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独立主格
01.主语独立、去连（接）词
「独立主格结构」与「分词作状语」的区别在于：
而在「独立主格结构」中：1）主格（可以理解为“主语”）是独立的，也就是说，独立主格结构的主语不用依赖主句，它自己就有主语，跟主句的主语不一样；
不带连（接）词。是因为 and，so 等连接并列句的，称“连词”；而 what， that，how，who 等连接从句的词，我们习惯性叫做“连接词”。
02.四大功能
独立主格结构有4个常用的功能，分别是表时间、条件、原因，和伴随。
接下来，我们将分别对以上功能进行改装。此处有3个改装原则，请牢记：
1）对于独立主格结构的主语和动作，主动关系用 doing（现在分词）、被动关系用 done（过去分词）。有时候，一些固定搭配看起来像被动语态，实际上不含被动意义，如：be tired of, be filled with 等；
2）being，having been 一般省略，除了2种特殊情况，虫子写在04 Part；
3）连（接）词统统扔掉。
@ 表时间
解析：在独立主格结构中，连接词 when 丢掉；the class was over，可改装为：the class being over，但正常情况下，being/ having been 可以省略不写。剩下部分照搬。
下面这句，你来把它变成独立主格结构：
When dinner was finished, they didn’t offer to help me clean.
饱饭过后，他们没人提出帮我收拾。
解析：连接词 if 丢掉；weather permits, 主动关系，动词 permit 改成非谓语形式的 doing。剩下部分照搬。
If all things are considered, he is just not that into you.
综合考虑的话，他没有那么喜欢你啦。
注：独立主格结构中，如果出现否定，not 要提前；现在完成时形式的 have/ has done，改为 having done 即可：hasn’t released → not having released。此外，连词 because 丢掉。
Dad didn’t take his medicine, so Mom started chattering on about it.
老爸没有吃药，妈妈开启了叨逼叨模式。
注：didn’t take 只是简单的一般过去时，不涉及完成时，因此改装的时候不必小心翼翼，否定 not 提前，主动关系，后接 doing 即可。didn’t take → not taking。
@ 表伴随
注：wide 在本句中作副词，指“（睁得）很大”，修饰睁着眼这个动作：She opened her eyes wide → Her eyes were opened wide. 改装为独立主格结构，were 丢掉，只留下过去分词 opened，剩下照搬，即：her eyes opened wide.
He read books, while his wife sewed by his side.
他看书，他老婆在旁边缝衣服。
03.三大结构
以上，我们讲了独立主格结构的功能，在这部分，我们大致看看独立主格结构的三种结构：
04.特殊情况
1）在以下两种结构中，being，having been 不可以省略：
> > It be… 结构
It being Christmas, the stores are playing Jingle Bells.
It having been raining for days, I seem to have run out of dry panties.
> > There be… 结构
There being no taxi, we had to walk home.
2）一些固定搭配，本身是可以独立存在的分词短语，背下就对了：
> > to do
To make matters worse, the employees are banned from buying iPhones.
更糟的是，（企业）禁止员工购买苹果手机。
> > doing
Supposing the bride doesn’t show up, what shall we do
假如新娘不出现的话，我们咋办？
Considering that he is a kid, we won’t let him get away!
（考虑到）他还只是孩子，千万不要放过他！
05.课后练习
1) ______ Sunday, I shall have a nice day at home.
A. There being B. It being C. It is
2) With a lot of difficult problems ______, the manager is having a hard time.
A. to settle B. settled C. to be settled
3) Everything ______ into consideration, they ought to be given anotherchance.
A. to take B. to be taken C. taken
4) The man stood under a tree, ______.
A. a pipe in mouth
B. with a pipe in mouth
C. pipe in mouth
5) The beggar stood there, ______ .
A. with back against the wall
B. with his back against the wall
C. his back was against the wall
6) The boy stood before the roasted duck, his eyes ______ on it and his mouth ______.
A. were fixed, was watered
B. fixed, watering
C. fixed, watered
7) ______, I had to do her work instead.
A. She was ill
B. Her being ill
C. She being ill
8) The lecture ______, he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker.
A. began B. beginning C. having begun

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