资源简介

(共26张PPT)
Unit 1 Nature in the balance
Grammar and usage
简洁的语言是智慧的灵魂，冗长的语言则是肤浅的藻饰
Ellipsis
省略
定义：为了使语言简洁化、并且为了避免重复，省略句中的一个或几个成分，这种语法现象称为省略（Ellipsis)。
Grammar
一、功能词的省略：冠词，介词，连词等的省略。
1．冠词的省略
表示家庭成员、亲属关系的名词，可以省略其前的冠词。把该词首字母大写，作为专有名词看待。
Father likes sports,but Mother likes watching TV.
爸爸喜欢体育运动，但妈妈喜欢看电视
Grandpa is over ninety,but he is full of energy.
爷爷已经九十多岁了，可还是精力充沛。
（2）表示独一无二的头衔或职位名称，其前常省略定冠词。
例如：chairman，president，head
He is captain of the basketball team.他是篮球队的队长。
头衔或者职位名词做主语时，冠词一般不可以省略
The captain gave the order to abandon ship.
船长下令弃船。
（3）在表示获奖名次的短语中，序数词前的冠词常省略。
Let me congratulate you on your winning first place in the100-metre dash．
祝贺你获得百米赛跑第一名。
I was awarded second prize in the writing contest.
我在写作比赛中获得了二等奖。
（4）对称结构中常常可以将冠词省略。
当两个词义有关联的可数名词用在一起时，为了表达上的简练，可以省略冠词
husband and wife 夫妇
father and son 父子
mother and daughter 母女
from door to door 挨家挨户
from morning till night从早到晚
from south to north 从南到北
文章标题、应用文中常省略冠词。
People Killed in （the）Mine Disaster 十人在矿难中丧生
（The）Road blocked.路被阻。
（The）Light（is）out of order.电灯坏了。
05
在man和fool之后有enough修饰时，要省略冠词。
If you are man enough,come out with what you have to say!如果你够男人的话，把你想说的话说出来吧！
He told me he was an actor and I was fool enough to believe him.他告诉我他是演员，而我真傻，竟相信了他的话。
06
as/though引导的让步状语从句中，单数可数名词作表语放在句首时，不用冠词。
Expensive book as it is，I have made up my mind to buy it.
这本书尽管贵，但我还是决定买下来。
二、介词的省略
在表示一段时间的名词短语中for可以省略。
I stayed in Washington（for）four years.
我在华盛顿呆了四年。
The fire lasted （for）many hours.
大火持续了好几个小时。
时间状语中介词的省略。
表示时间意义的名词，例如day，afternoon，night，week，month等，之前有all，any every，next，first，last，this等修饰，在句中做时间状语时，可省略相应介词。
You may come here any day.
你哪天来都行。
He goes to the seaside every summer.
每年夏天他都去海边。
this way，that way，one’s way等表示方式的短语前，一般将介词in省去。
It is more convenient （in）that way.
那样的话更方便
We cooked （in）the Chinese style.
我们做了中式饭菜。
方式状语中介词的省略
of 与age，colour，length，width，depth，height，shape，size，thickness，material，quality等表示年龄、颜色、长短、宽度、深浅、高度、形状、大小、厚度、材料、质量等的名词连用时，常可省略。
When I was (of)your age,I supported myself.
在你那么大时，我自食其力了。
The two pairs of shoes are (of)the same size.
这两双鞋尺码一样大。
The twins are（of）the same height.这对双胞胎一样高。
The door is（of）a dark green.这扇门是深绿色的。
These goods are (of) good quality.这些商品质量很好。
of的省略
用以表示距离、度量、价值的短语中的介词一般也可省去。
They walked(for) 30 kilometres to reach their destination.
他们走了30千米才到达目的地。
On a clear day you can see (for)miles and miles from this
tower-top.晴天站在塔顶上，你可以看到数英里远的地方。
① Come in, please.
② See you tomorrow.
③ Thank you for your help.
④ Beg your pardon.
⑤ Must be someone waiting for you.
简单句中的省略
1. 省略主语: 祈使句中的主语通常被省略; there be句型中的there在口语中也可被省略
(You)
(I)
(I)
(I)
(There)
①I work in a factory and my brother on a farm.
②They learn French and we English.
2. 谓语动词的省略
3. 助动词的省略
①You better have another try.
②Hey,look！Where you going？
口语中经常省略助动词！
(had)
(are)
（works）
（learn）
—Do you know Miss Gao 你认识高女士吗？
—I don’t know （her）. 不认识。
4. 省略宾语：当上下或前后两个句子的宾语一致时，下句或后句常省略宾语。
当两个或两个以上的谓语动词接同一个宾语时，省略除最后一个动词短语以外的所有宾语
She washed（the shirt），ironed（the shirt），and folded the shirt.
她洗完了衬衫，并且将它熨烫、折叠好。
两个并列分句中，后一分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。
①Mike said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he didn’t (come to school to see me the next day).
②Lin’s father was not at home, but his mother was (at home).
③She was poor but (she was) honest.
并列句中的省略
1. 主句中的省略
1) 主句的省略多见于句首，多用于口语。
(It’s a) Pity you couldn’t come.
2) 在对话中答句省去整个主句只用从句。
- Shall I go to play
- If you like (you can go to play).
复合句中的省略
2. 定语从句中的省略
关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。
①The book (which/that) I borrowed yesterday was hers.
② The man (whom) you saw on the street once saved my life.
－Are you leaving for Beijing this Sunday
－I think so.
so
I think I’m leaving for Beijing this Sunday.
－Tom must be free today.
－If so, he can help us.
so
If he is free.
主句中有一些成分被省略、用so或not来代替
－It is going to rain, isn’t it
－I hope not.
not
it is not going to rain.
在believe/think/suppose/expect/imagine/guess等词后，用so代替前文提出的看法。肯定或者否定句都
I believe/think/suppose/expect/imagine/guess so.
我认为是这样的。
don’t
3. 宾语从句中的省略
1) 由which, when, where, how和why引导的宾语从句，可全部或部分省去，只保留引导词。
Please pass me one of these books and I don’t care which (you pass me).
2) 宾语从句中常省略that, 但多个宾语从句并列时, 通常只省略第一个that。
① The boy believes (that) he will travel through space to other planets.
② He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.
若从句中的主语和主句的主语一致，且从句中含有be动词时，常同时省略从句的主语和be，使句子更加简洁生动。
状语从句中的省略
When asked what he had done, John just kept silent.
When he was asked what he had done, John just kept silent.
he
If he is free, Jack will go with us.
he was
If free, Jack will go with us.
he is
Unless invited, he won’t come.
Unless he is invited, he won’t come.
he
he is
if it is possible, he will help you out of the difficulty.
if possible, he will help you out of the difficulty.
if条件句是最常省略，且省略形式最多的一种。
常见的有：if necessary，if possible，if ture，if so，if not，if anything等。
I could come earlier，if necessary.
If possible，I’ll come to help.
If ture，this will cause us a lot of trouble.
come earlier is
不定式的省略
(1)为避免重复，常常省略上文已提及的动词不定式，只保to.
尤其发生在hope, wish, want, like,love, decide, plan, mean, prefer等动词后，used to , ought to（应该）, have to , would like / love to等后
Don't tell me the name of your girlfriend if you don't want to.
你如果不愿意，就不要告诉我你的女朋友的名字。
I'm very sorry to have hurt you, but I didn't mean to.
非常对不起，我伤害了你，可我不是故意的。
在形容词 happy，gladappy，glad，eager，anxious，willing，ready，pleased，afraid，eager，anxious，willing，ready，pleased，afraid等后面接动词不定式时，可以省略不定式符号to后面的成分
I'm willing to,but I have to finish my homework.
我愿意，但是我得完成家庭作业。
如果不定式作tell，ask，warn，order，advise， persuade（劝服），wish，allow，permit（批准），expect，force（强迫），invite等动词的宾补，往往也省略to后的成分，只保留to即可。
We call this boy Tom and (call)that boy John.
我们叫这个男孩汤姆，叫那个男孩约翰。
If he doesn't want to play the piano,don't force him to.
如果他不想弹钢琴，别强迫他。
Thanks！

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