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压轴题06 阅读理解C、D篇
命题预测 分析近几年高考阅读理解C、D篇可知，高考命题中科普说明文一直都是以压轴题的形式存在，着重考查考生对于语篇的理解能力以及信息处理能力。 题材多样，语篇主要来源于英美主流报刊、杂志和网站。内容涉及科技创新发明、人工智能类、医疗健身健康类、社会与文化研究报告、观念事理类、环境与保护类、动植物研究等多种领域，具有较强的思想性、趣味性、实际功用性和较强的时代感。 从近年全国卷和各地高考试卷中科普类阅读命题的统计来看，高考阅读理解科普类文章的理论性和逻辑性强、生词多、句式结构复杂。六种命题类型都有所体现。命题尊重语篇的文体特征和行文特点，考查了考生理解说明文语篇的能力，以及灵活运用各种阅读策略提取、归纳所读信息的能力，尤其加大了对概括能力和推断能力等高阶思维能力的考查。预测2024年高考对于科普说明文的考查仍然是重点。
高频考法 推理判断题 标题归纳题 细节理解题 词义猜测题
说明文基本规律及解题要领
高考中科普类阅读理解一般不给标题，反而经常要求考生选择最佳标题。说明文一般采用如下四部分：
首段：一般即是文章的主题段，开门见山点明新发明或研究对象。
背景: 交代问题的现状或研究的起因。
主干: 部分介绍研究所取得的突破，作者往往会详细介绍研究对象、研究方法、研究理论或具体的实验、统计等过程。
结尾: 通常会再次对中心进行概括、重述研究成果、预计的市场未来等与主题呼应。
二、说明文的解题技巧
1. 运用语篇结构（text structure），了解文章大意
科普说明文主题鲜明、脉络清晰，行文结构模式较为固定。弄清文本结构有助于把握文章主旨和阅读重点。环境与保护类说明文通过描述环境污染的现状、成因，引导学生关注生活，激发考生的环保意识。 结构上一般采用上述四个部分，说明手法上常使用以下说明方法：描述法（包括举例子、下定义、列数据等）、因果法、问题与比较法。
实验研究型文章一般会以实验的过程进展为线索，多用描述法、问题与对策法等方法，通过列数据、做对比等来说明新的科学研究发现及其产生的影响。
阅读时，首先用略读法快速浏览每段的首尾句，根据英语说明文思维模式特征，作者一般都会开门见山，直奔主题。结尾通常也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应。因此在做主旨大意、写作意图和最佳标题等题目时，需要重点关注首尾段落里面高频复现的词汇和内容。
2. 定位标志词，分析长难句，进行逻辑推理判断
每一个问题，在原文中，都要有一个定位。然后精读，找出那个标志词或者中心句。根据题干要求，用查读法快速定位到相关段落。再利用标志词所提供的逻辑关系找到细节信息，如列数据、举例子、原因和结果等。如果句子成分复杂，有生词，也不要烦躁退缩，分析主句和从句或非谓语动词之间的关系，一些出现在术语、抽象概念、长难句前后的同义词、近义词等，都是用以理解文章的语境线索。通过这些对长句进行层层剖析，露出主干部分，就能明晰句意，弄懂作者的真实意图。
关注某人说到或推断观点态度题
某人说过的话，有时并不是题眼，但可以从侧面或某个角度来反映作者的观点，也就是作者想表达的，正确答案都是和这样的观点相一致的。要把握关键词，有感彩的词。
4.关注转折关系的逻辑词
说明文中常会出现表示转折意义的词，如however, but, yet,while等。这些词后面才是作者真正想表达的意思，常常会在此处命题。
5. 熟悉选项设置规律，关注细节
正确选项：文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。
干扰项：“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。
06 环境保护类
1.（2024·河南·一模）
“The era of global warming has ended and the era of global boiling has arrived,” the UN secretary general, Antonio Guterres, said after scientists confirmed July 2023 was the world’s hottest month on record.
“Humanity is in the hot seat,” Guterres told a press conference on Thursday. “For vast parts of North America, Asia, Africa and Europe, it is a cruel summer. For the entire planet, it is a disaster. And for scientists, it is clear that humans are to blame. Climate change is here, it is terrifying, and it is just the beginning. The era of global warming has ended; the era of global boiling has arrived.”
Guterres urged politicians to take swift action. “The air is unbreathable, the heat is unbearable, and the level of fossil fuel profits and climate inaction is unacceptable. Leaders must lead. No more hesitancy, no more excuses, and no more waiting for others to move first. There is simply no more time for that.”
“It is still possible to limit global temperature rise to 1.5℃and avoid the very worst of climate change but only with dramatic, immediate climate action. We have seen some progress, but none of this is going far enough or fast enough. Accelerating temperatures demand accelerated action.”
The WMO secretary general, Petteri Taalas, said, “The need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is more urgent than ever before. Climate action is not a luxury but a must.”
Other climate scientists confirmed the findings. Karsten Haustein at Leipzig University found the world was 1.5℃ hotter in July 2023 than in the average July before industrialisation.
Marina Romanello, a climate and health researcher at University College London, said, “We have data showing how the very foundations of health are being undermined by climate change. But we still have time today to turn the tide and to ensure a liveable future for us and our children.”
1．What made Guterres feel worried
A．Global economy. B．Natural disasters.
C．Serious pollution. D．Rising temperatures.
2．Why did Gutemes use the phrase “global boiling”
A．To appeal to quick action. B．To change people’s concept.
C．To frighten the general public. D．To make his report vivid.
3．How does the author develop the text
A．By analyzing some facts. B．By quoting some experts.
C．By offering statistics. D．By giving explanations.
4．What would be the best title for the text
A．Global Bailing: It Is Time to Act.
B．Global Boiling: Who Is to Blame
C．Global Boiling: It Isn’t That Serious
D．Global Boling: What Measure n Should Be Taken
【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了“全球沸腾”这一气候问题，并呼吁立即采取行动。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的““For vast parts of North America, Asia, Africa and Europe, it is a cruel summer. For the entire planet, it is a disaster. And for scientists, it is clear that humans are to blame. Climate change is here, it is terrifying, and it is just the beginning. The era of global warming has ended; the era of global boiling has arrived.” (“对北美、亚洲、非洲和欧洲的大部分地区来说，这是一个残酷的夏天。对整个地球来说，这都是一场灾难。对科学家来说，很明显，人类应该受到谴责。气候变化就在这里，它很可怕，这只是一个开始。全球变暖的时代已经结束，全球沸腾的时代已经到来。”)”可知，古特雷斯对不断上升的气温感到担忧。故选D。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句““The era of global warming has ended; the era of global boiling has arrived.” (“全球变暖的时代已经结束，全球沸腾的时代已经到来。”)”以及第三段第一句的“Guterres urged politicians to take swift action. (古特雷斯敦促政界人士迅速采取行动。)”可知，古特雷斯使用“全球沸腾”这个词语是为了呼吁迅速采取行动。故选A。
3．推理判断题。通读全文可知，作者在前4个自然段引用古特雷斯关于“全球沸腾”的讲话并敦促政界人士迅速采取行动、第五段引用世界气象组织秘书长佩蒂瑞·塔拉斯的讲话、第六段引用莱比锡大学的卡斯滕·豪斯坦的讲话以及最后一段引用伦敦大学学院气候与健康研究员玛丽娜·罗马内洛的讲话可知，作者通过引用一些专家的话来展开本文。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“The era of global warming has ended and the era of global boiling has arrived…(全球变暖的时代已经结束，全球沸腾的时代已经到来……)”可知，本文主要围绕“全球沸腾”这一问题展开，并呼吁立即采取行动来应对这一问题。A项“Global Bailing: It Is Time to Act. (全球救助：是时候采取行动了。)”最能概括本文主旨。故选A。
2.（23-24高三·浙江宁波·阶段练习）
Usain Bolt burned about 10kcal of energy to win his gold during the 200 metre spring final at the Olympic Games, which could roughly power an old 60W light bulb for 11 minutes. If you could make use of all the power generated by all the athletes during the Games, you would still be nowhere close to reaching the 29.5 billion Watts consumed overall by the athletes, spectators and organizers over the event. We take sport for granted, but do we ever consider its cost to the planet
From the water required to maintain the golf course during The Masters tournament to the hundreds of flights it takes to bring football fans to a World Cup, major sports events are not helping much in the fight against global heating. What’s more, there is a lack of recognition within sport of its responsibilities and little discussion about possible solutions.
This is strange, given that the effect works both ways: the climate crisis is not just affected by sports, but it is already having a negative impact on many sports. When ice-climber Will Gadd set out to conquer the world’s glaciers, he didn’t realize it would become a race against climate change. “I thought glaciers are there forever.” When he arrived at the summit, Gadd was shocked: “The ice…wasn’t there. The things I planned to climb were gone.”
Global heating is noticeable in other sports. Amy Steel played professional netball until she suffered from heatstroke after playing in 39℃ conditions and unfortunately, the damage was permanent. Not only that, but extreme weather events made more frequent as a result of global heating mean sporting events are more often delayed or canceled. This has cost sport billions in potential earnings.
Yet sport can be a powerful motivator: it can unite whole nations behind its teams. Could sport have a role to play in driving climate awareness Will Gadd and Amy Steel are among many athletes who think so One thing is certain. Sport must put climate change at the top of its agenda and decarbonize at a Usain Bolt-like pace to make a difference.
5．What is the main focus of the first paragraph
A．Why do sports events consume energy
B．How much power do athletes generate
C．What is the energy impact of sports events
D．How did Bolt contribute to the environment
6．Why does the writer use Will Gadd and Amy Steel as examples
A．They initiated eco-friendly sports practices.
B．They sustained permanent injuries in sports.
C．They fell victim to climate-related incidents.
D．They achieved record-breaking performances.
7．What effect of global heating on sports is mentioned in the text
A．Stricter facility restrictions. B．Substantial financial losses.
C．Higher athlete training standards. D．Prolonged outdoor sports seasons.
8．What can be a suitable title for the text .
A．Sports in the Climate Crisis
B．Athletes against Global Heating
C．The Impact of Climate Change on Sport
D．The Environmental Cost of Outdoor Sports
【答案】5．C 6．C 7．B 8．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了气候危机与体育运动的关系，即气候危机中的体育运动。
5．主旨大意题。由文章第一段“Usain Bolt burned about 10 kcal of energy to win his gold during the 200 metre spring final at the Olympic Games, which could roughly power an old 60W light bulb for 11 minutes. If you could make use of all the power generated by all the athletes during the Games, you would still be nowhere close to reaching the 29.5 billion Watts consumed overall by the athletes, spectators and organizers over the event. We take sport for granted, but do we ever consider its cost to the planet (在奥运会200米短跑决赛中，尤塞恩·博尔特为赢得金牌消耗了大约10千卡的能量，这些能量大约可以为一个60瓦的旧灯泡供电11分钟。如果你能利用所有运动员在奥运会期间产生的所有能量，你仍然远不能达到运动员、观众和组织者在比赛期间消耗的295亿瓦的总能量。我们认为体育运动是理所当然的，但我们是否考虑过它给地球带来的代价)”可知，第一段重点关注的是体育赛事的能量影响。故选C。
6．推理判断题。由文章第三段中“When ice-climber Will Gadd set out to conquer the world’s glaciers, he didn’t
realize it would become a race against climate change. “I thought glaciers are there forever.” When he arrived at the summit, Gadd was shocked: “The ice…wasn’t there. The things I planned to climb were gone.”(当攀岩者威尔·盖德开始征服世界上的冰川时，他没有意识到这将成为一场与气候变化的赛跑。“我以为冰川是永远存在的。”当他到达顶峰时，盖德震惊了：“冰……不在那里。我计划攀登的东西都不见了。”)”以及第四段中“Amy Steel played professional netball until she suffered from heatstroke after playing in 39℃ conditions and unfortunately, the damage was permanent. (艾米·斯蒂尔在39℃的环境下打过职业无挡板篮球，直到中暑才退役，不幸的是，她的伤势是永久性的)”可推知，作者使用二人作为例子，是想说明气候对运动员的影响——他们成了气候相关事件的受害者。故选C。
7．细节理解题。由文章第四段中“Not only that, but extreme weather events made more frequent as a result of global heating mean sporting events are more often delayed or canceled. This has cost sport billions in potential earnings. (不仅如此，由于全球变暖，极端天气事件更加频繁，这意味着体育赛事更经常被推迟或取消。这让体育界损失了数十亿美元的潜在收入)”可知，全球变暖造成体育运动重大财务损失。故选B。
8．主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“We take sport for granted, but do we ever consider its cost to the planet (我们认为体育运动是理所当然的，但我们是否考虑过它给地球带来的代价)”以及第三段第一句“This is strange, given that the effect works both ways: the climate crisis is not just affected by sports, but it is already having a negative impact on many sports.(这很奇怪，因为这种效应是双向的：气候危机不仅受到体育运动的影响，而且它已经对许多体育运动产生了负面影响)”，尤其是文章最后一段中“Sport must put climate change at the top of its agenda and decarbonize at a Usain Bolt-like pace to make a difference. (体育必须把气候变化放在议程的首位，以尤塞恩·博尔特那样的速度去碳化，才能有所作为)”可知，本文主要说明了气候危机与体育运动的关系。由此可知，Sports in the Climate Crisis(气候危机中的体育运动)适合作本文最佳标题。故选A。
3.（23-24高三下·浙江·阶段练习）
Plastic is everywhere, from the Arctic ice to vital organs in the human body. In fact, previous estimates suggest that the average person swallows a credit card-worth of microscopic plastic particles(颗粒) every week. But new research shows that this could actually be an understatement.
Microplastics are plastics smaller than 5 millimeters, found in industrial waste, beauty products, and formed during the degradation of larger plastic pieces. Over time, they break down into even smaller nanoplastics. These tiny particles can pass through our intestines and lungs into our bloodstreams, reaching vital organs like the heart and brain.
While the idea of eating plastic is unsettling in itself, the major concern here is that these plastic particles contain chemicals that can interrupt our body’s natural release of hormones, potentially increasing our risk of reproductive disorders and certain cancers. They can also carry toxins(毒素) on their surface like heavy metals.
In the past, researchers have shown bottled water can contain tens of thousands of identifiable plastic fragments in a single container. However, until recently, only the larger microplastics were detectable with available measuring tools, leaving the area of nanoplastics largely a mystery.
Using Raman microscopy (显微镜学), capable of detecting particles down to the size of a flu virus, the team measured an average of 240, 000 particles of plastic per liter of bottled water, 90 percent of which were nanoplastics, a revelation 10 to 100 times larger than previous estimates.
These plastics likely originate from the bottle material, filters used to “purify” the water, and the source water itself. “It is not totally unexpected to find so much of this stuff, ” the study’s lead author, Columbia graduate student Naixin Qian, said in a statement. His team hopes to expand their research into tap water and other water sources to better inform our exposure to these potentially dangerous particles. “The idea is that the smaller things get, the more of them I reveal, ” he added.
9．What is the primary focus of the new research
A．The presence of plastic particles. B．The use of plastic in everyday products.
C．The detection methods for microplastics. D．The potential risks of nanoplastics to human.
10．What is the advantage of Raman microscopy
A．Finding the source of plastic particles. B．Helping to cure the deadly flu virus.
C．Detecting the smaller plastic particles. D．Improving the quality of bottled water.
11．Why will the team expand their research into tap water
A．To focus on areas with higher plastic pollution.
B．To be aware of the dangerous particles in daily life.
C．To further measure the types of particles in tap water.
D．To detect the smaller plastic particles in industrial areas.
12．What is Qian’s attitude towards his research
A．Skeptical. B．Objective. C．Conservative. D．Positive.
【答案】9．D 10．C 11．B 12．D
【导语】本文是说明文。主要介绍了一项新的研究揭示微塑料和纳米塑料对人体健康的潜在影响。
9．细节理解题。根据第三段“While the idea of eating plastic is unsettling in itself, the major concern here is that these plastic particles contain chemicals that can interrupt our body’s natural release of hormones, potentially increasing our risk of reproductive disorders and certain cancers. They can also carry toxins(毒素) on their surface like heavy metals.( 虽然吃塑料的想法本身就令人不安，但主要的担忧是，这些塑料颗粒含有的化学物质会中断我们身体自然释放的激素，可能会增加我们患生殖障碍和某些癌症的风险。它们的表面也会携带重金属等毒素。)” 可知，新研究的焦点是纳米塑料对人体可能造成的风险。故选D。
10．细节理解题。根据第五段“Using Raman microscopy (显微镜学), capable of detecting particles down to the size of a flu virus, the team measured an average of 240, 000 particles of plastic per liter of bottled water, 90 percent of which were nanoplastics, a revelation 10 to 100 times larger than previous estimates.(利用拉曼显微镜，能够检测到流感病毒大小的颗粒，研究小组测量到每升瓶装水中平均有24万个塑料颗粒，其中90%是纳米塑料，比之前估计的要大10到100倍。)”可知，拉曼显微镜学的优势是能够检测到非常小的塑料颗粒。故选C。
11．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“His team hopes to expand their research into tap water and other water sources to better inform our exposure to these potentially dangerous particles.(他的团队希望将他们的研究扩展到自来水和其他水源，以更好地了解我们接触这些潜在危险颗粒的情况。)”可以推断出，研究小组将研究扩展到自来水等其他水源是为了让人们意识到在日常生活中面临的颗粒风险。故选B。
12．推理判断题。根据最后一段中Qian的话 “It is not totally unexpected to find so much of this stuff(发现这么多这种东西并不完全出乎意料) ” 及 “The idea is that the smaller things get, the more of them I reveal(我的想法是，东西越小，我揭示的东西就越多)” 可知他并不对发现大量微塑料感到完全意外，并且研究对象越小，揭示的就会越多，因此可以推断出Qian对他的研究持积极态度。故选D。
4.（2024·贵州·二模）
Many of the negative impacts humans have on the environment are visible to the naked eye. Trash washes up on our beaches, the ice caps are visibly shrinking, and smog darkens our skies. But some environmental threat, such as microplastics, are nearly invisible.
The U. S. National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration classifies microplastics as any piece of plastic less than five millimeters. Some are as small as three microns—half the size of a red blood cell. This comes from a variety of sources, including the microbeads found in cosmetics, paint, tire dust, industrial waste, and clothing.
These tiny fragments can become fixed in animals’ tissue through taking food or breathing. Various marine species, such as deposit-feeding lugworms, are shown to have microplastics in their intestinal tracts (肠道). The
production and disposal of microplastics, among other unaware actions by humans, have played a significant role in boosting the worsening of marine ecosystems. But microplastics are not just a problem for marine life. Humans are consuming them too, sometimes through eating seafood containing microplastics.
Microplastics also run uncontrollably in drinking water. A 2017 investigation by Orb Media, which looked at tap water samples from over a dozen countries, found that 83 percent of the samples were contaminated with plastic fibers. Once taken, most of the microplastics stay in our systems forever, and little is known about their long term impact on our health.
Microplastic pollution is not an easy problem to deal with, but there are small changes that you can make to reduce your contribution to the problem. One strategy is to stop fibers before they enter the wastewater stream. Patagonia announced that it will sell the Guppy Friend, a bag that you can place clothing in before tossing it into the wash, which will prevent the fibers from being flushed away. You can also avoid buying any facial scrubs (面部磨砂膏) that use plastic microbeads. Lastly, you can reduce your plastic consumption and waste altogether by buying reusable water bottles and grocery bags, and being sure to always recycle any plastics you come across.
13．Why did the author mention the negative impacts visible to the naked eye
A．To blame people for their behaviors
B．To show the notable threats on earth.
C．To stress the urgency of ecology protection.
D．To introduce the hidden dangers of microplastics.
14．What do we know about microplastics according to the passage
A．They are so small that can be ignored. B．They are produced by human deliberately.
C．They have a lasting effect on people’s body. D．They gain attention for the bad influence.
15．What is the purpose of the last paragraph
A．To promote the sales of a new type of bag.
B．To give ways to reduce microplastic presence.
C．To tell how to reduce waste and consumption.
D．To state the difficulties of decreasing microplastics.
16．Which statement is consistent with the idea conveyed in this passage
A．Many hands make light work. B．Constant dropping wears the stone.
C．Actions speak louder than words. D．Practice makes perfect.
【答案】13．A 14．B 15．C 16．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了微塑料的危害。
13．推理判断题。由文章第一段“Many of the negative impacts humans have on the environment are visible to the naked eye. Trash washes up on our beaches, the ice caps are visibly shrinking, and smog darkens our skies. But some environmental threat, such as microplastics, are nearly invisible. (人类对环境的许多负面影响是肉眼可见的。垃圾被冲到我们的海滩上，冰盖明显缩小，烟雾使我们的天空变暗。但是一些环境威胁，比如微塑料，几乎是看不见的。)”可知，作者提到肉眼可见的负面影响是为了引出微塑料的隐患。故选D。
14．推理判断题。由文章倒数第二段中“Once taken, most of the microplastics stay in our systems forever, and little is known about their long term impact on our health. (一旦摄入，大多数微塑料会永远留在我们的身体系统中，人们对它们对我们健康的长期影响知之甚少。)”可知，它们对人的身体有持久的影响。故选C。
15．推理判断题。由文章最后一段“Microplastic pollution is not an easy problem to deal with, but there are small changes that you can make to reduce your contribution to the problem. One strategy is to stop fibers before they enter the wastewater stream. Patagonia announced that it will sell the Guppy Friend, a bag that you can place clothing in before tossing it into the wash, which will prevent the fibers from being flushed away. You can also avoid buying any facial scrubs (面部磨砂膏) that use plastic microbeads. Lastly, you can reduce your plastic consumption and waste altogether by buying reusable water bottles and grocery bags, and being sure to always recycle any plastics you come across. (微塑料污染不是一个容易处理的问题，但你可以做一些小的改变来减少你对这个问题的贡献。一种策略是在纤维进入废水流之前阻止它们。巴塔哥尼亚宣布将出售Guppy Friend，这是一种袋子，你可以把衣服放在里面，然后把它扔进洗衣机，这样可以防止纤维被冲走。你也可以避免购买任何使用塑料微珠的磨砂膏。最后，你可以通过购买可重复使用的水瓶和购物袋来减少塑料的消耗和浪费，并确保总是回收你遇到的任何塑料。)”可知，最后一段的目的是提供减少微塑料存在的方法。故选B。
16．推理判断题。由文章第一段中“Microplastic pollution is not an easy problem to deal with, but there are small changes that you can make to reduce your contribution to the problem. (微塑料污染不是一个容易处理的问题，但你可以做一些小的改变来减少你对这个问题的贡献。)”可知，作者强调大家的参与，会产生很大的影响。所以选项A与这段话中传达的观点一致。故选A。
5.（23-24高三下·山东·开学考试）
Do you know how much India struggles to gather the waste plastic water bottles According to a Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB) report from 2012, India generates 15, 000 tonnes of plastics a day, of which the gathered ones only achieve 60%. The trashed-but-not-gathered plastic waste leads to land and water pollution. posing serious threat to the environment.
After seeing that, Ankur Chawla, a drink expert, undertook research to find a solution, after which he realised the biggest problem the country faced was disposing of plastic waste. To address it, he wanted to come up with a solution where they do not add to the problem of waste. Fortunately, Ankur was not alone. He met Bhrigu Seth who was into green farming. Both of them found that they shared a common goal and it didn’t take long for them to draft a plan of action. It is estimated that over 90 percent of aluminium(铝) drink cans in India are recycled. Instead, 70 percent of the cans are manufactured through recycled waste. After going through challenges at hand, the pair made up their minds.
Before taking the next step. both co-founders visited five-star hotels and took samples of water in aluminium cans, asking them whether they would give it a shot if something like that comes in the market. The pair received an overwhelmingly positive response. They then determined to launch Responsible Whatr, natural spring water drink packed in an aluminium can to solve the problem of waste plastic water bottles.
As one of India’s first natural spring water drink, Responsible Whatr offered an environmentally friendly and endlessly recyclable aluminium can. It’s a non-alcoholic drink that was launched with a vision for an eco-friendly future and an agenda to reduce single-use plastic pollution.
Going forward, Ankur and Bhrigu aim to cooperate with airports and ecommerce gates which would help them in directly reaching the homes of high networth individuals (HNIs). They also plan to tie up with corporate firms and cinema halls and join hands with NGOs that are fighting for the conservation of beaches and oceans.
17．What inspired Ankur to conduct his research
A．Plastics remained the major bottle material.
B．Uncollected plastics caused severe pollution.
C．Plastics accounted for most of the daily waste.
D．The amount of plastic waste was beyond control.
18．What was Ankur and Bhrigu’s solution to the problem
A．Creating a new packaging design. B．Developing an alternative to plastics.
C．Launching a rubbish sorting program. D．Increasing the recycling of plastic cans.
19．What was Responsible Whatr aimed at
A．Removing plastic pollution. B．Promoting aluminium cans.
C．Advertising non-alcoholic drinks. D．Advocating a sustainable approach.
20．How do Ankur and Bhrigu plan to expand their market
A．By cooperating with NHIs. B．By introducing new products.
C．By targeting profitable NGOs. D．By establishing diverse channels.
【答案】17．B 18．B 19．D 20．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了Ankur和Bhrigu为了解决印度塑料污染严重，回收率低的问题推出了铝罐饮料，并致力于通过多种渠道来扩大市场的故事。
17．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“The trashed-but-not-gathered plastic waste leads to land and water pollution. posing serious threat to the environment.”（这些被丢弃但未被收集的塑料垃圾导致了土地和水污染。对环境构成严重威胁。）及第二段第一句“After seeing that, Ankur Chawla, a drink expert, undertook research to find a solution”（看到这种情况后，饮料专家Ankur Chawla开始研究寻找解决方案）可知，Ankur Chawla看到未收集的塑料造成了严重的污染，所以决定进行研究，寻找解决方案。故选B项。
18．细节理解题。根据第二段倒数第三句“It is estimated that over 90 percent of aluminium drink cans in India are recycled.”（据估计，印度超过90%的铝饮料罐被回收利用。）及第三段最后一句“They then determined to launch Responsible Whatr, natural spring water drink packed in an aluminium can to solve the problem of waste plastic water bottles.”（为了解决废旧塑料水瓶的问题，他们决定推出Responsible Whatr，这是一种用铝罐包装的天然泉水饮料。）可知，他们推出了用铝罐包装的饮料来代替塑料瓶，因为铝罐回收利用率高，以此来解决废旧塑料水瓶污染的问题。故选B项。
19．细节理解题。根据第四段最后两句“Whatr offered an environmentally friendly and endlessly recyclable aluminium can. It’s a non-alcoholic drink that was launched with a vision for an eco-friendly future and an agenda to reduce single-use plastic pollution.”（Whatr提供了一种环保且可无限回收的铝罐。这是一款无酒精饮料，它的推出是为了实现生态友好的未来，并提出减少一次性塑料污染的议程。）可知，Responsible Whatr致力于倡导可持续发展，实现生态友好的未来。故选D项。
20．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Going forward, Ankur and Bhrigu aim to cooperate with airports and ecommerce gates which would help them in directly reaching the homes of high networth individuals (HNIs). They also plan to tie up with corporate firms and cinema halls and join hands with NGOs that are fighting for the conservation of beaches and oceans.”（展望未来，Ankur和Bhrigu的目标是与机场和电子商务门户合作，这将帮助他们直接到达高净值个人的家中。他们还计划与公司和电影院合作，并与为保护海滩和海洋而战的非政府组织携手
合作。）可知，他们计划通过多种渠道，寻求广泛合作来扩大市场。故选D项。
6.（23-24高三·河北石家庄·阶段练习）
Haze (薄雾) and smoke from hundreds of Canadian wildfires covered most of the US Northeast for a second day — Wednesday, with New York City experiencing the world’s worst air quality over the last two days.
New York, the Big Apple became the Big Orange by midday Wednesday as the sky over the nation’s largest city fell into a deep hazy orange. Streets in Manhattan are like what they were like during the pandemic (流行病) as residents again wore masks and cared for warnings from health officials about the impact of PM2.5, which can lead to respiratory (呼吸的) illnesses.
New York Governor Kathy Hochul said on Wednesday that the state was making one million N95 masks available to the public. Approximately 400,000 N95 masks would be distributed at New York state parks, and at subway stations and other locations in New York City, Hochul said at a press briefing. An additional 600,000 masks would be made available at Homeland Security stockpiles (囤聚的物资) for local governments to pick up, she said.
Hochul called the poor air quality “a very serious, dangerous situation”. She recommended that people across the state cancel outdoor activities. “Simply stay indoors. Outdoors is dangerous in just about every part of our state,” the governor said. Officials at the briefing said they had been monitoring any potential rise in respiratory illnesses or health issues due to the poor air quality.
The city’s air was more polluted than all the world’s major cities on Wednesday morning, according to data from Swiss technology company IQAir. Dubai and Delhi came in second and third, respectively. Mike Hardiman, a staff in the National Weather Service, told The New York Times the city “smells like cigars”.
21．Why do people wear masks in New York
A．Because of health concern. B．Because of the pandemic.
C．Because of officials’ demand. D．Because of their habits.
22．What message does Paragraph 3 convey
A．New York has good welfare system. B．N95 masks can settle the crisis.
C．The public’s support is vital. D．The government took measures to handle the issue.
23．What kind of activity might Hochul recommend
A．Camping. B．Doing housework.
C．Fishing. D．Climbing mountains.
24．What does Mike Hardiman mean by saying the city “smells like cigars”
A．The city is polluted by cigars. B．Cigars have very good smell.
C．The air quality in the city is terrible. D．There are too many smokers in the city.
【答案】21．A 22．D 23．B 24．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了加拿大数百场野火产生的烟雾使纽约空气质量下降，对纽约产生了巨大影响，为此纽约政府将分发N95口罩，并呼吁人们尽量在室内活动。
21．细节理解题。根据文章第二段内容“Streets in Manhattan are like what they were like during the pandemic (流行病) as residents again wore masks and cared for warnings from health officials about the impact of PM2.5, which can lead to respiratory (呼吸的) illnesses. (曼哈顿的街道恢复了疫情期间的样子，居民们再次戴上口罩，听从卫生官员关于PM2.5影响的警告。PM2.5可导致呼吸道疾病。)”可知，人们戴口罩是出于对健康的考虑。故选A。
22．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段内容的主题句“Now York Governor Kathy Hooch said on Wednesday that the state is making one million N95 masks available to the public. (纽约州州长凯西·霍赫尔周三表示，该州将向公众提供100万个N95口罩。)”可知，全段主要讲政府采取措施来处理这一问题。故选D。
23．推理判断题。根据第四段内容“She recommended that people across the state cancel outdoor activities. (她建议全州的人们取消户外活动。)”可知，Hochul建议全州人民取消户外活动，即她建议在室内活动。只有“Doing housework (做家务) ”属于室内活动。故选B。
24．推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“The city’s air was more polluted than all the world’s major cities on Wednesday morning, according to data from Swiss technology company IQAir. (瑞士科技公司IQAir的数据显示，周三上午，城市的空气污染程度超过了全球所有主要城市。)”可知，该市的空气污染比世界上所有主要城市都严重，所以Mike Hardiman说这座城市“闻起来像雪茄”，说明空气质量非常糟糕。故选C。压轴题06 阅读理解C、D篇
命题预测 分析近几年高考阅读理解C、D篇可知，高考命题中科普说明文一直都是以压轴题的形式存在，着重考查考生对于语篇的理解能力以及信息处理能力。 题材多样，语篇主要来源于英美主流报刊、杂志和网站。内容涉及科技创新发明、人工智能类、医疗健身健康类、社会与文化研究报告、观念事理类、环境与保护类、动植物研究等多种领域，具有较强的思想性、趣味性、实际功用性和较强的时代感。 从近年全国卷和各地高考试卷中科普类阅读命题的统计来看，高考阅读理解科普类文章的理论性和逻辑性强、生词多、句式结构复杂。六种命题类型都有所体现。命题尊重语篇的文体特征和行文特点，考查了考生理解说明文语篇的能力，以及灵活运用各种阅读策略提取、归纳所读信息的能力，尤其加大了对概括能力和推断能力等高阶思维能力的考查。预测2024年高考对于科普说明文的考查仍然是重点。
高频考法 推理判断题 标题归纳题 细节理解题 词义猜测题
说明文基本规律及解题要领
高考中科普类阅读理解一般不给标题，反而经常要求考生选择最佳标题。说明文一般采用如下四部分：
首段：一般即是文章的主题段，开门见山点明新发明或研究对象。
背景: 交代问题的现状或研究的起因。
主干: 部分介绍研究所取得的突破，作者往往会详细介绍研究对象、研究方法、研究理论或具体的实验、统计等过程。
结尾: 通常会再次对中心进行概括、重述研究成果、预计的市场未来等与主题呼应。
二、说明文的解题技巧
1. 运用语篇结构（text structure），了解文章大意
科普说明文主题鲜明、脉络清晰，行文结构模式较为固定。弄清文本结构有助于把握文章主旨和阅读重点。环境与保护类说明文通过描述环境污染的现状、成因，引导学生关注生活，激发考生的环保意识。 结构上一般采用上述四个部分，说明手法上常使用以下说明方法：描述法（包括举例子、下定义、列数据等）、因果法、问题与比较法。
实验研究型文章一般会以实验的过程进展为线索，多用描述法、问题与对策法等方法，通过列数据、做对比等来说明新的科学研究发现及其产生的影响。
阅读时，首先用略读法快速浏览每段的首尾句，根据英语说明文思维模式特征，作者一般都会开门见山，直奔主题。结尾通常也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应。因此在做主旨大意、写作意图和最佳标题等题目时，需要重点关注首尾段落里面高频复现的词汇和内容。
2. 定位标志词，分析长难句，进行逻辑推理判断
每一个问题，在原文中，都要有一个定位。然后精读，找出那个标志词或者中心句。根据题干要求，用查读法快速定位到相关段落。再利用标志词所提供的逻辑关系找到细节信息，如列数据、举例子、原因和结果等。如果句子成分复杂，有生词，也不要烦躁退缩，分析主句和从句或非谓语动词之间的关系，一些出现在术语、抽象概念、长难句前后的同义词、近义词等，都是用以理解文章的语境线索。通过这些对长句进行层层剖析，露出主干部分，就能明晰句意，弄懂作者的真实意图。
关注某人说到或推断观点态度题
某人说过的话，有时并不是题眼，但可以从侧面或某个角度来反映作者的观点，也就是作者想表达的，正确答案都是和这样的观点相一致的。要把握关键词，有感彩的词。
4.关注转折关系的逻辑词
说明文中常会出现表示转折意义的词，如however, but, yet,while等。这些词后面才是作者真正想表达的意思，常常会在此处命题。
5. 熟悉选项设置规律，关注细节
正确选项：文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。
干扰项：“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。
06 环境保护类
1.（2024·河南·一模）
“The era of global warming has ended and the era of global boiling has arrived,” the UN secretary general, Antonio Guterres, said after scientists confirmed July 2023 was the world’s hottest month on record.
“Humanity is in the hot seat,” Guterres told a press conference on Thursday. “For vast parts of North America, Asia, Africa and Europe, it is a cruel summer. For the entire planet, it is a disaster. And for scientists, it is clear that humans are to blame. Climate change is here, it is terrifying, and it is just the beginning. The era of global warming has ended; the era of global boiling has arrived.”
Guterres urged politicians to take swift action. “The air is unbreathable, the heat is unbearable, and the level of fossil fuel profits and climate inaction is unacceptable. Leaders must lead. No more hesitancy, no more excuses, and no more waiting for others to move first. There is simply no more time for that.”
“It is still possible to limit global temperature rise to 1.5℃and avoid the very worst of climate change but only with dramatic, immediate climate action. We have seen some progress, but none of this is going far enough or fast enough. Accelerating temperatures demand accelerated action.”
The WMO secretary general, Petteri Taalas, said, “The need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is more urgent than ever before. Climate action is not a luxury but a must.”
Other climate scientists confirmed the findings. Karsten Haustein at Leipzig University found the world was 1.5℃ hotter in July 2023 than in the average July before industrialisation.
Marina Romanello, a climate and health researcher at University College London, said, “We have data showing how the very foundations of health are being undermined by climate change. But we still have time today to turn the tide and to ensure a liveable future for us and our children.”
1．What made Guterres feel worried
A．Global economy. B．Natural disasters.
C．Serious pollution. D．Rising temperatures.
2．Why did Gutemes use the phrase “global boiling”
A．To appeal to quick action. B．To change people’s concept.
C．To frighten the general public. D．To make his report vivid.
3．How does the author develop the text
A．By analyzing some facts. B．By quoting some experts.
C．By offering statistics. D．By giving explanations.
4．What would be the best title for the text
A．Global Bailing: It Is Time to Act.
B．Global Boiling: Who Is to Blame
C．Global Boiling: It Isn’t That Serious
D．Global Boling: What Measure n Should Be Taken
2.（23-24高三·浙江宁波·阶段练习）
Usain Bolt burned about 10kcal of energy to win his gold during the 200 metre spring final at the Olympic Games, which could roughly power an old 60W light bulb for 11 minutes. If you could make use of all the power generated by all the athletes during the Games, you would still be nowhere close to reaching the 29.5 billion Watts consumed overall by the athletes, spectators and organizers over the event. We take sport for granted, but do we ever consider its cost to the planet
From the water required to maintain the golf course during The Masters tournament to the hundreds of flights it takes to bring football fans to a World Cup, major sports events are not helping much in the fight against global heating. What’s more, there is a lack of recognition within sport of its responsibilities and little discussion about possible solutions.
This is strange, given that the effect works both ways: the climate crisis is not just affected by sports, but it is already having a negative impact on many sports. When ice-climber Will Gadd set out to conquer the world’s glaciers, he didn’t realize it would become a race against climate change. “I thought glaciers are there forever.” When he arrived at the summit, Gadd was shocked: “The ice…wasn’t there. The things I planned to climb were gone.”
Global heating is noticeable in other sports. Amy Steel played professional netball until she suffered from
heatstroke after playing in 39℃ conditions and unfortunately, the damage was permanent. Not only that, but extreme weather events made more frequent as a result of global heating mean sporting events are more often delayed or canceled. This has cost sport billions in potential earnings.
Yet sport can be a powerful motivator: it can unite whole nations behind its teams. Could sport have a role to play in driving climate awareness Will Gadd and Amy Steel are among many athletes who think so One thing is certain. Sport must put climate change at the top of its agenda and decarbonize at a Usain Bolt-like pace to make a difference.
5．What is the main focus of the first paragraph
A．Why do sports events consume energy
B．How much power do athletes generate
C．What is the energy impact of sports events
D．How did Bolt contribute to the environment
6．Why does the writer use Will Gadd and Amy Steel as examples
A．They initiated eco-friendly sports practices.
B．They sustained permanent injuries in sports.
C．They fell victim to climate-related incidents.
D．They achieved record-breaking performances.
7．What effect of global heating on sports is mentioned in the text
A．Stricter facility restrictions. B．Substantial financial losses.
C．Higher athlete training standards. D．Prolonged outdoor sports seasons.
8．What can be a suitable title for the text .
A．Sports in the Climate Crisis
B．Athletes against Global Heating
C．The Impact of Climate Change on Sport
D．The Environmental Cost of Outdoor Sports
3.（23-24高三下·浙江·阶段练习）
Plastic is everywhere, from the Arctic ice to vital organs in the human body. In fact, previous estimates suggest that the average person swallows a credit card-worth of microscopic plastic particles(颗粒) every week. But
new research shows that this could actually be an understatement.
Microplastics are plastics smaller than 5 millimeters, found in industrial waste, beauty products, and formed during the degradation of larger plastic pieces. Over time, they break down into even smaller nanoplastics. These tiny particles can pass through our intestines and lungs into our bloodstreams, reaching vital organs like the heart and brain.
While the idea of eating plastic is unsettling in itself, the major concern here is that these plastic particles contain chemicals that can interrupt our body’s natural release of hormones, potentially increasing our risk of reproductive disorders and certain cancers. They can also carry toxins(毒素) on their surface like heavy metals.
In the past, researchers have shown bottled water can contain tens of thousands of identifiable plastic fragments in a single container. However, until recently, only the larger microplastics were detectable with available measuring tools, leaving the area of nanoplastics largely a mystery.
Using Raman microscopy (显微镜学), capable of detecting particles down to the size of a flu virus, the team measured an average of 240, 000 particles of plastic per liter of bottled water, 90 percent of which were nanoplastics, a revelation 10 to 100 times larger than previous estimates.
These plastics likely originate from the bottle material, filters used to “purify” the water, and the source water itself. “It is not totally unexpected to find so much of this stuff, ” the study’s lead author, Columbia graduate student Naixin Qian, said in a statement. His team hopes to expand their research into tap water and other water sources to better inform our exposure to these potentially dangerous particles. “The idea is that the smaller things get, the more of them I reveal, ” he added.
9．What is the primary focus of the new research
A．The presence of plastic particles. B．The use of plastic in everyday products.
C．The detection methods for microplastics. D．The potential risks of nanoplastics to human.
10．What is the advantage of Raman microscopy
A．Finding the source of plastic particles. B．Helping to cure the deadly flu virus.
C．Detecting the smaller plastic particles. D．Improving the quality of bottled water.
11．Why will the team expand their research into tap water
A．To focus on areas with higher plastic pollution.
B．To be aware of the dangerous particles in daily life.
C．To further measure the types of particles in tap water.
D．To detect the smaller plastic particles in industrial areas.
12．What is Qian’s attitude towards his research
A．Skeptical. B．Objective. C．Conservative. D．Positive.
4.（2024·贵州·二模）
Many of the negative impacts humans have on the environment are visible to the naked eye. Trash washes up on our beaches, the ice caps are visibly shrinking, and smog darkens our skies. But some environmental threat, such as microplastics, are nearly invisible.
The U. S. National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration classifies microplastics as any piece of plastic less than five millimeters. Some are as small as three microns—half the size of a red blood cell. This comes from a variety of sources, including the microbeads found in cosmetics, paint, tire dust, industrial waste, and clothing.
These tiny fragments can become fixed in animals’ tissue through taking food or breathing. Various marine species, such as deposit-feeding lugworms, are shown to have microplastics in their intestinal tracts (肠道). The production and disposal of microplastics, among other unaware actions by humans, have played a significant role in boosting the worsening of marine ecosystems. But microplastics are not just a problem for marine life. Humans are consuming them too, sometimes through eating seafood containing microplastics.
Microplastics also run uncontrollably in drinking water. A 2017 investigation by Orb Media, which looked at tap water samples from over a dozen countries, found that 83 percent of the samples were contaminated with plastic fibers. Once taken, most of the microplastics stay in our systems forever, and little is known about their long term impact on our health.
Microplastic pollution is not an easy problem to deal with, but there are small changes that you can make to reduce your contribution to the problem. One strategy is to stop fibers before they enter the wastewater stream. Patagonia announced that it will sell the Guppy Friend, a bag that you can place clothing in before tossing it into the wash, which will prevent the fibers from being flushed away. You can also avoid buying any facial scrubs (面部磨砂膏) that use plastic microbeads. Lastly, you can reduce your plastic consumption and waste altogether by buying reusable water bottles and grocery bags, and being sure to always recycle any plastics you come across.
13．Why did the author mention the negative impacts visible to the naked eye
A．To blame people for their behaviors
B．To show the notable threats on earth.
C．To stress the urgency of ecology protection.
D．To introduce the hidden dangers of microplastics.
14．What do we know about microplastics according to the passage
A．They are so small that can be ignored. B．They are produced by human deliberately.
C．They have a lasting effect on people’s body. D．They gain attention for the bad influence.
15．What is the purpose of the last paragraph
A．To promote the sales of a new type of bag.
B．To give ways to reduce microplastic presence.
C．To tell how to reduce waste and consumption.
D．To state the difficulties of decreasing microplastics.
16．Which statement is consistent with the idea conveyed in this passage
A．Many hands make light work. B．Constant dropping wears the stone.
C．Actions speak louder than words. D．Practice makes perfect.
5.（23-24高三下·山东·开学考试）
Do you know how much India struggles to gather the waste plastic water bottles According to a Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) report from 2012, India generates 15, 000 tonnes of plastics a day, of which the gathered ones only achieve 60%. The trashed-but-not-gathered plastic waste leads to land and water pollution. posing serious threat to the environment.
After seeing that, Ankur Chawla, a drink expert, undertook research to find a solution, after which he realised the biggest problem the country faced was disposing of plastic waste. To address it, he wanted to come up with a solution where they do not add to the problem of waste. Fortunately, Ankur was not alone. He met Bhrigu Seth who was into green farming. Both of them found that they shared a common goal and it didn’t take long for them to draft a plan of action. It is estimated that over 90 percent of aluminium(铝) drink cans in India are recycled. Instead, 70 percent of the cans are manufactured through recycled waste. After going through challenges at hand, the pair made up their minds.
Before taking the next step. both co-founders visited five-star hotels and took samples of water in aluminium cans, asking them whether they would give it a shot if something like that comes in the market. The pair received an overwhelmingly positive response. They then determined to launch Responsible Whatr, natural spring water
drink packed in an aluminium can to solve the problem of waste plastic water bottles.
As one of India’s first natural spring water drink, Responsible Whatr offered an environmentally friendly and endlessly recyclable aluminium can. It’s a non-alcoholic drink that was launched with a vision for an eco-friendly future and an agenda to reduce single-use plastic pollution.
Going forward, Ankur and Bhrigu aim to cooperate with airports and ecommerce gates which would help them in directly reaching the homes of high networth individuals (HNIs). They also plan to tie up with corporate firms and cinema halls and join hands with NGOs that are fighting for the conservation of beaches and oceans.
17．What inspired Ankur to conduct his research
A．Plastics remained the major bottle material.
B．Uncollected plastics caused severe pollution.
C．Plastics accounted for most of the daily waste.
D．The amount of plastic waste was beyond control.
18．What was Ankur and Bhrigu’s solution to the problem
A．Creating a new packaging design. B．Developing an alternative to plastics.
C．Launching a rubbish sorting program. D．Increasing the recycling of plastic cans.
19．What was Responsible Whatr aimed at
A．Removing plastic pollution. B．Promoting aluminium cans.
C．Advertising non-alcoholic drinks. D．Advocating a sustainable approach.
20．How do Ankur and Bhrigu plan to expand their market
A．By cooperating with NHIs. B．By introducing new products.
C．By targeting profitable NGOs. D．By establishing diverse channels.
6.（23-24高三·河北石家庄·阶段练习）
Haze (薄雾) and smoke from hundreds of Canadian wildfires covered most of the US Northeast for a second day — Wednesday, with New York City experiencing the world’s worst air quality over the last two days.
New York, the Big Apple became the Big Orange by midday Wednesday as the sky over the nation’s largest city fell into a deep hazy orange. Streets in Manhattan are like what they were like during the pandemic (流行病) as residents again wore masks and cared for warnings from health officials about the impact of PM2.5, which can lead to respiratory (呼吸的) illnesses.
New York Governor Kathy Hochul said on Wednesday that the state was making one million N95 masks available to the public. Approximately 400,000 N95 masks would be distributed at New York state parks, and at subway stations and other locations in New York City, Hochul said at a press briefing. An additional 600,000 masks would be made available at Homeland Security stockpiles (囤聚的物资) for local governments to pick up, she said.
Hochul called the poor air quality “a very serious, dangerous situation”. She recommended that people across the state cancel outdoor activities. “Simply stay indoors. Outdoors is dangerous in just about every part of our state,” the governor said. Officials at the briefing said they had been monitoring any potential rise in respiratory illnesses or health issues due to the poor air quality.
The city’s air was more polluted than all the world’s major cities on Wednesday morning, according to data from Swiss technology company IQAir. Dubai and Delhi came in second and third, respectively. Mike Hardiman, a staff in the National Weather Service, told The New York Times the city “smells like cigars”.
21．Why do people wear masks in New York
A．Because of health concern. B．Because of the pandemic.
C．Because of officials’ demand. D．Because of their habits.
22．What message does Paragraph 3 convey
A．New York has good welfare system. B．N95 masks can settle the crisis.
C．The public’s support is vital. D．The government took measures to handle the issue.
23．What kind of activity might Hochul recommend
A．Camping. B．Doing housework.
C．Fishing. D．Climbing mountains.
24．What does Mike Hardiman mean by saying the city “smells like cigars”
A．The city is polluted by cigars. B．Cigars have very good smell.
C．The air quality in the city is terrible. D．There are too many smokers in the city.

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