资源简介

训练1 情态动词+have done
重要程度：★★★★☆ 难易程度：★★★★☆
(2015·天津) I _________ have worried before I came to the new school, for my classmates here are very friendly to me.
A. mightn’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. couldn’t
【参考答案】C
【拓展延伸】
情态动词+ have done
1. must have done对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，表示＂肯定已经……＂。
?Since the road is wet, it must have rained last night. 因为路是湿的，所以昨晚肯定下雨了。
2. can’t have done 表示＂不可能已经……＂。
?He can’t have lost his way. I drew him a map. 他不可能迷路了。我给他画了地图。
3. could / may / might have done推测过去某事＂也许＂发生了；也可表示虚拟，意为＂本可能，本能够＂。
?I can’t find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday. 我找不到钥匙了。可能昨天我把它们落在学校了。
?You could have told us earlier. 你本可以早点告诉我们的。
4. ought to / should have done 表示＂本应该……＂；否定形式ought not to / shouldn’t have done 表示＂本不应该……＂。
?With all the work finished, I should have gone to the party last night. 完成了所有的工作，我昨天晚上本应该去参加聚会的。
?You ought not to have made fun of him. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from. 你本不应该取笑他的。你不应该取笑他，而应该向他学习。
5. needn’t have done/not have to do表示＂本没必要……＂。
?You needn’t have waken me up. 你本没有必要叫醒我的。
?I don’t have to go to work today. 我今天没必要去工作。
6. would like /love to have done表示＂本打算/本想……＂。
?I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then. 我本打算读这篇文章的，但是当时我太忙了。
1. 完成句子
①我认为这个故事不可能是真的。
I thought the story ____________________.
②—明天我该动身去上海吗？
—是，你应该。/不，你不应该。
―Ought I to leave for Shanghai tomorrow?
―Yes, you ____________________. /No, you____________________.
③他需要先做作业吗？
____________________ his homework first?
④他无须担心这件事。
He ____________________it.
⑤房间需要打扫了。
The room needs cleaning. =The room needs ____________________.
⑥他很强壮，我不敢和他打。
He is so strong that I ____________________?fight against him.
2. (2015·福建)—Sorry, Mum! I failed the job interview again.
—Oh, it’s too bad. You _________ have made full preparations.
A. must B. can C. would D. should
3. (2014·重庆) —I spent two weeks in London last summer.
—Then you must have visited the British Museum during your stay, _________ you?
A. mustn’t B. haven’t C. didn’t D. hadn’t
4. (2013·浙江) I _________ myself more — it was a perfect day.
A. shouldn’t have enjoyed B. needn’t have enjoyed
C. wouldn’t have enjoyed D. couldn’t have enjoyed
5. (2013·四川)—Why are your eyes so red? You _________ have slept well last night.
—Yeah, I stayed up late writing a report.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. won’t
情态动词+have done，你学会了吗？
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训练2 强调句型
重要程度：★★★★★ 难易程度：★★★★☆
(2016·天津) You are waiting at a wrong place. It is at the hotel ____________ the coach picks up tourists.
A. who B. which C. where D. that
【参考答案】D
【拓展延伸】
＂It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他成分＂为强调句型的基本结构。被强调的成分可以是主语、宾语和状语，但不能是表语或谓语。所强调的可以是单词、短语，也可以是从句，但结构必须完整。被强调部分表示人时，可用that和who；被强调部分表示物时，只能用that。强调句型的具体形式：
1. 基本形式：
It is / was +被强调部分+ that / who +句子其他部分。
※注意：如果被强调的部分表示人，连词用who或that，其余的用that。
2. 疑问形式：
①一般疑问式：Is (Was)it +被强调部分+that (who)...?
②特殊疑问式：疑问词+is (was)+it+that (who)...?
3. 对not…until…结构的强调：
It is/was not until+被强调部分+that+其他成分。
【巧学妙记】
判断一句话是否是强调句的一个方法是去掉强调结构，如果这句话还能够成立就是强调句，例如这道题，去掉强调结构后是when I got back to my apartment I first came across my new neighbors，这句话是成立的，所以本句是强调句。考生除了需要掌握强调句的一般形式，还需要掌握强调句的一般疑问式和特殊疑问式，还有强调句中的语序问题。
【名师点睛】
＂It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他成分＂为强调句型的基本结构。被强调的成分可以是主语、宾语和状语，但不能是表语或谓语。所强调的可以是单词、短语，也可以是从句，但结构必须完整。被强调部分表示人时，可用that和who；被强调部分表示物时，只能用that。
?It is he that/who broke the window. 是他打破了窗户。（强调主语）
?It was her that/who we met at the school gate. 我们在校门口遇到的正是她。（强调宾语）
?It was in the park that Tom lost his watch. 汤姆是在公园里丢了手表。（强调地点状语）
?It was yesterday that we held the meeting in the department store. 我们是昨天在百货大楼举行的会议。（强调时间状语）
【特别提醒】
使用强调句型的过程中需要注意：
1. 谓语动词的人称和数的一致。在强调句型中，如果强调的是句子的主语，其后谓语动词应和被强调部分的人称和数保持一致。
2. 强调时间、地点、原因、方式状语时，一律用that，通常不用when, where, why, how。
?It is Wang Kai that/who is going to study abroad. 是王凯要去国外学习。
?It was in the street that I lost my wallet. 我是在街上丢的钱包。
1. (2015·重庆) Bach died in 1750, but it was not until the early 19th century __________ his musical gift was fully recognized.
A. while B. though C. that D. after
2. 翻译句子
①他是办公室被杀害的。
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②是孩子们打破窗户的。
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3. 句型转换
①is because he is ill that he can’t come.
一般疑问句：______________________________________________________________________
特殊疑问句：______________________________________________________________________
②直到我遇到你以后，我才真正体会到幸福。
正常：____________________________________________________________________________
强调：____________________________________________________________________________
③直到吃完饭他才现身。
正常：____________________________________________________________________________
强调：____________________________________________________________________________
④They will have a meeting tomorrow.
强调主语：________________________________________________________________________
强调宾语：________________________________________________________________________
强调状语：________________________________________________________________________
4. 完成句子
①(2015·湖北改编)__________ that they found the long lost sword of the Ming Dynasty. (be)
就是在这个湖里，他们发现了失踪已久的明代宝剑。
②(2014·四川) ___________because Jack came late for school __________ Mr. Smith got angry?
5. (2014·湖南) It’s not doing the things we like, but liking the things we have to do that make life happy.
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强调句型的用法，你真的会了吗？
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训练3 定语从句（1）
重要程度：★★★★★ 难易程度：★★★★★
(2017·天津) My eldest son, ___________ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.
A. that B. whose C. his D. who
【参考答案】B
【名师点睛】
定语从句主要就是考查关系词的辨析，关系代词that, which, whom, as, who在从句中作主语、宾语、表语；whose作定语；where, why, when分别在句中作地点状语、原因状语和时间状语。要分析定语从句的成分，看缺少什么成分，就选用相应的关系词。
【拓展延伸】
定语从句在整个句子中担任定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
1. 关系词
关系代词：who, whom, whose, that, which, as(句子中缺主要成分：主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语、补语时)。
关系副词：when, where, why(句子中缺次要成分：状语时)。
2. 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词引导定语从句，代替先行词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等主要成分。
(1)who, whom, that 指代人，who, that在从句中可作主语、宾语；whom在从句中作宾语。
?Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是你想要见的那个人吗？(who/that在从句中作主语)
?He is the man who/whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他是昨天我见到的那个人。(who/whom/that在从句中作宾语)
(2)whose 用来指人或物，只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换。
?Please pass me the book whose cover is green/the cover of which is green. 请递给我那本封面是绿色的书。
(3)which, that指代物，在从句中可作主语、宾语。
?The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你正在搬的那个包裹快要散开了。(which / that在从句中作宾语，可省略)
(4)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
?Is he the man who wants to see you? 他是想要见你的那个人吗？
3. 只能用that不能用which的情况
(1)先行词是everything, nothing, something, anything, all, little, much等不定代词时。
?He never read anything that was not worth reading. 他从不读任何不值得阅读的书。
(2)先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much, the only, the very等词修饰时。
?I’ve read all the books that you lent me. 我已经读完了你借给我的所有书。
(3)先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。
?It is the first American film of this kind that I’ve ever seen.这是我看过的第一部这个种类的美国电影。
(4)先行词由人和物共同组成时。
?The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all. 我们都羡慕你和我谈论过的这个科学家和他的成就。
4. 关系代词as 和which的用法区别
(1)as一般放在句首或句中，which置于句中。
(2)as可引导非限制性定语从句，常常有＂正如＂之意；which可以表主从句之间的因果关系。
1. (2017·江苏) The publication of Great Expectations, which ____________ both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens’ status as a leading novelist.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
2. (2016 ? 北京)I live next door to a couple _________ children often make a lot of noise.
A. whose B. why C. where D. which
3. (2016 ? 江苏)Many young people, most _________were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
A. of which B. of them C. of whom D. of those
4. (2016 ? 浙江)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of _________ has been proved.
A. whom B. which C. what D. that
5. (2015? 湖南)It is a truly delightful place, _________ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.
A. as B. where C. that D. which
定语从句的关系代词的用法，你清楚了吗？
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训练4 定语从句（2）
重要程度：★★★★★ 难易程度：★★★★★
(2017·浙江改编) Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept (sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.
【参考答案】where
【拓展延伸】
关系副词的用法
1. 当先行词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词
when=表时间的介词(如：in，at，during等)+which；
where=表地点的介词(如：in，at，on，under等)+which；
why=表原因的介词(如：for)+which；
how=表方式的介词(如：in)+which。
?I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. (when= on which) 我还记得我第一次来北京的那一天。
?Can you tell me the office where he works? (where=in which) 你能告诉我他上班的办公室吗?
?Do you know the reason why he is absent? (why=for which) 你知道他缺席的原因吗?
2. 介词+关系代词(which)=where/when
有时为表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from，to等。
?China is the birthplace of kites, from where kite flying spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India. 中国是风筝的故乡，从这里放风筝传到了日本、朝鲜、泰国和印度。
3. 高考对关系副词where的考查
高考试题中对于where的考查趋于复杂，从先行词为明显的＂地点＂转为＂地点的模糊化＂。事实上，对于where这个词，考生不能只理解为表地点。当先行词为抽象地点，如表示某人/物的situation，或某事所发展的stage，或表达某事的某个方面时都可用where这个关系副词来引导从句。
?They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other. 他们已经到了必须分手的地步。
这种用法不是仅仅限于定语从句，特殊疑问句中的where，名词性从句中的where都有这种有法。
?Where will all this trouble lead? 这件麻烦事会惹出什么结果？
4. 关系代词和关系副词的选择
定语从句的引导词用关系代词还是关系副词可用以下方法判断：
用法
依据
根据从句的谓语动词
若是及物动词，后面若无宾语，用关系代词；若是不及物动词，则用关系副词
根据关系词在从句中作的成分
把关系词放进定语从句中，若作主语或宾语用关系代词；若作状语则用关系副词
5.＂介词+关系代词＂引导的定语从句
在＂介词+关系代词＂引导的定语从句中，关系代词只能用which或whom，不能用that。先行词指物时，用which；先行词指人时，用whom。
1. (2017·江苏) In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of ____________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
A. which B. its C. whose D. whom
2. (2016·天津)We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, the weather may be better.
A. that B. where C. which D. when
3.(2015·北京)Opposite is St. Paul’s Church, you can hear some lovely music.
A. which B. that C. when D. where
4. (2015·浙江)Creating an atmosphere employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.
A. as B. whose C. in which D. at which
5. (2015·天津)The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere his employees enjoy their work.
A. where B. which C. when D. who
6. (2015·陕西)As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time he should be able to be independent.
A. which B. where C. whom D. when
7. (2014·江西)It was the middle of the night my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.
A. that B. as C. which D. when
8. (2014·福建)Students should involve themselves in community activities they can gain experience for growth.
A. who B. when C. which D. where
9. (2014·江苏)The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at work a good impression is a must.
A. which B. when C. as D. where
10. (2014·湖南)I am looking forward to the day my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.
A. as B. why C. when D. where
11. (2014·浙江)I don’t become a serious climber until the fifth grade, I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.
A. when B. where C. which D. why
12. (2016·江苏)Many young people, most____________were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
A. of which B. of them C. of whom D. of those
如何选定“关系副词”和“介词”？
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训练5 不定式作目的状语
重要程度：★★★★★ 难易程度：★★★☆☆
(2017·新课标全国卷II)When summer came, they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!
【参考答案】第一处：came→comes；第二处：pick前加to
【拓展延伸】
不定式作目的状语的特点：
1. 句意上的特点
不定式用作目的状语时，其句意特点很明显，通常在译成中文时可用＂为了＂来表示。
2. 结构上的特点
不定式用作目的状语有两个可能的位置，一是在句首，二是在句末。一般说来，用于句首属于强调性用法，即强调动词的目的。
有时为了表示强调，可在不定式前加上in order/so as，即构成in order to do sth. 和so as to do sth. 结构。值得注意的是，＂so as+不定式＂不能位于句首。
3. 语法上的特点
从语法上看，不定式表示目的通常是指发生在谓语动作之后的动作，也就是说，若以谓语动作发生的时间为标准，用作目的状语的不定式是一个尚未发生的将来动作。
1. (2017·北京)Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online ____________ their valuable time.
A. save B. saving C. to save D. saved
2. (2017·浙江)Sixteen years (1) (early), Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring (2) (cook) a meal.
不定式作目的状语，你学会了吗？
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训练6 现在分词作状语
重要程度：★★★★☆ 难易程度：★★★★☆
(2017·天津)The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, ___________ more patients to be treated.
A. being allowed B. allowing
C. having allowed D. allowed
【参考答案】B
【拓展延伸】
现在分词作状语
一般来说，v-ing 形式表示主动、进行。v-ing 形式作状语，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。现在分词的一般式（doing）作状语，表示动作与谓语所表示的动作同时发生，而完成式(having done)作状语，则表示动作在谓语动作之前发生。通常相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。一般说来，这种结构的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。
一、现在分词短语作时间状语有以下三种情况：
1. 分词动作一发生，谓语动作紧跟着发生，这时用现在分词的一般式作时间状语，其逻辑主语为句中的主语。常用的动词，如：hear, see, arrive, return, get to, look, open, close, leave, turn around, walk 等，表示一个极短暂的动作。此种情况可以换作＂on+动名词＂，表示相同的意思，译作＂一（刚）……就……＂。 此种情况也可以换作是 when 引导的时间状语从句，该从句的动词多用一般过去时表示。
2. 谓语动作发生在分词所表示的动作过程之中，则用＂when/while+现在分词的一般式＂，分词的逻辑主语为句中的主语。此种情况可以用＂in+动名词的一般式＂代替，也可以换作when、while引导的时间状语从句，该从句的谓语动词用进行时态。注意：此结构中，不能用其他连接词替换 when 或 while。
3. 分词所表示的动作完成之后，谓语动作才发生，则要现在分词的完成式，即 having done的形式。分词的逻辑主语应是句中的主语。这种情况可以用＂after+动名词的一般式＂表示，也可以用 after /when 引导的时间状语从句来替换，该从句的谓语动词用过去完成式。
二、现在分词在句中作原因状语
1. 分词短语在句中作原因状语时，相当于一个原因状语从句。与时间状语一样，也要注意分词所表示的动作与谓语动作的先后关系。当分词所表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生时，用分词的一般形式。此时分词的逻辑主语须是句中的主语。这样的原因状语可以换成 because, as 引导的原因状语，该从句谓语动词用一般过去时。
2. 当分词表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，可以用现在分词的完成式在句中作原因状语，其逻辑主语须为句中的主语，该短语的作用相当于一个原因状语从句。该从句的谓语动词须用完成时。
三、现在分词短语在句中作条件状语
现在分词短语在句中作条件状语时，其逻辑主语须为句中的主语，该短语相当于一个条件状语从句。
四、现在分词短语在句中作让步状语
分词短语在句中作让步状语时，相当于一个让步状语从句，通常可转换成由从属连词although, although, even if, even though 等引导的让步状语从句。现在分词短语作让步状语，分词的逻辑主语是句中的主语，变成状语从句时，需用主动语态。
五、分词短语在句中作结果状语
现在分词短语在句中可以作结果状语，它的逻辑主语便是句中的主语，该短语相当于一个结果状语从句，且用主动语态。分词短语在句中作结果状语时，通常位于句末，中间有逗号。有时为了加强语气，会在分词前加 thus。
六、分词短语在句中表示方式或伴随情况
分词短语表示方式或伴随情况是比较常见的。它用来说明动作发生的背景或情况。一般情况下，现在分词所表示的动作与谓语所表示的动作同时发生，它的逻辑主语就是句中的主语，谓语动词作为主要动作，而现在分词表示一个陪衬动作，它没有相应的状语从句可以转换，但可以用并列句来转换。
理解＂伴随状语＂的关键是要理解＂伴随＂二字。分词(短语)用作伴随状语时，它表示的动作伴随句子谓语动作同时发生，即句子谓语所表示的动作为主要动作，分词短语所表示的动作伴随性的次要动作。英语中 v-ing 形式作伴随状语时，它表示的是一个次要的动作，来对谓语表示的动作加以说明或作为陪衬。一般将其置于句后，可用逗号与主句成分分开。
现在分词完成式的理解与用法
一、现在分词的完成式的理解
现在分词的完成式可根据现在完成时态推出——将现在完成式＂have+过去分词＂中的助动词 have 改为现在分词 having 即可，也就是说，现在分词完成式的基本结构由＂having+过去分词＂构成，如 having come, having gone, having started, having left, having waited 等。从句法上，现在分词的完成式既不用作主语和宾语，也不用作定语，其主要是用作状语。
Having finished her work, she went home. 她干完工作就回家了。
Having failed twice, he didn’t want to try again. 他已经失败了两次，不想再试了。
第一句中的现在分词完成式Having finished her work 表示时间，相当于After she had finished her work；第二句中的现在分词完成式Having failed twice 表示原因，相当于As he had failed twice。
二、现在分词的完成式的说明
1. 表示先于谓语的动作：即当现在分词所表示的动作先于谓语动作发生时，现在分词就用完成式。
Having lost all my money, I went home. 我把钱全丢了，于是我就回家了。
Having written down our names and addresses, the policeman let us go. 那警察把我们的姓名和地址记下之后就让我们走了。
第一句中的Having lost 表示＂丢钱＂在先，＂回家＂在后；第二句中的Having written down…表示警察＂记下……＂在先，＂让我们回家＂在后。
2. 与一般式的区别：
现在分词的一般式和完成式均可表示已完成或先于谓语的动作，但是有区别：
现在分词所表示的动作虽然可以先于谓语动作发生，但两者之间没有时间间隔，而现在分词的完成式所表示先于谓语的动作则与谓 语动作有一定的时间间隔。
Locking the door, he went out. 锁好门之后，他就出去了。
Having invited him here to speak, we’d better go to his lecture. 既然我们请了他来做报告，我们最好去听一下。
第一句用现在分词的一般式，表明现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动作紧挨着发生，虽然有前有后，但两者没有间隔；第二句用现在分词的完成式，表明＂邀请＂在先，＂我们去听演讲＂在后，并且两者之间有一定的时间间隔。有时即使是分词动作与谓语动作几乎同时发生，但如果要强调分词动作的完成性，也应用现在分词的完成式。
Having bought our tickets, we went into the theatre. 我们买好票后就进了剧院。
1. (2016·天津) The cooling wind swept through out bedroom windows, ___________ air conditioning unnecessary.
A. making B. to make
C. made D. being made
2. (2016·浙江) I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do with students.
A. working B. work
C. to work D. worked
现在分词作状语表示什么？
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训练7 现在分词作定语
重要程度：★★★★★ 难易程度：★★★★☆
(2017·北京) The national park has a large collection of wildlife, _____________ from butterflies to elephants.
A. ranging B. range
C. to range D. ranged
【参考答案】A
【拓展延伸】
1. 现在分词(doing)作定语，可表示主动和动作正在进行，其被动形式(being done)通常表示被动的、正在进行的动作。
2. 现在分词作定语可转化为定语从句。
3. 现在分词作定语分为前置定语和后置定语：
(1)单个现在分词作定语时，一般会放在被修饰的名词之前，说明被修饰名词的性质或特征等，构成前置定语。
(2)现在分词短语作定语时，一定放在被修饰成分的后面，构成后置定语。
【特别提醒】
1. 名词与构成现在分词的动词之间存有逻辑上的主动关系，并且一般都可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句。
?a running boy=a boy who is running一个奔跑着的男孩
2. 有时候也可见到单个的现在分词用作后置定语的情形，但主要见于有较强的动词意义时，也就是接近一个定语从句时，用于后置定语。
语法填空
1. I’m hungry. I’ll find something _________________(eat).
2. Sorry, I can’t go with you. I’ve several letters _________________(write).
3. People _________________(wish) to see the Great Wall know something about China.
4. The girl _________________(sit) by the door is my sister.
现在分词作定语的用法，你弄清楚了吗？
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训练8 have+宾语+宾补
重要程度：★★★☆☆ 难易程度：★★★☆☆
(2016·江苏) In art criticism, you must assume the artist has a secret message ____________ within the work.
A.to hide B. hidden C. hiding D. being hidden
【参考答案】B
【拓展延伸】
had it delivered…是＂have＋sth.＋过去分词＂结构，该结构有以下三种常见用法：
1. 表示＂请/让别人做某事＂，句中所用的便是此意。
?I’ll have my bike repaired tomorrow. 我明天得(请人)修一下我的自行车。
2. 表示＂经历或遭遇(一些不好的事)＂。
?She had her computer stolen the other day. 前几天她的电脑被偷了。
3. 表示＂完成/解决某事＂，此时主语也可能是过去分词所表示动作的执行者。
?When will you have your homework handed in? 你什么时候交家庭作业？
【易混辨析】have sth. done/have sb. do/have sb. doing
易混短语
意义辨析
have sth. done
让/叫/使/请别人做某事。宾语sth.后面用过去分词作宾语补足语，sth.与过去分词所表示的动作之间是被动关系
have sb. do
让某人做某事。do与sb.是主动关系
have sb. doing
让/叫/使某人一直做某事。do与sb.是主动关系，doing表示动作持续进行
用＂have+宾语+宾补＂结构完成句子
1. You shouldn’t have your horse _________________________ so fast. It’s too dangerous.
你不该让你的马一直跑得这么快。这太危险了。
2. I have my husband _________________________ some housework every day.
我每天让丈夫做些家务。
3. He had his leg _________________________ while playing football.
他踢足球时摔断了腿。
“have+宾语+宾补”你弄清楚了吗？
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训练9 with+宾语+宾补
重要程度：★★★☆☆ 难易程度：★★★★☆
The?murderer?was?brought?in,?with?his?hands?_____________?behind?his?back.
A.?being?tied　? B.?having?tied
C.?to?be?tied　　 D.?tied
【参考答案】D
【拓展延伸】
with的复合结构为＂with +宾语(n. /pron. )+宾语补足语＂。在句中with复合结构多数充当状语，表示行为方式、伴随情况、时间、原因或条件等。with复合结构在句中也可以作定语。with复合结构的具体形式：
?He often sleeps with the windows open. 他经常开着窗睡觉。
?The building looks more beautiful with all the lights on. 所有的灯都开着，这楼看起来更加漂亮。
?The teacher went into the classroom with some books in his hand. 老师手里拿着几本书走进教室。
完成句子
1. With our homework _____________________, we went to play football.(finish)
2. The children came running towards us with some flowers______________________.(hand)
3. With a lot of work _______________________, I won’t be able to go on holiday.(do)
4. _______________________, we can’t afford luxuries.
由于物价上涨很快，我们买不起奢侈品。
5. I like to sleep _______________________.
我喜欢睡觉时开着窗户。
6. The soldier had him stand _______________________.
那个士兵让他背对着他父亲站着。
今天的知识点你学会了吗？
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训练10 过去分词作定语
重要程度：★★★★★ 难易程度：★★★★☆
(2017·北京)Jim has retired, but he still remember the happy time ___________ with his students.
A. to spend B. spend C. spending D. spent
【参考答案】D
【拓展延伸】
1. 过去分词的构成
规则动词的过去分词是在动词词尾加-ed，不规则动词的过去分词有不规则的变化，如know→known，keep→kept，fall→fallen等，这些不规则变化需要单独记忆。
2. 过去分词作定语
(1)表＂被动＂或＂完成＂。如：
boiled water 开水 fallen leaves 落叶
the risen sun 升起的太阳 selected apples 选出的苹果
iced beer 冰镇啤酒 cooked food 熟食
fried chips 炸土豆条
(2)单个过去分词作定语时，一般放在被修饰词之前(如上例)，也可以放在被修饰词的后面。但当过去分词修饰something，anyone，everything，nobody等不定代词时，应放在其后。
?Hurry up; there is only a little time left. 快点儿，剩下的时间不多了。
?There is nobody injured in the accident. 这场事故中没有人受伤。
(3)过去分词短语作定语时，须将分词放在被修饰词之后，功能相当于一个定语从句。
?Prices of daily goods, bought through a computer(＝which are bought through a computer) can be lower than store prices. 网购的日常用品的价格比商店的价格要低一些。
?Mr. Smith, tired of the boring speech(=who was tired of the boring speech)，started to read a novel.史密斯先生厌烦了这个乏味的演讲，开始读起小说来。
说明：
作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词。过去分词作定语分为前置和后置两种情况。
1. 前置定语
单个的过去分词作定语，通常放在被修饰的名词之前。由及物动词转化而来的过去分词作定语，表示“被动和完成”含义，或只具有“被动”含义；由不及物动词转化而来的过去分词作定语，只表“完成”含义。
(1)被动和完成含义：
?We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况。
(2)被动含义：
?She is a respected teacher. 她是一位受人尊敬的老师。
(3)完成含义：
?They are cleaning the fallen leaves in the yard. 他们正在打扫院子里的落叶。
2. 后置定语
过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在所修饰的名词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
?This will be the best novel of its kind ever written (=that has ever been written). 这将是这类小说中写得最好的。
?Who were the socalled guests invited (=who had been invited) to your party last night? 昨晚被邀请参加你的晚会的那些所谓的客人是谁呀？
?Yesterday I bought a book published by Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 昨天我买了一本外语教学与研究出版社出版的书。
【特别注意】
1. 有些过去分词表示特定含义时，单独作定语也放在所修饰的名词之后，如 left (剩余的), given (所给的), concerned (有关的)等。
2. 如果被修饰的词是由不定代词 (everything等)或指示代词(those等)时, 即使单个的过去分词作定语，也要放在被修饰词的后面。
3. 一些过去分词不能单独用作前置定语，但与某些名词或副词构成复合形容词后，便可放在被修饰的名词前面，作前置定语。
a state-run company 国营公司
a newly-born baby 新生婴儿
a newly-opened restaurant 一家新开的餐馆
【归纳总结】
(1)过去分词如果表示一种强烈的动作含义，单独使用也可以放在名词的后面。
?The experience gained will be of great value to us.
取得的经验对我们很有价值。
??By the end of the year，the total money collected had come to 92 million dollars，all of which were sent to Africa.
到年底为止，筹集到的全部资金达到了9,200多万元，所有这些钱全都送往非洲了。
(2)由过去分词构成的合成词也可作定语。
?The air-conditioned rooms are very comfortable in hot summer. 在炎热的夏天，装空调的房间非常舒服。
?The newly-built building is our office building.
这座新建的大楼是我们的办公楼。
(3)过去分词作定语可分为限制性(紧跟在所修饰的词之后)和非限制性(用逗号与其所修饰的词分开)两种，其作用相当于限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
?The funds (which/that have been) raised are mainly used for helping the homeless.
筹集的资金主要用于帮助那些无家可归者。
?This book，(which is)written in simple English，is suitable for beginners to read.
这本书是使用浅显的英文写的，适合初学者阅读。
?The concert (which/that was) given by their friends was a success.
他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。
?The meeting，(which was) attended by over five thousand people，welcomed the great hero.
他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会，到会的有五千多人。
(4)用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物，这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人，但它所修饰的事物仍与人有关。
?The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 那男孩带着满意的表情举目而视。
?He spoke with a frightened look. 他说话时显得非常恐惧。
【易混辨析】现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别
1. 语态上不同：现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词多表示被动意义。
surprising news使人吃惊的消息
surprised listeners吃惊的听众
2. 时间关系上不同：现在分词表示正在进行的动作，而过去分词表示已经完成的动作。
a developing country发展中国家
a developed country发达国家
【巧学妙记】分词作定语口诀:
＂定分＂位置有两条，词前词后定分晓。
单个分词在词前，有时此规有颠倒。
分词短语在词后，＂定从＂和它互对照。
＂现分＂动作进行时，＂过分＂动作完成了。
(注：＂定分＂：作定语的分词；＂定从＂：定语从句；＂现分＂：现在分词；＂过分＂：过去分词。)
1. 用所给动词的适当形式填空
①Many ________ (use) computers will be sold in this market.
②Those are the problems ________ (leave) over by him.
③You will get sick if you drink the ________ (pollute) water.
④This is a statue of a brave soldier ________ (sit) on a horse, with a gun on his back.
⑤Look! The student ________ (seat) at the back of the classroom is buried in a novel while the teacher is giving a lesson.
⑥He is enthusiastically talking with a man ________ (call) Jim.
⑦Some of the people ________ (invite) to the party can’t come.
⑧(2015·全国卷II改编)The adobe dwellings (土坯房)_______（build）by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.
2. 完成句子
①Near the window, there is a bookshelf ___________________.(fill)
在窗户附近有一个装满书的书架。
②I was very ________ when I received the first family letter ________ by my mother yesterday. (excite; write)
昨天我收到妈妈写的第一封家书时，我非常激动。
③Her daughter, ________________ by me, has begun to work now. (bring)
她的女儿是由我带大的，现在已经参加工作了。
④The building ________________ now will be completed in a month. It will be our lab building. (paint)
正在粉刷的建筑将在一个月内完工。这将是我们的实验楼。
⑤__________________ belonged to Jack and it cost him over two hundred dollars. (steal)
被盗的自行车是杰克的，它花了他200多美元。
3. (2014·浙江)Annie Salmon, disabled, is attended throughout her school days by a nurse ___________ to guard her.
A. to appoint B. appointing
C. appointed D. having appointed
4. (2014·福建)For those with family members far away, the personal computer and the phone are important in staying ____________.
A. connected B. connecting
C. to connect D. to be connected
5. (2016·浙江)To return to the problem of water pollution, I’d like you to look at a study ____________ in Australia in 2012.
A. having conducted B. to be conducted C. conducting D. conducted
6.（2016·江苏）In art criticism, you must assume the artist has a secret message ____________ within the work.
A. to hide B. hidden C. hiding D.being hidden
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训练11 过去分词作宾语补足语
重要程度：★★★★☆ 难易程度：★★★★☆
(2015·陕西)Back from his two-year medical service in Africa, Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother ___________ good care of at home.
A. taking B. taken C. take D. be taken
【参考答案】B
【拓展延伸】
过去分词作补语，表示＂被动和完成＂含义，或仅仅表示＂状态＂。
1. 表示感觉或心理状态的动词(短语)(see，watch，observe，look at，hear，listen to，feel，notice，think等)
?I have never heard the song sung in my school. 我从未听过这首歌在我们学校唱过。
?He watched the TV set carried out of the room. 他看到电视机被搬到屋子外面了。
2. 表示＂使役＂意义的动词(have，make，get，keep，leave等)
?I had my leg broken in the football game. 我的腿在足球赛中摔坏了。
?The reporters keep us informed of the results of the games. 记者不断地告知我们比赛结果。
3. 表示＂希望＂、＂要求＂意义的动词(like，order，want，wish，expect等后用过去分词或在过去分词前＋to be)
?Everyone wishes the matter(to be) settled as soon as possible. 人人都希望这件事情尽快解决。
?I want my house(to be)completed before the national day. 我想让我的房子在国庆节前完工。
1. (2015·浙江) Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it _____________ live is quite another.
A. perform B. performing
C. to perform D. being performed
2. (2014·四川) The manager was satisfied to see many new products after great effort.
A. having developed ??? ?B. to develop?? ?????? C. developed?? ?????? D. develop
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训练12 形容词作状语
重要程度：★★★★☆ 难易程度：★★★★☆
(2015·四川)Little Tom sat??????? ??watching the monkey dancing in front of him.
A. amaze????? ? B. amazing???? ? C. amazed???? ? ? D. to amaze
【参考答案】C
【拓展延伸】
作状语的形容词或短语在句中主要用来补充说明句子中的主语、宾语、谓语或整个句子的内容，表示时间、原因、让步、结果、伴随状态或方式状语等。
1. 作时间状语
?Ripe, these apples are sweet. 熟了的时候这些苹果很甜。
此句相当于：When these apples are ripe, they are sweet.
2. 作原因状语
?Weary and discouraged, I didn’t seem able to do anything right.
由于疲惫和失望，我似乎什么都干不好。
此句相当于：Because I was weary and discouraged, I didn’t seem able to do anything right.
3. 作让步状语
?Large or small, all countries are equal. 不论大小，所有国家都是平等的。
此句相当于：Whether they are large or small, all countries are equal.
4. 作结果状语
?He sat down beside Christina, propping his feet up on the railing, feeling the warmth of the sun against his face, able to relax for the first time in days.
他在克里斯蒂安娜旁边坐下，把脚搁在栏杆上，感觉到温暖的阳光照在脸上，数十天来终于头一次能放松一下了。
此句相当于：He sat down beside Christina, propping his feet up on the railing, feeling the warmth of the sun against his face, and as a result he was able to relax for the first time in days.
5. 作伴随状语
?They started the experiment, hopeful for success. 他们开始做实验，相信一定会成功。
此句相当于：They started the experiment and they were hopeful for success.
6. 作方式状语
?The horses are running wild all over the field. 这些马正在原野上狂奔。
此句相当于：The horses are running fast all over the field as if they are wild.
表示原因或伴随的形容词、形容词短语或形容词化的分词作状语，多放在句首或句末，句子的主语就是其逻辑主语。
完成句子
1. 她在那儿呆呆地站了一会儿，简直不能相信刚才发生的事。
For a moment she just stood there, __________________ what had just happened.
2. 他又冷又饿地在风雪中度过了7天。
He spent seven days in the wind and snow, ___________________.
形容词可以作什么状语？
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训练13 完全倒装
重要程度：★★★☆☆ 难易程度：★★★★☆
在桥的附近有一间古老的小屋。
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【参考答案】Near the bridge was an old cottage.
【拓展延伸】
完全倒装
完全倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时或一般过去时。常见的结构有：
1. There be句型：其中be可换成live, lie, stand, remain, exist, come, go, seem (appear/ happen/ used) to be等表示＂存在＂意义的词。
?There entered a strange little man. 走进来一个奇怪而身材矮小的人。
?Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. 从前，海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。
2. 以here, there, off, out, in, up, down, away, now, then, on等表示方向、位置或时间、地点的副词开头的句子，谓语是come, go, be等动词时，并且其主语为名词时，通常使用完全倒装。
?Now, here goes the story. 现在，这个故事是这样的。
?Then came another question. 然后又一个问题被提出来了。
?Away flew the bird. 那只鸟飞走了。
?Suddenly, in came a man with a mask on his face. 突然进来一个蒙着面的男人。
在以there, here, up, down, out, in等副词开头的句子中，当主语是代词时，句子不倒装。
?There they are.他们在那边。
3. 表示地点的介词短语，常将其放在句首，构成完全倒装，用于表示强调。此时句子的谓语动词通常是不及物动词，且主语为名词。
?In the cottage lives a family of six. 在这间小屋里住着一家六口。
?Next to this one is another grand hotel which is beautifully decorated.
这家饭店隔壁还有一家装修得很漂亮的大饭店。
?On either side of the great avenue stood many buildings. 这条大街的两侧都耸立着许多大楼。
4. 表语(充当表语的可以是形容词、分词、不定式、介词短语、副词等)置于句首，一般是主语较长或结构为较复杂的句子。
?Gone are the days when he was looked down upon.
他被人瞧不起的日子已经一去不复返了。
?In the armchair lay a cat, half asleep. 一只猫躺在扶手椅上，半睡半醒。
?Standing around the teacher were her students.
老师周围站着的都是她的学生。
?Also discussed were the problems we had met with in our studies.
同时还讨论了我们在学习中碰到的问题。
?First to unfold was the map of the world. 首先要打开的是世界地图。
5. such位于句首。
?Such were his last words. 他最后的话就是这些。
完成句子
1. ______________________________ a boy, laughing.
一个男孩跑了出来，大笑着。
2. ______________________________, with a book in his hand.
老师来了，手里拿着一本书。
3. ______________________________ when he was looked down upon.
他被看不起的日子一去不复返了。
4. ______________________________ that I can’t carry it.
这个袋子太重了，我拿不动。
5. ______________________________, they continued the work.
天色虽然很晚了，他们仍然在工作。
6. ______________________________, I couldn’t lift the stone.
无论我怎么努力也搬不动这块石头。
7. ______________________________, but also be cautious.
我们不仅要勇敢，而且要谨慎。
8. ______________________________ than he went away again.
他刚到就又走了。
9. ______________________________ my housework when he called on me.
我刚做完家务他就来找我了。
10. ______________________________ tomorrow(=If I should be free tomorrow),I will come.
明天如果有空，我就来。
完全倒装用法总结：
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训练14 过去分词作状语
重要程度：★★★★☆ 难易程度：★★★★☆
(2016·北京)_____________ over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now.
A. Ordering B. To order
C. Having ordered D. Ordered
【参考答案】D
【拓展延伸】
过去分词作状语，进一步说明谓语动词的动作和状态，即动作发生时的背景或状况。其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，且与主语之间构成逻辑上的＂动宾关系＂或在逻辑上构成＂系表结构＂。过去分词短语在句中担任条件状语，原因状语以及时间状语时，通常放在句首；担任伴随状语或结果状语时，通常放在句末；担任方式状语时，一般位于句末，有时也可位于句首；担任让步状语时，一般位于句首，有时也可位于句末。
一、过去分词担任状语时的语法功能
1. 原因状语
?Caught in a heavy rain,he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。
?Frightened by the noise in the night, the girl didn’t dare sleep in her room. 被夜晚的响声惊吓，那姑娘不敢睡在她的房间里了。
2. 时间状语
?Asked why he did it, the monitor said it was his duty. 当被问及为何要做这件事时，班长说这是他的职责。
?Approached in the dark the bulbs looked lonely and purposeless. 在黑暗走近时，那些电灯显得孤单而无意义。
3. 条件状语和假设状语
?Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。
?Given better attention, the accident could have been avoided. 要是多加注意，那次事故就可以避免了。
4. 方式或伴随状语
?Surrounded by his students, the professor sat there cheerfully. 那位教授在学生们的簇拥下，兴高采烈地坐在那儿。
?He stood there silently, moved to tears. 他静静地站在那里，被感动得热泪盈眶。
5. 让步状语
?Beaten by the police, sent to jail, Gandhi invented the principle of nonviolent resistance. 尽管受警察的殴打，被投入监牢，甘地却首创了非暴力抵抗的原则。
?Defeated again, we did not lose heart. 尽管再次被击败，但我们没有灰心。
6. 独立成分(插入语)
?Given good weather, our ship will reach Shanghai Monday evening. 假如天气好，我们的船将于星期一晚上到达上海。
?Put frankly, I don’t agree with what he said. 坦白地说，我不同意他所说的话。
二、与状语从句的相互转换
1. 过去分词短语作时间状语，可转换为when，while或after等引导的状语从句。
?Seen from the top of the hill, the park looks more beautiful.
→When it is seen from the top of the hill, the park looks more beautiful.
从山上往下看，这座公园看起来更加漂亮。
2. 作条件状语，可转换为if，once或unless等引导的状语从句。
?Given more time, she would certainly have done much better.
→If she had been given more time, she would certainly have done much better.
如果有更多时间的话，她一定会干得更好些。
3. 作原因状语，可转换为as，since或because等引导的状语从句。
?The children, exhausted, fell asleep at once.
→As the children were exhausted they fell asleep at once.
由于劳累，孩子们很快就睡着了。
4. 作让步状语，可转换为although，though或even if等引导的状语从句。
?Although exhausted by the climb, we continued our journey.
→Although we were exhausted by the climb, we continued our journey.
我们虽然爬得很累，但我们仍然继续我们的旅程。
5. 作方式状语，如有连词as if，就转换为as if引导的方式状语从句；若无连词，则转换为并列结构。
?He began to cry as if bitten by a snake.
→He began to cry as if he was bitten by a snake.
他大叫起来，好像被蛇咬了。
6. 作伴随状语，一般转换为并列结构。
?Aunt Wu came in, followed by her daughter.
→Aunt Wu came in, and(she)was followed by her daughter.
吴大娘走进来，(她)后面跟着她的女儿。
【易混辨析】
1. 现在分词与过去分词作状语在＂逻辑＂方面的差异：
过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间通常构成逻辑上的动宾关系。
现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
2. 现在分词与过去分词作状语在＂时间＂方面的差异：
过去分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，或表示一种状态，与谓语动作同时发生或存在。现在分词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或在说话时正在进行；现在分词的完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个＂主动＂动作；现在分词的完成式的被动式(having been done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个＂被动＂动作，常常和表示次数的短语以及时间段(for短语)连用，此时不能被过去分词所替换。在其他情况下通常被过去分词所替换，从而使句式更简洁。
3. 部分过去分词因来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示 ＂被动关系＂，其前不用being。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：lost(陷入某种状态)；seated(坐)；hidden(躲)；stationed(驻扎)；lost/absorbed in (沉溺于)；dressed in(穿着)；tired of(厌烦)等。
4. 过去分词用作状语时，前面往往带有when，if，while，though，even if等连词，这样就能使过去分词所表示的意义更加明确。这种带有连词的过去分词结构通常可看作是一种省略句，句中省略的部分总是＂主语＋be的相应变化形式＂，省略的主语通常与主句的主语相同。
5. 分词(短语) 作状语时，其逻辑上的主语要与句子的主语保持一致；否则分词(短语)就要有自己的逻辑主语(用名词或代词的主格来表示)。这种结构称为独立主格结构。独立主格结构常放在句首。表示时间、条件、原因时，其作用分别相当于一个时间、条件、原因状语从句。表示伴随方式时，相当于一个并列句。
6. 不定式与分词担任状语的差异：
（1）不定式在句中可以担任目的状语，结果状语(出乎意料的结果)以及原因状语(通常后置)。
（2）分词在句中可以担任除目的状语以外的其他形式的状语。
【巧学妙记】分词作状语记忆口诀：
分词作状语，主语是问题。
逗号前后两动作，共用一主语。
主语找出来后，再来判断关系。
主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。
Having done表先后，千万要牢记。
1. (2017·天津)The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, _____________ more patients to be treated.
A. being allowed B. allowing
C. having allowed D. allowed
2. (2013·安徽) _____________in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring children's love of art.
A. To found B. Founding
C. Founded D. Having founded
3. 用过去分词改写下列从句
①If these seeds are grown in rich soil, they can grow fast.
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②Because he was caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.
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③As the bike is used for a long time, it needs repairing.
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④The teacher entered the classroom, and he was followed by a group of students.
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4. 单句改错
①My father sat before the desk until after midnight, absorting in writing.
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②Knowing as one of the most important invention of the time, the computer helps people living in different countries to do a lot of things.
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③The party will be held in the garden, weather permitted.
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④When exposing to danger and conflict, people tend to increase blood pressure.
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⑤Determining to get a ticket of the concert, he didn’t mind standing in a long queue.
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训练15 部分倒装
重要程度：★★★★☆ 难易程度：★★★★☆
(2017?江苏) ____________ not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.
A. It were B. Were it C. It was D. Was it
【参考答案】B
【拓展延伸】
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分，如助动词或情态动词，置于主语之前。如果句中的谓语部分不含有助动词或情态动词时，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
1. 为了避免句子内容出现不必要的重复，常用＂so＋be动词/助动词/情态动词)＋主语＂或＂neither/nor＋be动词/助动词/情态动词)＋主语＂的倒装句式。其中第一个句式表示＂与前面所述的肯定情况相同＂，第二个句式表示＂与前面所述的否定情况相同＂。
?His brother is a college student, so is mine. 他弟弟是大学生，我弟弟也是。
?He used to have his further study abroad, so did I. 他曾去国外深造过，我也去过。
?One of my friends cannot speak foreign languages, neither can his wife. 我的一个朋友不会说外语，他的妻子也不会。
?They are not now preparing for their final examinations, nor are we. 他们没在为期末考试做准备，我们也没有。
表示赞同某人的看法时，用＂So＋S＋do/does/did.＂。
?—I told you that I would come.我告诉过你我会来的。
—So you did.你确实说过。
2. 含有否定意义的词或短语置于句首时(否定词修饰主语除外)，句子通常采用部分倒装。这类词或短语常见的有：not, never, seldom, hardly, little, nowhere, rarely, scarcely, by no means, under no circumstances, in no way, at no time, not until..., no sooner...(than), hardly...(when), not only...(but also)。
?Never have my sisters been to Hong Kong before. 我的妹妹们以前从未去过香港。
?So far as I know, seldom does Mary come back to see her mother. 就我所知，玛丽很少回来看她妈妈。
?Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 你在哪儿都不会找到这个问题的答案的。
?By no means are these goods satisfactory. 这些货物一点儿也不令人满意。
?Not until twelve o’clock did he go to bed last night. 他昨晚直到十二点钟才睡觉。
?Not only was the city polluted, but (also) the streets were crowded. 不仅城市被污染，而且街道也很拥挤。
not until后接从句时，主句部分倒装，从句不倒装；no sooner...than, hardly...when, not only...but also中，no sooner, hardly, not only所在的分句/句子部分倒装，后一分句(主句)不倒装，这种结构常用过去完成时。但在neither...nor结构中，前后两个分句均要倒装。
?Not only did he complain about the food, but also he refused to pay for it. 他不仅抱怨饭菜的质量，而且拒不付款。
?Hardly had he finished his speech when the audience started cheering. 他刚演讲完，观众便欢呼起来。
3. as, though引导的让步状语从句，其中表语、状语等放在as或though之前。
?Successful as he is, he is not proud. 尽管他取得了成功，但他并不骄傲。
?Try as I might, I could not lift the stone. 尽管我用尽力气，我还是举不起这块石头。
?Too much as/though I like it, I can’t afford it. 虽然我非常喜欢它，但是我却买不起。
as/though引导的让步状语从句具有以下特点：(1)表语提前，形容词最高级前的the、单数可数名词前的a/an要省略。(2)主谓结构的句子，谓语动词(原形)提前时，主语后要补出相应的助动词。
?Shortest as he is, he is the cleverest of the three. 虽然他是三个人中最矮的，却是最聪明的。
?Child as he is, he knows some of the family secrets. 尽管他还是个孩子，他却知道家里的一些秘密。 (注意child前无冠词)
4. so/such...that...句型中，so/such部分放在句首，该部分须采用部分倒装。
?So serious was the situation that everybody faced a test. 形势如此地严峻，每个人都面临着一场考验。
?In such a hurry did she leave that she forgot to lock the door. 她匆匆离去，以至于忘记了锁门。
5. 句子以were, had, should开头，省略if的虚拟条件句。
?Had they not helped us, we could not have done it so successfully.如果没有他们帮助我们，我们不可能把那件事办得如此成功。
?Should he come, say ＂Nobody in＂ to him. 万一他来了，对他说：＂公司没人。＂
?Were I you, I would go with them. 我要是你的话，我就跟他们一起去。
6. only与副词、介词短语及状语从句连用放在句首时。
?Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 叫了三次之后，他才来参加会议。
?Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed. 只有当病得很重时，他才卧床休息。
only修饰主语时，句子不倒装。
?Only Mary knows the answer.只有玛丽知道答案。
7. 频度副词及短语，如：often, always, once, many a time, now and then, every other day等位于句首时。
?Many a time has he given me good advice. 他多次给我好的建议。
?Often have I seen these Young Pioneers do good deeds. 我经常看到这些少先队员做好事。
8. 表祝愿的句子常用倒装。
?May our friendship last forever! 愿我们的友谊长存！
?May your company become prosperous! 祝贵公司生意兴隆！
9. 某些感叹句也用倒装语序。
?Isn’t it a beautiful garden! 多么美丽的花园啊！
?Have you ever seen such a naughty kid like him! 你见过哪个孩子像他这么调皮！
【巧学妙记】部分倒装口诀：
副词开头要倒装，人称代词非如常；
only修饰副介状，位于句首半倒装；
否定意义副连词，位于句首须倒装；
表语前置主语长，衔接自然常倒装；
such代词作表语，引起主谓要倒装；
not only开头句，前一分句须倒装；
had, were, should虚拟句，省略if半倒装。
1.（2016?江苏）Not until recently_____________the development of tourist-related activities in the rural areas.
A. they had encouraged
B. had they encouraged
C. did they encourage
D. they encouraged
2.（2015?天津）Only when Lily walked into the office_____________that she had left the contract at home.
A. she realized B. has she realized
C. she has realized D. did she realize
3.（2015·湖南）Only after talking to two students _____________ that having strong motivation is one of the biggest factors in reaching goals.
A. I did discover B. did I discover
C. I discovered D. discovered
4.（2014·福建） _______ no modern telecommunications, we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.
A. Were there B. Had there been
C .If there are D. If there have been
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训练1 情态动词+have done

2. D 【解析】句意：——对不起，妈妈，我面试又失败了。——噢，那太糟糕了，你应该做好充分的准备的。should have done 本来应该做某事，而实际上没做。故选D。
3. C 【解析】句下句意：那么你逗留伦敦期间肯定去看过大英博物馆，是吗？题中last summer表示的是一个确定的过去时间，可认定must have visited是对＂过去＂的推断，此处反义疑问句中问句部分应用一般过去时，故C项正确。
4. D 【解析】句意：我从没有过得这么好过——真是完美的一天。此处是not与more连用，表示最高级形式，同时couldn’t have done表示＂过去本不可能做过某事＂，是对过去状况的推测，故选D项。
56. A　【解析】can’t have done表示对过去发生的事情的否定推测。句意：——为什么你的眼睛那么红？你昨晚肯定睡得不好。——是啊，我熬夜写报告。
训练2 强调句型
1. C 【解析】本题考查强调句，强调的是not until引导的时间状语。句意：Bech于1750年去世，但是直到19世纪初，他的音乐天赋才被认可。
2. ①It was in the office that he was killed.
②It is the children who/that broke the window.
5. make→makes 【解析】句意：不是做我们喜欢的事情，而是去喜欢我们必须做的事情才能让人生幸福。主语not doing the things we like，but liking the things we have to do是被强调部分，看作单数。
训练3 定语从句（1）
2. A 【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。a couple是先行词，children和couple是所属关系，故用whose作定语，whose children相当于the children of whom，故选A。
3. C 【解析】考查定语从句。本题定语从句的先行词是Many young people，关系代词whom指代先行词，在定语从句中作介词of的宾语。句意：很多年轻人都前往偏远地区追求他们的梦想，其中大部分人都受过良好教育。故C项正确。
4. B 【解析】句意：关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪，科学家已经提出了很多理论，没有一个被证明了。此句为定语从句，先行词是theories，指物，定语从句用＂代词+介词+关系代词which＂引导。故选B。
5. D 【解析】根据分析，此句是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是place，关系词在定语从句中作主语，所以用关系代词引导。as引导非限制性定语从句时要放在句首，故排除，选用which。句意：这真是一个令人愉快的地方，这里蜿蜒的小路和美丽的小村庄一定和100年前看起来是一模一样的。故选D。
训练4 定语从句（2）
2. D 【解析】句意：我们将把公园的野餐推迟到下个星期，那时天气可能会更好。这是一个定语从句，先行词是next week，定语从句中不缺少主、宾、表语，缺少时间状语。故选D。
3. D 【解析】句意：对面是圣保罗教堂，在教堂里你能听到一些优美的音乐。这是一个定语从句，先行词是St. Paul’s Church，从句主谓宾成分完整，由此可推断出引导词在从句中作的是地点状语，要用where。故选D。
【易错提醒】
1. 当先行词是时间名词时，既可以用when引导定语从句，也可以用that或which引导定语从句，关键要看关系词在从句中作何种成分。若关系词在定语从句中充当状语，用when引导；若关系词在从句中充当主语或宾语，则用that或which引导。
2. 当先行词为地点名词时，如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，则用that或which引导。
3. 当position，point，case，stage，situation，atmosphere等表示抽象地点的名词充当先行词时，若定语从句中缺少状语，则用where来引导。
4. 关系副词why指原因，代替先行词并在定语从句中作原因状语，其先行词一般是reason。
5. 若代替先行词reason的关系词在定语从句中不作状语，而是充当主语或宾语，则用that或which来引导定语从句。
6. that不用于引导非限制性定语从句。
5. A 【解析】句意：公司老板正尽力创造一种轻松的气氛，在这种气氛中，其员工喜欢他们的工作。句中先行词为atmosphere，引导词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。根据句意可知选A。
6. D 【解析】句意：作为家里最小的孩子，Alex总是渴望他能够独立的时间。这里使用定语从句，先行词是the time，定语从句中缺少时间状语，用关系副词when，所以选D。
7. D 【解析】由句意可知，__________ my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game作定语修饰the middle of the night，所填词引导定语从句，该定语从句中缺少时间状语，用in which/when来连接，因此选D。
8. D 【解析】句意：学生应该参加社团活动，在那里他们可以获得成长的经验。分析句子结构可知这里是定语从句，且关系词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。
9. D 【解析】考查定语从句。句中的先行词为work，引导词在从句a good impression is a must中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。句意：这本书对我的日常交际有极大的帮助，尤其在工作中，良好的印象是必须的。故D正确。
10. C 【解析】句意：我正盼望我女儿能够阅读并知道我对她的感情的那一天。句中的先行词为the day，在从句中作时间状语，故用关系副词when。选C。
12. C 【解析】考查定语从句。定语从句的先行词是young people，most表示他们中的大多数，因此应该使用most of whom。因为先行词指人，不能选择of which。
【温馨提示】
当关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，我们通常用＂介词+关系代词＂引导定语从句。如果指人， 用＂介词+whom＂；如果指物，用＂介词+which＂。who和that不能用于此结构。
关于介词的选用：
＂介词＋关系代词＂中的介词主要有以下三种确定方法：
1. 根据定语从句中的谓语动词或形容词的搭配选用介词。
?The fellow to whom I spoke made no answer at first. 和我说话的那个人起先没有回答。(speak to)
2. 根据先行词确定介词。
?In his room, we saw a big table on which there were all kinds of books. 在他的房间里，我们看见一张上面放着各种书的大桌子。(on the table)
3. 根据定语从句所表达的意义来确定介词。
?Air, without which man can’t live, is really important. 空气确实太重要了，没有它人类就不能生存。
?This book has opened a window, through which we can see a wonderful world. 这本书打开了一扇窗，通过这扇窗我们能够看到一个精彩的世界。
训练5 不定式作目的状语
2. (1)earlier 【解析】考查形容词。这里指早在十六年前，故填earlier。
(2)to cook 【解析】考查动词不定式。一个句子不能出现双重谓语，所以此处要用不定式作目的状语。故填to cook。
训练6 现在分词作状语
训练7 现在分词作定语
训练8 have+宾语+宾补

训练9 with+宾语+宾补

训练10 过去分词作定语
2. ①filled with books ②excited;written
③brought up ④being painted
⑤The stolen bike/The bike stolen
5. D 【解析】句意：为了回到水污染的问题，我想要你研究一下2012年澳大利亚进行的一项研究。使用非谓语动词作定语，study和conduct是被动关系，且动作已完成，故用过去分词作定语。B项也表示被动，但是不定式表示将要发生的事情。故选D。
6. B 【解析】本句中名词短语a secret message与动词hide构成被动关系，所以使用过去分词短语hidden within the work在句中作后置定语，修饰名词短语a secret message，相当于定语从句that is hidden within the work。AC项表示主动含义，D项强调正在进行，与语境不符。故B正确。
训练11 过去分词作宾语补足语
2. C 【解析】分析结构可知此处是＂see +宾语+补语＂结构，动词develop和宾语之间存在被动关系，应
该用过去分词，故答案选C。句意：经理很满意得看到经过努力后许多新产品被研制了出来。
训练12 形容词作状语

训练13 完全倒装
训练14 过去分词作状语
2. C 【解析】found与逻辑主语the school之间是被动关系，且已经完成，故用其过去分词形式作时间状语。解答非谓语动词的相关题时，先确定其逻辑主语，判断两者之间是主动关系还是被动关系，主动关系用现在分词，被动关系用过去分词。
3. ①Grown/If grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.
②Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.
③Used for a long time, the bike needs repairing.
④Followed by a group of students, the teacher entered the classroom.

训练15 部分倒装
3. B 【解析】副词only置于句首，强调方式状语、条件状语、地点状语、时间状语等状语时，主句要进行部分倒装。如果被only所强调的状语为状语从句，该状语从句不倒装，只对主句进行倒装。此题中only作为副词放在句首修饰时间状语after talking to two student，所以主句要进行部分倒装。部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。句意：在和两个学生交谈之后我才意识到拥有强烈的动机是达到目标的最大因素。故选B。

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