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(共20张PPT)
选择性必修四 Unit 2 Appreciating language
Rhetoric
Learning goals
By the end of this class, we will be able to
understand the concept of delivery in speeches, the importance of delivery and the ways of delivery in the Aristotle’s eyes;
appreciate the logic organization, skilful writing techniques and beautiful language in the excerpt of Aristotle’s rhetoric;
write a summary of this essay.
Lead-in
Q1: Have you ever delivered a speech in front of your classmates or a large group of people And what is your feeling
Q2: Can you name some famous speeches that you’ve heard of？
Pearl Harbor Address to the Nation
Franklin Roosevelt
I have a dream
(Martin Luther King)
I am the first accused
Nelson Mandela
Lead-in
Q3:What elements make a good speech
Strong emotion
Persuasive language
Convincing facts
Powerful body language
Smart appearance
Personal charm
Beautiful diction
...
Presentation
Rhetoric
（修辞学）
He was a famous Greek philosopher who explored a wide range of subjects, such as politics, science and literature;
He belonged to the Socratic tradition and was a student of Plato.
The art of public speaking
Introduce the subject
What subject of a speech will be expanded on in the essay Why
Our next subject will be the style of expression.
For it is not enough to know what we ought to say; we must also say it as we ought; much help is thus afforded towards producing the right impression of a speech.
delivery
Give the definition
What are the three things that a successful speaker should bear in mind in delivery
Delivery has just as much to do with oratory as with poetry. It is, essentially, a matter of the right management of the voice to express the various emotions—of speaking loudly, softly or between the two; of high, low or intermediate pitch; of the various rhythms that suit various subjects.
These are the three things—volume of sound, changes in pitch and rhythm—that a speaker bears in mind.
What is delivery according to Aristotle
Emphasize the importance
No systematic study of the rules of delivery has yet been made;
Why does Aristotle think we must pay attention to the subject of delivery, unworthy though it is
Delivery is not regarded as an important subject of inquiry;
The whole business of rhetoric is concerned with appearances;
We cannot do without it.
though it is unworthy
Provide the suggestions
We should be satisfied not to annoy our hearers, without trying to delight them;
What does he suggest we speakers should do in speaking
We ought to fight our case with no help beyond the bare fact: nothing, therefore, should matter except the proof of those facts;
We ought to deliver our ideas with the help of the proof of bare facts;
The arts of language cannot help having a small but real importance, whatever it is we have to expound to others: the way in which a thing is said does affect how easy it is for the hearer to understand it.
We have to use fine language to expound ideas in an artistic way to help hearers understand them easily.
Draw the conclusion
Only very slight attempts to deal with them have been made and by a few people.
What is the situation of the study of delivery
not optimistic
When the principles of delivery have been worked out, they will produce the same effect as on the stage.
What is Aristotle’s attitude towards the study of delivery
Dramatic ability is a natural gift, and can hardly be systematically taught. The principles of good diction can be so taught.
quite optimistic
Appreciate the organization
Para 1
Para 2
Para 3
Para 4
Introduce the subject
Explain the subject
Emphasize the importance
Provide the suggestions
Draw the conclusion
WHAT
WHY
HOW
1. For it is not enough to know what we ought to say; we must also say it as we ought;
因为仅仅知道我们该说什么是不够的，我们也必须说我们应该说的话;
Appreciate the language
2. It is those who do bear them in mind who usually win prizes in the dramatic contests.
往往是那些牢记这些规则的人在戏剧比赛中获胜。
Appreciate the language
3. Still, the whole business of rhetoric being concerned with appearances, we must pay attention to the subject of delivery, unworthy though it is, because we cannot do without it.
然而，整个修辞都与外在的表象有关，尽管表达的方式似乎不值一提，但我们必须注意表达的方式，因为演讲我们不能没有它。
Appreciate the language
4. Therefore, we have men of ability in this direction too as well as those speakers who excel in delivery—speeches of the written or literary kind owe more of their effect to their direction than to their thought.
因此，我们也有在这方面有能力的人，就像那些擅长演讲的人一样——书面演讲或文学演讲的效果更多地归功于他们的引领甚于他们的思想。
Appreciate the language
Appreciate the subject
How should we deliver our ideas to the audience when making a speech
If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his own language, that goes to his heart.
Appreciate the subject
How should we deliver our ideas to the audience when making a speech
Avoid annoying our hearers;
Present ideas with proof of bare facts to convince the hearers;
Use fine language to charm the hearers.
Write a summary of the essay
Delivery plays a significant role in a speech. It is a matter of the right management of the voice to express the various emotions.
Any speaker should bear three things —volume of sound, changes in pitch, and various rhythm in mind while delivering a speech.
The subject of delivery cannot be paid attention to enough. Three tips are provided. First, speakers should avoid annoying their hearers even if they fail to delight the audience. Second, to convince the hearers, ideas have to be conveyed with proof of bare facts. Last but not the least, speakers ought to use fine language to expound ideas in an artistic way to help hearers understand them easily.
Write a summary of the essay
All in all, despite the unoptimistic situation of the study of delivery, the author is confident that the principles of delivery can be systematically taught and are sure to help speakers excel in making speeches.
Appreciate language
Appreciate the essay, appreciate the tips, appreciate the philosopher’s ideas,
and then our language will be appreciated,
as everyone is the speaker of his life.

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