2023年高中英语语法:名词性从句分类及时态考点素材

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2023年高中英语语法:名词性从句分类及时态考点素材

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2023年高中英语语法:名词性从句分类及时态考点
(一)什么叫名词性从句
在英语句子中,主语、宾语和表语是名词,在这三个位置上出现的句子就称为名词性从,即:主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句的总称。由于他们的连接原则和连接词的使用基本一致,故放在一起讲解。
(二)如何连接
名词性从句的连接可以简单地归纳为三句话:
1) 从句不缺成分用that
2) 从句缺少主语、宾语和表语,物用what,人用who / whom / whoever / whomever
3) 其他情况,中文缺什么意思就补所需的带-wh的词(whether, where, when, how, why, who, whom, whose),
第一句话:从句不缺成分用that,例如:
My hope is that she will soon be well again. (表语从句:我的希望是他能很快康复。)
Everybody hopes that she will soon be well again.(宾语从句:大家都希望他能很快康复。)
That she will soon be well again is our hope. (主语从句:他能很快康复是我们的希望。)
从上面三个句子可以看出:
1) 名词性从句中的that 只是起连接作用,不充当任何成分,一定要与定语从句中的关系代词that相区别;
2) 除了主语从句居首的情况(如例3),是可以省略的,特别是宾语从句中。例3也可以写成:It is our hope that she will soon be well again.
此项内容不是考试重点。
第二句话:从句缺少主语、宾语和表语, 物用what,人用who / whom / whoever / whomever
这是名词性从句考试的重点, 特别是what, 这里的关键是否能辨认出句子的成分,
例如:
______ he needs is more time. (他需要的是更多的时间。)
显然,主语从句中:he是主语,而谓语动词needs缺宾语,因此填what
Tell us _____ you saw and heard during your visit to that university.
同样,宾语从句中谓语动词saw和heard缺宾语,应填 what
This is not ______ I want. 同样,表语从句中动词缺宾语,应填what
______ some people are against is ______ other people are for.
这是一个主语从句 + 表语从句的结构,介词against和 for后面都没有宾语,无疑都应填what:一些人反对的就是其他人赞成的。
名词性从句的语序和时态问题
名词性从句的词序与陈述句语序相同,尤其注意那些由连接代词who(m), whose, which, what 和连接副词 when, where, why 等引导的名词性从句,不要受它们在特殊疑问句中用法的影响而误用疑问句词序。如:
  Why was she crying 她为什么在哭
  I don’t know why he was crying. 我不知道她为什么哭。
名词性从句的时态问题
  1. 当主句的谓语动词是过去式时,宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理,其谓语动词也必须用某种过去时态。如:
  She said that she didn't want to know. 她说她不想知道。
  I asked her whether she would agree. 我问她是否会同意。
  2. when, if 这两个词既可引导名词性从句,也可引导状语从句。当它们引导名词性从句且表示将来意义时,要直接使用将来时态;但当它们引导状语从句且表示将来意义时,则必须用一般现在时表示将来意义。如:
  I don’t know when he will come, but when he comes, I’ll call you. 我不知道他什么时候,但当他来的时候,我会打电话给你。
  句中第一个when 引导的是宾语从句,故用将来时态表示将来意义;第二个when 引导的是时间状语从句,故用一般现在时表示将来意义。
详解:名词性从句的一般引导词
名词性从句,即指性质相当于名词的从句,它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。在句子中起名词的作用。
在近年的英语考试中,名词性从句考得最多的是主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。
1. 连接词 that 引导名词性从句时,只起连接作用,没有任何意思,也不充当句子成分,在宾语从句中可省略,但引导其他名词性从句时通常不省略。
如:
I hope (that) you enjoy your holiday. 希望你假期过得好。
That he likes you is very obvious. 很显然他喜欢你。
2. 连接词 whether 引导名词性从句也不充当句子成分,但有自己的意思,表示“是否”;引导宾语从句时,可换成 if,但引导其他名词性从句时不能换成 if。
如:
He asked whether [if] I would show him the way. 他问我是否可以给他带路。
Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否对我们有害还要看一看。(引导主语从句,不能用 if 代替 whether)
3. 连接代词 who(m), whose, which, what 等引导名词性从句时,均有各自的意义,在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。
如:
That’s why she wanted to leave. 这就是她想离开的原因。
When we arrive doesn't matter. 什么时候到没有关系。
Tell me which one you like best. 告诉我你最喜欢哪一个。
4. 连接副词 when, where, why, how 等引导名词性从句,也各自有自己的意义,在从句中作状语。
如:
The question is how we should carry out the plan. 问题是怎样执行这个计划。
When she’ll be back depends much on the weather. 她什么时候回来在很大程度上要看天气。
Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever. 他为什么这样做将永远是一个谜。
从句:名词性从句的引导词归纳
1.主语从句
1)主语从句可直接位于主语的位置,如果从句较长,谓语又较短,可用it作形式主语,而将从句放在句末。常见的句型有:
It is a fact\a pity\a question\good news that...
It seems\appears\happened\has turned out that...
It is clear\important\likely\possible that...
It is said\reported\estimated\has been proved that...
如:
It is said that comic books create a connection between people of the same generation.
It seems that the performance is very useful.
2)what引导的主语从句表示“...的东西时”,一般不用it作形式主语。
What we lack is experience.
3)what,who,when,why,whether等词含有各自的疑问意义,但它们引导的主语从句,都用陈述语序。
How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed again.
I did know why I felt like crying.
2.宾语从句
1)宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后。连词that常可省略。介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句。in that(因为),except that(除了),but that(只是)已构成固定搭配,其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句。如:
I promised that I would change the situation.
All this is different from what American young people would say about friendship.
He is certain that watching so much television is not good for children.
This article is well-written except that it is a bit too long.
2)宾语从句后如有宾补,要用形式宾语it来代替,而把宾语从句移至宾补之后。
He has made it clear that he would not change his mind.
3)在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词后的宾语从句中,如果谓语是否定的,一般将否定词移至主句谓语上,宾语从句则变成肯定形式。
He didn't think that the money was well spent.
3.表语从句
表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中。表语从句除可用that,what,when,why,whether,how等引导外,还可由because,as if(though)等引导。that常可省略。如主句主语为reason,只能用that引导表语从句,不可用because.
Perhaps the most important thing to remember is that there is no one common type of life in America.
The reason why so many people died there is that there were not enough food supplies.
It looks as if successful international cultural communication will make the world smaller.
4.同位语从句
同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明,一般用连词that引导,由于先行名词的意义不同,也可用whether,who,when,where,what,why,how等引导。常见的先行名词有fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.有时由于谓语较短,将同位语从句位于谓语之后。如:
She finally made the decision that she would join the fashion show.
I had no idea how many books I could borrow at a time.
The news came that their team had won the championship.
引导名词性从句的what
英语语法让很多学生都头疼,引导名词性从句的what更是复杂难懂
先给大家看一个例题:
  __________ he said at the meeting astonished everyone present.
  A. What B. That C. If D. Whether
  分析:此题应选A。选项C(if) 显然不能选,因为if 通常不能引导主语从句;选项B(that) 和D(whether) 虽然都可以引导主语从句,但两者除了意思不合题意外,还有它们在主语从句中都不充当句子成分,而此句中的he said 缺宾语。
  在名词性从句中,what 根据情况不同,可能有两方面的用法和意思:
  1. 用作连接代词,表示“什么”(由疑问词变来)。例如:
  I don’t know what he gave her. 我不知道他给了她什么。
  What he will say at the meeting is not known to us. 他在会上将说些什么,我们还不知道。
  2. 表示“……所……的(东西)”,在结构上相当于一个名词加一个定语从句(所以有人称这样用的what 为关系代词型的what)。例如:
  把你买的东西拿给我看。
  Show me what you bought.
  →Show me the thing that you bought. 这是他想要的东西。
  This is what he wants.
  →This is the thing that he wants. 我们需要的是钱。
  What we need is money.
  →The thing that we need is money.

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