
12.
Jim
Thorpe,
Pennsylvania,
a
town
in
the
eastern
part
of
the
state,
was
named
________
one
of
the
greatest
American
athletes.
A.
in
honor
of
B.
the
honors
C.
for
honored
D.
to
honoring
13.
—
Are
you
still
trying
to
convince
him?
—
No,
there
is
no
point
________
with
him.
A.
by
arguing
B.
for
arguing
C.
with
arguing
D.
in
arguing
14.
Thanks
to
modern
irrigation,
crops
now
grow
abundantly
in
areas
where
once
________
cacti
and
sagebrush
could
live.
A.
nor
B.
not
the
C.
none
other
D.
nothing
but
15.
—
Can
you
ride
a
horse?
—
No,
I
never
had
the
chance
________.
A.
for
learning
it
B.
for
learning
how
C.
how
to
learn
it
D.
to
learn
how
Keys
to
the
exercises:
从句：
(1)
1.
B
2.
B
3.
B
4.
C
5.D
6.A
7.
C
8.A
9.
C
10.
C
虚拟语气：
(1)
1.
C
2.
C
3.A
4.
B
5.A
6.
C
7.
C
8.
B
9.A
10.
B
代替与省略：
(1)
1.A
2.A
3.
D
4.D
5.
B
6.
D
7.
D
8.A
9.A
10.D
倒装：
1.
B
2.
B
3.
C
4.
B
5.
C
6.
D
7.A
8.C
9.
C
10.
D
形容词：
(1)
1.D
2.A
3.
B
4.
B
5.A
6.
C
7.C
8.A
9.A
10.D
副词：
(1)
1.A
2.
C
3.
C
4.
C
5.
B
6.
C
7.B
8.
D
9.D
10.A
冠词：
(1)
1.A
2.
C
3.
B
4.D
5.
B
6.
B
7.
C
8.
C
9.
B
10.
C
介词：
(1)
1.
C
2.
B
3.
B
4.
B
5.D
6.A
7.A
8.
B
9.A
10.
D
11.
B
12.
C
13.D
14.A
15.
B
反意疑问句：
1.
D
2.A
3.
B
4.
B
5.
B
6.
C
7.A
8.D
9.A
10.
D
平行结构：
(1)
1.D
2.
C
3.
B
4.D
5.A
6.D
7.
B
8.
B
9.
C
10.A
容易混淆的动词：
(1)
1.
C
2.
C
3.D
4.
C
5.A
6.
C
7.A
8.
B
9.
B
10.D
赘词与否定：
1.
B
2.
C
3.
C
4.
C
5.D
特殊及习惯用法：
1.
B
2.
C
3.
B
4.
C
5.
B
6.
D
7
.
B
8.A
9.
C
10.A
11.
B
12.A
13.D
14.D
15.D

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