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构词法综述
Word-building
许多英语单词的构成都有一定的规律，这种规律被称为构词法。掌握构词法知识对我们更好地理解词义、认识新词和扩大词汇量有重要意义。英语中的构词法主要有:
合成法(Composition)
转换法(Conversion)
派生法(Derivation)
合成法——综述
一、合成法（Composition ）

把两个或两个以上的词素放到一起，这种构词法称为合成法。合成词通常由两个或两个以上的自由词素构成不同词性。
1. 合成名词
名词+名词： postman, girlfriend,
flowerbed, greenhouse
形容词+名词： blackboard, supermarket
名词+动词： daybreak, sunrise
动词-ing+名词：
reading room,
washing machine
The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic.
(2017 全国Ⅰ阅读)
名词+动词-ing：handwriting,
papermaking
动词+名词： pickpocket, workroom
动词+副词： breakup, get-together
其它形式： passer-by
2. 合成形容词
形容词 / 数词+名词+ed：warm-hearted,
名词+过去分词：home-made, hand-made
名词+形容词：world-famous, ice-cool
形容词/数词+名词：full-time, second-hand
形容词+过去分词：newborn, short-sighted
副词+过去分词：well-known, newly-built
其它形式：face-to-face, evergreen
3. 合成代词
代词宾格/物主代词+ self/selves：herself,
ourselves
某些不定代词some, any, every, no等+
body/one/thing：anyone, nothing
4. 合成介词
介词+介词：throughout, within
5. 合成副词
副词+名词：indoors, overhead, upstairs
介词+名词：beforehand
名词+形容词：sky-high
副词+介词：nearby
其它形式：meanwhile
6. 合成动词
副词+动词：overwork, underline，overhear
名词+动词：moonwalk, sunbathe
形容词+动词：safeguard
Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to ‘overhear’ the cry. So information was exchanged. (2017 全国Ⅱ阅读)
转换法——综述
二、转换法（conversion）
在词形不变的情况下，把一个单词由一种词性转换成另一种词性，而没有加任何词缀，这种构词方法称为转换法。例如：

dream v. 做梦 → n. 梦
look v. 看 → n. 相貌
back n. 后背 → v. 支持
air n. 空气 → v. 通风
better a. 较好 → v. 改善
有些双音节的词转换后，重音要发生变化。通常名词重音在前，动词重音在后，有时读音也有不同，应予注意。例如:

transport record import

conflict survey
转换法——名词转换成动词
1. 许多名词可转化成动词，意思也随着有些改变。如：

chair（n.椅子→ v.主持） hand（n.手→v.上交）
land（n.土地→v.着陆） cook（n.厨师→v.烹调）
order（n.命令→v.订购） name（n.名字→v.取名）
lift（n.电梯→v.举起） picture（n.画→v.描绘）
press（n.报刊→v.挤压） nurse（n.护士→v.照料）
smoke（n.烟→v.吸烟） stand（n.看台→v.站）?
转换法——动词转换成名词
2. 大量动词可转化为名词，有时意思没有太大改变。如：

try （v.尝试→n.尝试） read (v.阅读→n.阅读)
swim （v.游泳→n.游泳）sigh (v.叹气→n.叹气）
cry (v.哭→n.哭) shout（v.呼喊→n.呼喊）
kiss (v.吻→n吻) guess (v.猜测→n猜测)
转换法——形容转换成动词
3. 形容词转化成动词。如：

better（a.更好的→v.改善) calm（a.冷静的→v.使冷静）
cool （a.凉快的→v.冷却）spare（a.空闲的→v.节省）
own （a.自己的→v.拥有） close（a.亲密的→v.关闭）
slow （a.慢的→v.减慢）last（a.最后的→v.持续）
I placed the chick(雏鸟) in the nest, and it quickly calmed down. (2017 全国Ⅰ阅读)
转换法——形容词转换成名词和副词
4. 形容词转化成名词。如：

cold（a.冷的→n.感冒） back（a.后面的→n.背部）
quiet (a.安静的→n.恬静) calm (a.平静的→n安静)

5. 形容词转化成副词。如：

deep（a.深的→ad.深地） wide（a.宽的→ad.广泛地）
hard（a.困难的→ad.努力地) well（a.健康的→ad.很好地）
三、派生法(Derivation)
派生是指通过给一个单词加前缀或后缀构成另一个词。前缀一般改变词义而不改变词性, 后缀一般改变词性而不改变词义。
派生法——综述
Prefixes
fore- 先，前，预
out- 超出，在外
over- 过度，越
under- 在…下，低于
ab- 脱离，离去
com- 共同
de- 出，离，向
inter- 相互
forecast forehead
outside output
overwork
underground
absent
company
decrease
interview
in-,im- 向内，入，非
pre- 先，前，超
re- 后退，再，又
trans- 跨越，转，传
log- 言语，推理
press- 压
vis- 看见
geo- 地球
include
preview
react recall
transform
apology
pressure
visible visitor
geography
auto-自己的，自动
co-一起，共同
multi-许多
sub-在…下 次要 低于
super-在…上，超过
tele-远距离的
automatic autobiography
cooperate
multicultural
subway
supermarket
television
mis-
un-
dis-
in-,im-
anti-
non-
il-
ir-
misunderstand mistake misleading
unemployment unlucky
dishonest disappear
inconvenient impossible
antivirus
nonprofit nonstop
illegal
irresponsible irregular
否定前缀
Suffixes
-dom 地位，身份
-hood 状态，特征
-ness 性质
-age行为，情况
-ance,ancy, ence, ency 行为，状态，性质
-ice 行为，状态
freedom
happiness weakness
guidance importance
childhood neighborhood
practice service
marriage usage advantage
名词后缀
-ment 行为，状态
-ship …的状态，身份
-tude 情况，性质
-ty 行为，状态
-ure 情况，能力
-ism 学说，主义
-ist 实行者
-ology …学
payment employment
friendship ownership
gratitude
beauty safety
failure mixture
socialism
scientist
biology ecology
名词后缀
-sion
-ion
-ition
-ssion
-ation
-er,or,ar
-ee 受…者
conclusion tension
competition
relation invention
discussion
invitation hesitation
painter actor liar
employee interviewee
名词后缀
-en
-ify …化
-ize
-ise



shorten deepen strengthen enlarge
purify simplify qualify identify
criticize realize
practise
动词后缀
adj.
wooden golden
-able, -ible
-al
-ant, -ent
-ful
-ic
-ical
-ish
-ive
capable possible responsible
personal global
different significant efficient
cheerful doubtful
poetic romantic
medical practical
childish Spanish selfish
creative active
形容词后缀
-like 如…的
-less 否定
-ous
-ious
-ward(s)
-ary
-some
dreamlike childlike
careless hopeless endless
poisonous
cautious various precious conscious
eastward backward
elementary secondary
troublesome handsome
形容词后缀
用括号内单词的正确形式填空。
1. Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack (吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food. However, be ________ (care) not to go to extremes.
（2017全国卷I）
careful
2. Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been ________ (fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
（2017全国卷II）
3. She is determined to carry on with her _________ (educate). （2017全国卷III）
fairly
education
4. Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires,
Asia’s biggest building, and fancy new
hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are
its top 61. ________ (attract). （2016 新课
标全国卷I）
5. Then, handle the most important tasks
first so you’ll feel a real sense of 42.
____________ (achieve). （2016 新课标
全国卷II）
attraction
achievement
根据提示在空白处填入所缺单词的正确形
式。
A
1. It was ________ (cloud) this morning, but it turned out fine.
2. The mother is now fighting her ________ (addict) to a soap opera.
3. Lily, a(n) _______________ (二十岁的) singer, is quite popular among young people.
cloudy
addiction
twenty-year-old
4. My father bought a(n) ___________ (二手的) car which was still in good condition.
5. The price of the coat is quite ________ (reason). Would you wrap it up for me, please?
6. No wonder her test scores had improved a lot. She was really _____________ (辛勤工作的) at school.
second-hand
reasonable
hard-working
7. John has expanded his business. The number of __________ (employ) in his company has doubled over the past decade.
8. He had no _________ (certain) of success because he hadn't prepared for the competition.
employees
certainty
B
Less than 20 miles from Singapore's skyscrapers is a(n) 1. _________ (complete) different set of high-rise towers. Much smaller in size but with a big ambition — over 100 2. _______________ (九米高的) towers at Sky Greens vertical farm offer a new vision of urban sustainability (可持续). Green vegetables like Chinese cabbage are grown in 3. __________ (温室), and sold at
completely
nine-meter-tall
greenhouses
local supermarkets. The farm was built in 2009 and now the 4. ________ (full) operating farm has been supplying the city's supermarkets with 5. ________ (每周的) deliveries of its greens. The small amount of energy and water needed to grow the vegetables, as well as the short distance to the 6. ___________ (consume),
fully
weekly
consumers
means that carbon dioxide emitted (排放) in production and 7. ___________________ (transport) is kept to a minimum. The Sky Greens is supported by the Singaporean 8. _____________ (政府).
transport / transportation
government
C
Throughout history man has changed his 1. ________ (物理的) environment to improve his way of life. With the tools of technology man has changed many features of the earth. He has 2. ____________________ (转变) woodland into farmland. He has modified (修改) the face of the earth by cutting through mountains to build roads and 3. ___________ (铁路).
physical
transformed / changed
railways
/ railroads
However, these changes in the environment have not always had 4. __________ (benefit) results. Today, 5. ________ (pollute) of the air and water is a danger to the health of the planet. Each day thousands of tons of gases come out of vehicles. Smoke from factories pollutes the air of industrialized areas and the surrounding countryside.
beneficial
pollution
The air in cities is becoming increasingly 6. __________ (health). The pollution of water is 7. ________ (equal) harmful. In the sea pollution from oil is killing a lot of sea plants and fish. It is now necessary for man to limit the 8. ________ (grow) of technology in order to survive on earth.
unhealthy
equally
growth

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