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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
第19讲 句子成分和基本句型
目录
一 复习目标 掌握目标及备考方向
二 考情分析 2023年中考考情分析
三 网络构建 知识点头脑风暴
四 考向 句子的成分五大基本句型3.提升必考题型归纳
五 真题感悟 中考句子成分和基本句型经典考题
【复习目标】
掌握八大句子成分
掌握五大基本句型
【考情分析】
【网络构建】
第一部分：句子成分
英语句子由多个部分构成，各部分在句子中起着不同的作用，这些构成句子的不同部分被称为句子成分。正确分析句子成分是英语成绩得高分的至关要素。
主要句子成分：主语(subject)---s； 谓语(predicate)---v
次要句子成分：宾语(object)---o； 定语(attribute)---attr； 状语(adverbial)---adv；
补语(complement)-c; 表语(predicative)---p； 同位语(Appositive)等。
No. 1 主语
概念和位置：句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，通常位于句首。
充当：通常由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等充当。
语序：正常：主语+谓语; 全部倒装：谓语+主语; 部分倒装：情态动词/助动词+主语+实义动词。
David arrived last night.（名词作主语）
That's OK. （代词）
Two will be enough.（数词）
To do morning exercises is good for our health.（不定式）
Seeing is believing.（动名词）
The blind and the lame are well cared for in our country.（名词化的形容词）
What he said is not true.（主语从句）
No. 2 谓语
概念和位置： 表示主语的动作或状态、谓语由动词充当，由简单谓语动词和复合谓语动词之分。
一般位于主语之后。
充当：一般由动词短语、系动词、动词、“情态动词/助动词+实义动词”结构等充当，谓语有时态与语态的变化，同时受到句子主语的单复数和人称的制约，如果主语是单数形式，谓语动词要用单数第三人称形式。
(1)由单一动词V.做谓语 We are Chinese.
(2)情态V + V原 He can speak English well.
(3)助V +V I have seen this man before.
No. 3 宾语
概念：表示及物动词和及物动词短语的动作对象或内容，或用于介词后构成介词短语；有的动词后可以跟两个宾语，其中表示人的宾语称为间接宾语，把表示物的宾语称为直接宾语。
位置: 位于及物动词或介词之后。
充当：通常由名词、数词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等充当。
名词或相当于名词的短语I accepted your wise advice.
2.代词或相当于代词的短语All of us like him.
3.数词或数词短语Give me four.
4. the + 形容词表示一类人They teach the blind to read.
5.不定式或不定式短语He began to learn English a year ago./He did not know what to say.
6.动名词或动名词短语He is used to working at night./This book is worth reading.
7.从句I think that he is right./I wonder if you'd like to go with us.
No. 4 表语
概念: 说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，与系动词一起构成复合谓语。
位置：位于系动词之后。
充当：通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等充当。
1.形容词I feel much better today.
2.代词The book is mine.
3.名词或名词所有格They are my students.
4.数词His telephone number is 88888888.
5.副词They are over there.
6.介词短语They are in trouble.
7.不定式短语My dream is to go to college.
8.动词ing短语His hobby is collecting stamps.
9.过去分词短语My camera is broken.
10.从句The truth is what he said just now.
No. 5 定语
概念：修饰或限定名词或代词的成分叫定语；
位置: 定语有前置定语和后置定语。形容词、数词、代词、名词等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之前，但是在修饰any-，some-，no， every-等构成的单词，如something 等时，应放于这些复合不定代词之后进行修饰。动词不定式、副词、介词短语、从句等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之后。
充当：定语通常由形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词或名词所有格、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句充当。
1.形容词或相同于形容词的结构He is a kind-hearted man./He is a 15-year-old student.
2.冠词或代词This book is Mine./The boy was Tom./My father was washing his car.
3.名词或名词所有格He bought a coffee cup yesterday./He is Tom's father.
4.数词Three boys are running along the bank./You are the first one here.
5.副词The boy there needs a pen./He is on his way home.
6.介词短语Do you know the boy in the first row /The girl in a dress is his sister.
7.不定式短语I have a lot of work to do./ The boy to write this letter needs a pen.
8.动词ing短语Let me tell you a moving story./Horses are grass-eating animals./The smiling boy needs a pen.
9.过去分词短语 The boy needs a pen bought by his mother./In the fall we can see a lot of fallen leaves.
10.从句The meeting that you have missed yesterday was very important.
No. 6 状语
概念：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较、伴随、条件、程度、让步等。状语位置灵活。
位置: 修饰整个句子时放于句首;修饰形容词或副词时放于其后;表时间、目的、地点状语时常放于主句之前或之后，若强调时则应放于主句之前;频度副词如almost、often 等作状语常放于be 动词、情态动词之后，放于实义动词之前。
充当：通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、形容词和从句等充当。
1.副词或副词短语作状语He speaks English very well.
2.介词短语作状语The boy was praised for his bravery.
3.动词不定式短语The box is too heavy for me to lift.
4.动词ing短语Wearing a pair of sunglasses, he went out .
5.过去分词短语Written in a hurry， the article was not so good.
6.从句作状语If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.
No. 7 补语
概念和位置：有些及物动词的宾语后需要添加部分内容对宾语进行补充说明，补语有两种，分别是主语补足语、宾语补足语，用来对主语或宾语进行补充说明。
充当：常由形容词、名词、不定式、分词、副词等充当。高考英语试题主要考查非谓语动词作补足语的语法。
Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more meaningful.（形容词做宾补）
We sincerely wish you a quick recovery and an early return to China.（名词短语作宾补）
Lijiang will make the Chinese culture better known to British students. （过去分词短语作宾补）
No. 8 同位语
概念和位置：对句子中某一名词（词组）做进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。
充当：同位语可用名词、代词、名词短语、同位语从句等充当。
1. This exhibition of some sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and work of Scotland's best loved painter, Sir Henry Raeburn, comes to London. (名词)
My friend, Mary, bought a beautiful dress in the department last weekend. ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
主语 同位语 谓语 定语 宾语 地点状语 时间状语
第二部分：基本句型
一、英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
二、英语五种基本句型列式如下：
基本句型一： Ｓ +Ｖ （主＋谓）
基本句型二： Ｓ +link-Ｖ +Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
基本句型三： Ｓ +Ｖ +Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
基本句型四： Ｓ +Ｖ +IO +Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
基本句型五： Ｓ +Ｖ +Ｏ +Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
三、基本句型一：Ｓ +Ｖ（主＋谓）
此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。例如：
1.Time flies.
2. The moon rose.
3. The man cooked.
4. We all eat, and drink.
5. Everybody laughed.
6. I woke very soon.
7. They talked for half an hour.
8. He walked yesterday .
9.He is playing.
10.They have gone.
四、基本句型二：Ｓ +link-Ｖ +Ｐ（主＋系＋表）
此句型句子谓语动词不能独立表达完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：
(1)表示状态的连系动词。这些词有：be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, keep, remain, 等等。
(2)表示转变或结果的系动词。这些词有：become, get, grow, turn, go, come, prove等。
1. This is an English dictionary.
2. The dinner smells good.
3. He felt happy.
4. Everything looks different.
5. He is tall and strong.
6. The book is interesting.
7. The weather became warmer.
8. His face turned red.
五、基本句型三：Ｓ +Ｖ +Ｏ（主＋谓＋宾）
此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。
1. Who knows the answer
2. She laugh at her.
3. He understands English.
4. He made cakes.
5. They ate some apples.
6. Danny likes donuts.
7. I want to have a cup of tea.
8. He said Good morning.
六、基本句型四：Ｓ +Ｖ +IO +Ｏ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。
1. She passed him a new dress.
2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal.
3. He brought you a dictionary.
4. He bought her nothing.
5. I showed him my pictures.
6. I gave him a hand.
7. I told me how to run the machine.
8. He showed me that the bus was late.
七、基本句型五：Ｓ +Ｖ +Ｏ +Ｃ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
1. We keep the table clean.
2. They painted the door green.
3. They call supper dinner.
4. They found the house dirty.
5. What makes him sad
6. We saw him out.
7. He asked me to come back soon.
8. I saw them getting on the bus.
选出句中谓语的中心词.
① I don't like the picture on the wall.
A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall
② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
A. get B. longer C. days D. summer
③ Do you usually go to school by bus
A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus
④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon
⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast
A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast
(三) 挑出下列句中的宾语
① My brother hasn't done his homework.
　　　　A B C D
② People all over the world speak English.
　 A B C D
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
　　　　　　　 A B C D
④ How many new words did you learn last class
　　　　　　　　 A B C D
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you
　　　　 A B C D
(四) 挑出下列句中的表语
① The old man was feeling very tired.
　　 A B C D
② Why is he worried about Jim
　　　　A B C D
③ The leaves have turned yellow.
　　 A B C D
④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.
　　　　A B C D
⑤ She was the first to learn about it.
　　　 A B C D
课堂练习
一、单项选择
1．（2023·甘肃陇南·统考三模）Which is the ADVERBIAL of the following sentence “He is doing the housework now.”
A．“He” B．“is doing” C．“the housework” D．“now”
2．（2023·四川广元·统考一模）Lucy tried to make Alice ________ her mind but failed.
A．change B．to change C．changing D．changed
3．（2023·甘肃定西·校考模拟预测）Which part is the SUBJECT of the following sentence “Susan walks to school every day.”
A．“Susan” B．“walks” C．“school” D．“every day”
4．（2023·四川内江·威远中学校校考二模）We’d like more students to join the story telling club.
A．状语 B．直接宾语 C．宾语补足语 D．谓语
5．（2023·四川内江·威远中学校校考二模）I go to the movies once a week.
A．宾语 B．状语 C．表语 D．定语
6．（2023·四川内江·威远中学校校考二模）There will be more forests for pandas to live in.
A．定语 B．表语 C．主语 D．宾语
7．（2023·四川内江·威远中学校校考一模）We often hear the birds sing happily in the trees.
A．谓语 B．定语 C．状语 D．宾补
8．（2023·四川内江·威远中学校校考一模）As we know, teenagers aren’t allowed to smoke.
A．主语 B．谓语 C．宾语 D．表语
9．（2023·四川内江·威远中学校校考一模）Lily usually goes to school by bus.
A．状语 B．主语 C．定语 D．宾补
10．（2023·四川内江·威远中学校校考一模）I was doing my homework when you called yesterday.
A．谓语 B．宾语 C．宾补 D．定语
二、用所给单词适当形式填空
11．（2022·内蒙古包头·模拟预测）How do you yourself when you have some challenges (courage)
12．（2021·内蒙古包头·校考三模）A smile slowly across her face when she heard that she passed the exam. (spread)
13．（2021·内蒙古包头·包头市第二十九中学校考三模）The Internet is so connected with our daily life. Can you imagine a life without it （close）
14．（2023·上海长宁·统考一模）The target audience for this advertisement was teenagers. (main)
15．（2022·甘肃陇南·校考模拟预测）They were proud to say these paintings belonged to (they).
二、完型填空
（2024·辽宁·统考模拟预测）
阅读短文，理解其大意，从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
A lark (云雀) made her nest (鸟巢) in a field of young wheat (小麦). In this nest were three baby larks. The mother had to fly away every day to get them 21 . All around them the wheat grew tall and began to ripen (成熟).
One day, a farmer and his son came to the 22 . The farmer said, “This wheat is ripe. We must ask someone to help us 23 it.”
Hearing what they said, the larks were in great 24 because they were afraid of losing their home. When their mother got back to the nest, they at once told her what they had heard.
“We must 25 at once!” said the young larks. “Or the men will come and kill us.”
“There is no need to 26 now, my children,” said the mother. “We are quite safe at present. The man who waits for others to help him with his 27 is not to be feared. But when they come again, listen and tell me what they say.”
A few days later, the farmer found that the wheat was so ripe. He said to his son, “ 28 this wheat is not cut at once, we will lose half of them. We can’t afford to wait any longer for help from others. Tomorrow we must start to work, ourselves.”
When the young larks told their mother what they had heard that day, she said, “Ah! It’s 29 for us to leave now. When a man decides to do his own work and not to 30 anyone else, then it is sure to be done.”
By this time the little larks could fly, so the next day, they flew away to a new home.
21．A．time B．food C．fun D．space
22．A．house B．market C．field D．park
23．A．eat B．cut C．sell D．grow
24．A．fear B．happiness C．excitement D．surprise
25．A．sleep B．stop C．shout D．move
26．A．worry B．regret C．check D．practice
27．A．study B．health C．work D．exercise
28．A．Unless B．Although C．Until D．If
29．A．necessary B．difficult C．impossible D．interesting
30．A．look after B．laugh at C．listen to D．depend on
真题演练
1．（2023·四川内江·统考中考真题）Excuse me. Are there any restrooms near here
A．定语 B．主语 C．表语 D．宾语
2．（2023·四川内江·统考中考真题）The students will have a three-day holiday soon.
A．定语 B．宾语 C．状语 D．表语
3．（2022·四川内江·统考中考真题）The return capsule(舱) of the Shenzhou-13 manned spaceship landed successfully on April 16, 2022.
A．主语 B．谓语 C．宾语 D．状语
4．（2022·四川内江·统考中考真题）They are having an active discussion on how to use time properly.
A．表语 B．状语 C．宾语 D．主语
5．（2022·四川内江·统考中考真题）Mary was cooking when the doorbell rang.
A．宾语 B．谓语 C．定语 D．状语
6．（2019·甘肃·中考真题）What is the sentence pattern of "I love English. "
A．S+V B．S+V+O C．S+V+P D．S+V+O+OC
参考答案
语法选择题
21．B 22．C 23．B 24．A 25．D 26．A 27．C 28．D 29．A 30．D
真题演练
1-6 BADCBB
英语句子结构和成分是高中英语教学的重要内容，是理解文章的基础，广泛运用于阅读理解，完形填空，语法填空和写作中。
简单句的基本句型在近年来中考英语中没有直接考查，而且安徽中考英语中从没有叫学生分析句子结构的考核。但是词义辨析、非谓语动词的习惯用法、主谓一致等等都会涉及到句子结构，复合句的理解更是以简单句为基础，书面表达也需要学生能掌握简单句的基本结构，从而写出正确的句子。
思维导图
主语：动作发出者，常位于句首。
I heard my sister Lisa singing in the morning.
谓语：动作（有时态、语态、单复数之分）
I heard my sister Lisa singing in the morning.
宾语：动作承受者，位于及物动词或介词后。
I heard my sister Lisa singing in the morning.
宾语补足语：补充说明宾语情况。
I heard my sister Lisa singing in the morning.
表语（主语补足语）:补充说明主语情况，位于系动词之后。
Lisa was happy.
基本成分
状语:相当于副词，说明动作发生的时间、地点、原因等。
I heard my sister Lisa singing in the morning.
定语:相当于形容词，修饰名词和代词。
I heard my sister Lisa singing in the morning.
同位语:两者指的是同一人/物。
I heard my sister Lisa singing in the morning.
句子成分
修饰成分
1.主语+谓语(vi.) We work hard.
2.主语+谓语( vt.)+宾语 Tom bought a new book.
3.主语+谓语(vt.)+间接宾语+直接宾语 They offer me a job.
4.主语+系动词+表语 Great talkers are little doers.
5.主语+谓语(vt.)+宾语+宾补 He made me go home.
五种基本句型
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