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(共27张PPT)
省略
英语中有时为了避免重复，使语言简练紧凑，在不影响句子结构和意义的前提下，往往省去一个或多个句子成分或词语，这种语法现象称为省略。省略在英语中很常见，尤其是在口语中。
一、词法的省略
(一)冠词的省略
1．两个并列名词前有相同的冠词时，在不引起歧义的情况下，第二个名词前的冠词可省略
Is the baby a boy or (a) girl
这个婴儿是男孩还是女孩？
Both the old and (the) young will be invited to the party.
老年人和年轻人都会被邀请参加这个聚会。
3．表示独一无二的头衔、职位等的名词作表语或补足语时，常省略冠词
The man who is speaking is dean of the English department.
正在讲话的那个人是英语系主任。(作表语)
She was appointed director of the commercial organization.
她被任命为这个商业机构的主管。(作补足语)
4．在某些独立主格结构中冠词也要省略
He came in, book in hand.＝He came in, with a book in his hand.
他走了进来，手里拿着一本书。
5．副词的最高级前通常省略定冠词the
The hungry young man eats most.
这个饥肠辘辘的年轻人吃得最多。
(二)常见介词的省略
1．在表示一段时间的名词短语中，for常省略，但for用于否定句或句首时不省略
The big fire lasted (for) several hours.
那场大火持续了几个小时。
I haven't heard from him for a long time.
我很长时间没收到他的来信了。
For a whole year, I was helping my dad on the farm.
一整年我都在农场帮我爸爸。
2．of的省略
of在与age, size, material, colour, height, shape等表示年龄、大小、材料、颜色、高度、形状等的名词连用时，常可省略。
The two pairs of shoes are (of) the same size.
这两双鞋号码一样大。
3．在动词的-ing形式前介词的省略现象
常用的这类短语或句式有：
have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.做某事有困难
spend/waste...(in) doing sth.花费/浪费……做某事
There's no use/good (in) doing sth.做某事没有用/好处。
There's no point/sense (in) doing sth.做某事没有意义。
There's no need (in) doing sth.做某事没有必要。
stop/prevent...(from) doing sth.阻止……做某事
end up...(by) doing sth.以做某事结束……
be occupied (in) doing sth.忙于做某事
have a good/pleasant time (in) doing sth.做某事很开心
(三)连词和从句引导词的省略
1．引导宾语从句的连接词that常可省略；并列的宾语从句中的第一个连词that也可省略，但是后面的that不省略
He said (that) he had come here an hour before and that he had checked in at a hotel.
他说他一个小时前就已经到这里了，还说他已经登记入住一家旅馆。
2．关系代词代替先行词在定语从句中作宾语且其前没有介词时，常省略关系代词
Do you still remember the name of the company (that) we visited last month
你还记得我们上个月参观过的公司的名字吗？
3．not only...but (also)..., whether... (or not), so (that)..., now (that)等连词可省略括号中的词
He was not only a writer but (also) an actor.
他不仅是个作家，而且是个演员。
The vase had been put on the top of the cupboard so (that) it wouldn't get broken.
花瓶放在橱柜顶上，以免被打破。
Now (that) we are all ready, let's start.
既然大家都准备好了，咱们开始吧。
Whether he'll attend the meeting (or not) is not known yet.
他是否参加会议还不知道。
(四)动词不定式的省略
1．动词不定式to的省略
(1)在had better, would rather, would rather...than, would sooner...than, cannot but, why (not), cannot help but, may as well等结构后面的不定式符号to要省略。
We had better get the task accomplished as early as possible.
我们最好尽早完成任务。
Why not turn it into a game instead
为什么不将它转化为一种游戏呢？
(2)动词不定式短语作介词but，except的宾语，且介词之前有实义动词do或do的其他形式时，不定式符号to通常省略。
What do you like to do except swim
除了游泳外，你喜欢做什么？
My mother could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.
我妈妈什么也做不了，只能等着医生到来。
(3)两个或多个动词不定式短语表示并列关系时，第二个及后面的不定式短语中的不定式符号to通常省略。
She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back.
她让那个孩子待在那里等她回来。
　如果两个或多个动词不定式短语表示对比关系，则不定式符号to通常保留。
They didn't tell me whether to go on or to stop.
他们没有告诉我是继续下去还是停下来。
(4)在某些感官动词或使役动词(如hear, listen to, notice, observe, see, watch, make等)之后充当宾语补足语的动词不定式中，不定式符号to要省略，但在被动语态的句子中，不定式符号to要保留。
The manager made the workers work day and night.
＝The workers were made to work day and night by the manager.
经理让工人们夜以继日地工作。
(5)当what引导的名词性从句作主语，或all, everything等后接定语从句作主语，且从句谓语部分含有动词do的某种形式时，作表语的动词不定式中的to可以省略也可以保留。
What I should have done is (to) set the bird free.
我本应该放了那只鸟的。
All that I can do is (to) admit the mistake and correct it.
我能做的就是承认并改正错误。
(6)help后可带to，也可省略to。
Would you please help me (to) carry the luggage
你能帮我搬一下行李吗？
2．不定式符号后动词的省略
(1)hope, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, mean, prefer等后面出现与上文相同的不定式时，常保留不定式符号to，而省略其他部分。
Mike lied to us but he did not want to.
迈克对我们撒了谎，但是他并不想这样做。
I'm very sorry to have hurt you, but I didn't mean to.
对不起，我伤害了你，可我不是故意的。
(2)当不定式在ask, advise, persuade, wish, allow, permit, tell, expect, force, invite, beg等动词后面充当宾语补足语时，为了避免重复，常保留不定式符号to，而省略后面的动词。
She wants to come but her parents won't allow her to.
她想来，但她的父母不允许。
If he doesn't want to play the piano, don't force him to.
如果他不想弹钢琴，别强迫他。
(3)在特定的上下文中，如果不定式为一般式to be或完成式to have done，通常省略be或have之后的部分。
—Aren't you the headmaster？你不是校长吗？
—No, and I don't want to be.我不是，而且我也不想当校长。
　①形容词happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等后面接动词不定式时，可以省略不定式符号to后的动词。
—Will you come for a walk？你想去散步吗？
—I'm glad to.我想去。
②so和not可用来替代上文或问句中的一部分或整个句子。
—Can you put it off？你能把它延期吗？
—I'm afraid not/so.恐怕不行/恐怕得延期。
二、句法的省略
在一些简单句、并列句和复合句中，可以省略主语、谓语、宾语、表语等某一个句子成分，也可以省略多个句子成分。
(一)简单句的省略
1．祈使句中常省略主语you
Take off your muddy shoes before you get inside.
在你进去之前脱掉你沾满泥的鞋。
Be more careful in future.今后要更加小心。
2．感叹句中句意明确时，主语与谓语动词常省略
What a beautiful sight (it is)！多美的景色啊！
How wonderful (it is)！多妙啊！
3．在一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分
—(Will you) Have a smoke？你抽烟吗？
—No. Thanks.不，谢谢了。
(Is there) Anything else to say？还有别的要说吗？
(It) Doesn't matter.没关系。
在口语中，特别是在简洁的回答中，经常为了突出答案，而只回答提问的部分。
①—Who did it？谁做的？
—Oscar.奥斯卡。(只保留主语)
②—What did you get？你拿了什么？
—A dictionary.词典。(只保留宾语)
③—How do you like me？你有多喜欢我？
—Very much.非常喜欢。(只保留状语)
④Wait！等一下！(只保留谓语)
⑤—What kind of pencil do you want？你想要哪种铅笔？
—Red.红色的。(只保留定语)
(二)并列句中的省略
1．如果主语不同，而谓语中的一部分相同，则省略谓语中相同的部分
Some people go to the mountains, and others (go) to the seaside.
有些人到山里去，有些人到海边去。
2．主语相同，谓语也相同，则二者都可以省略
His suggestion made John happy, but (his suggestion made) Mary angry.
他的建议使约翰高兴，却使玛丽很生气。
3．主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语
Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but (he) soon returned to his old ways.
老麦克唐纳戒了一阵子烟，可很快又抽上了。
4．在并列复合句中，如果that从句从属于第二个并列分句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其他一些成分与第一个并列分句相同，这个that从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分
Jack will sing at the party, but I know John won't (sing at the party).
杰克将在聚会上唱歌，但我知道约翰不会在聚会上唱歌。
三、状语从句中的省略
在状语从句中，为了使语言更加简洁、生动，经常使用省略形式。状语从句的省略原则：如果从句主语和主句主语一致，或从句主语是it，且从句谓语含有动词be，那么从句中的主语和谓语动词be往往可以省略。
1．时间状语从句中的省略
When (she was) very young, she began to learn to play the violin.
她很小的时候就开始学习拉小提琴。
While (I was) at college, I began to know him, a strange but able student.
我在上大学时开始认识他，他是一个奇怪但能力出众的学生。
As (he was) a young man, Lincoln was a shop assistant.
林肯年轻时当过店员。
2．条件状语从句中的省略
条件状语从句的省略形式为if necessary, if possible, if true等。另外unless, as long as等词或短语后也可用省略形式。
He will come if (he is) asked.如果叫他来，他就来。
If (it is) necessary, ring me at two o'clock.
如果有必要，两点给我打电话。
Come along with me if (it is) possible.
如果有可能，和我一起来吧。
3．让步状语从句中的省略
He is a good man, though sometimes (he is) rather dull.
他是个好人，尽管有时很无聊。
Even if (I am) invited to, I won't go to such a bad lecture.
即使邀请我去，我也不会去听如此糟糕的演讲。
4．比较状语从句中的省略
She has finished the work earlier than (it was) expected.
她这项工作比预料的提前完成了。
5．方式状语从句中的省略
as if/as though后还可加形容词/副词/介词短语/动词的-ing形式/动词的-ed形式/动词不定式。
She talked as if (she was) absent-minded.
她谈话似乎心不在焉。
He opened the drawer, as if (he was) in search of something important.
他打开抽屉，仿佛要找什么重要的东西。
6．其他特殊情况
(1)状语从句中的主语尽管与主句的主语不相同，但如果根据主从句的对应关系判断，意思比较明确，同时，从句的谓语部分又含有动词be的某种形式，此时则可省略从句中的“主语＋be”。
There are a few simple safety measures to follow while (you are) training.
有几点简单的安全措施在训练时要遵守。
(2)如果状语从句和主句都含有there be的某种形式或只有状语从句含有there be的某种形式，从句中的there be常常也可以省略。
Correct the mistakes, if (there are) any (mistakes) in these sentences.
如果这些句子里有错，就改正过来。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Although ________ (order) to stop, the driver kept on driving as fast as he could.
2．He succeeded in solving all the problems as ________ (expect).
3．The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not ________ (make) it more difficult.
4．He had a wonderful childhood when ________ (travel) with his mother to all corners of the world.
5．When ________ (offer) an important role in a new movie, Andy got a chance to become famous.
6．Though ________ (tire), they went on working in order to finish the task on time.
ordered
expected
to make
travelling
offered
tired
7．Some diseases are not at all dangerous if ________ (treat) in time.
8．________ (be) I a teacher, I would be strict with my students.
9．First degree burns turn white when ________ (press).
10．What I want to do is ________ (have) a good rest.
11．When ________ (offer) help, one should say “Thank you.” or “It's kind of you.”
12．It sounds like something is wrong with the car's engine. If ________， we'd better take it to the garage immediately.
13．Video games can be a poor influence if ________ (leave) in the wrong hands.
14．Anyone, once ________ (test) positive for H7N9 flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from our government.
15．The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police not ________．
treated
Were
pressed
have
offered
so
left
tested
to
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．过马路时要小心汽车。
Look out for cars ________________________．
2．正如计划的一样，他们按时出席了会议。
They attended the meeting on time __________．
3．他比预料的晚回来三天。
He came back three days later _____________．
4．“明天天会放晴吗？”“我希望那样。”
—Will it clear up tomorrow
—I _______．
5．如果可能的话，我们上午10点在你的办公室见面好吗？
_________， shall we meet you in your office at 10 a．m.
when crossing the road/street
as planned
than expected
hope so
If possible
6．普通的肥皂，如果使用得当，可以有效地清除细菌。
Ordinary soap, ____________， can deal with bacteria effectively.
7．为了安全，老师们建议家长不要允许自己12岁以下的孩子骑自行车去上学。
Teachers recommend parents _________ their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.
8．你无法想象我们在暴风雪中步行回家费了多大的劲。
You can't imagine what difficulty we had ___________ in the snowstorm.
9．这块木板的一面应该漆成黄色，另一面漆成白色。
One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and _________．
10．你应该在这次会议上保持沉默，除非邀请你发言。
__________________， you should remain silent at the conference.
used correctly
not allow
walking home
the other white
Unless invited to speak

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