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压轴题05 阅读理解C、D篇
命题预测 分析近几年高考阅读理解C、D篇可知，高考命题中科普说明文一直都是以压轴题的形式存在，着重考查考生对于语篇的理解能力以及信息处理能力。 题材多样，语篇主要来源于英美主流报刊、杂志和网站。内容涉及科技创新发明、人工智能类、医疗健身健康类、社会与文化研究报告、观念事理现象类、环境与保护类、动植物研究等多种领域，具有较强的思想性、趣味性、实际功用性和较强的时代感。 从近年全国卷和各地高考试卷中科普类阅读命题的统计来看，高考阅读理解科普类文章的理论性和逻辑性强、生词多、句式结构复杂。六种命题类型都有所体现。命题尊重语篇的文体特征和行文特点，考查了考生理解说明文语篇的能力，以及灵活运用各种阅读策略提取、归纳所读信息的能力，尤其加大了对概括能力和推断能力等高阶思维能力的考查。预测2024年高考对于科普说明文的考查仍然是重点。
高频考法 推理判断题 标题归纳题 细节理解题 词义猜测题
说明文基本规律及解题要领
高考中科普类阅读理解一般不给标题，反而经常要求考生选择最佳标题。说明文一般采用如下四部分：
首段：一般即是文章的主题段，开门见山点明新发明或研究对象。
背景: 交代问题的现状或研究的起因。
主干: 部分介绍研究所取得的突破，作者往往会详细介绍研究对象、研究方法、研究理论或具体的实验、统计等过程。
结尾: 通常会再次对中心进行概括、重述研究成果、预计的市场未来等与主题呼应。
二、说明文的解题技巧
1. 运用语篇结构（text structure），了解文章大意
科普说明文主题鲜明、脉络清晰，行文结构模式较为固定。弄清文本结构有助于把握文章主旨和阅读重点。观念事理现象类说明文阐述抽象事理、现象的成因、原理、本质、规律等内容。 结构上一般采用上述四个部分，说明手法上常使用以下说明方法：描述法（包括举例子、下定义、列数据等）、因果法、问题与比较法。
实验研究型文章一般会以实验的过程进展为线索，多用描述法、问题与对策法等方法，通过列数据、做对比等来说明新的科学研究发现及其产生的影响。
阅读时，首先用略读法快速浏览每段的首尾句，根据英语说明文思维模式特征，作者一般都会开门见山，直奔主题。结尾通常也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应。因此在做主旨大意、写作意图和最佳标题等题目时，需要重点关注首尾段落里面高频复现的词汇和内容。
2. 定位标志词，分析长难句，进行逻辑推理判断
每一个问题，在原文中，都要有一个定位。然后精读，找出那个标志词或者中心句。根据题干要求，用查读法快速定位到相关段落。再利用标志词所提供的逻辑关系找到细节信息，如列数据、举例子、原因和结果等。如果句子成分复杂，有生词，也不要烦躁退缩，分析主句和从句或非谓语动词之间的关系，一些出现在术语、抽象概念、长难句前后的同义词、近义词等，都是用以理解文章的语境线索。通过这些对长句进行层层剖析，露出主干部分，就能明晰句意，弄懂作者的真实意图。
关注某人说到或推断观点态度题
某人说过的话，有时并不是题眼，但可以从侧面或某个角度来反映作者的观点，也就是作者想表达的，正确答案都是和这样的观点相一致的。要把握关键词，有感彩的词。
4.关注转折关系的逻辑词
说明文中常会出现表示转折意义的词，如however, but, yet,while等。这些词后面才是作者真正想表达的意思，常常会在此处命题。
5. 熟悉选项设置规律，关注细节
正确选项：文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。
干扰项：“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。
05 观念、事理、现象类
1.（2023·浙江·模拟预测）
A new study suggests that mindfulness education — lessons on techniques to calm the mind and body — can reduce the negative effects of stress and increase students’ ability to stay engaged, helping them stay on track academically and avoid behavior problems.
After finding that students who self-reported mindful habits performed better on tests and had higher grades, researchers from the Center for Education Policy Research at Harvard University wanted to know if school-based mindfulness training could help more students reap similar benefits.
They designed a study focusing on sixth-graders in a Boston school. The study showed that sixth-graders who participated in an eight-week mindfulness were less stressed out than their classmates who hadn’t. Practicing mindfulness had helped improve the ability to focus in the moment, expanding students’ capacity to learn and regulate their emotions.
Four times a week, instructors from Calmer Choice, a Massachusetts nonprofit specializing in mindfulness education, taught the group techniques and led them through practices, like focusing on a rock for a minute, then discussing when their mind wandered and refocused on the rock. Another group of sixth-graders took computer coding during that time instead. The students were randomly assigned between the groups.
At the end of the eight weeks, the mindfulness group reported being less stressed than they had been before the mindfulness education, and better able to practice self-control. And their amygdalae, the part of the brain that controls emotion, responded less to pictures of fearful faces than they did prior to the mindfulness work, suggesting their brains were less sensitive to negative stimuli, or, in other words, that they were less likely to get stressed out and lose focus. The group who attended coding classes didn’t see the same benefits.
The findings suggest that the mindfulness instruction helped boost students’ attention skills, as well as develop coping mechanisms for stress. The researchers believe it could be especially useful for schools to support students
suffering from severe mental damage and other adversities that trigger stress in the body, hurting students’ ability to succeed.
1．What was the purpose of the study
A．To examine the techniques for practicing mindfulness.
B．To study the effects of group mindfulness training on students.
C．To see how students help themselves to perform better on tests.
D．To understand why mindfulness training calms the mind and body.
2．How was the study conducted
A．By listing benefits of mindfulness education.
B．By scanning the brain to see how it controls emotions.
C．By teaching different students different mindfulness skills.
D．By comparing two groups of students attending different classes.
3．What change took place after the students practiced mindfulness work
A．They felt easier to stay focused. B．They were better at computer coding.
C．Their mind was wandering more actively. D．Their brains were more aware of negativity.
4．Who are the most possible target readers of the passage
A．Stressful parents. B．Mindful instructors.
C．Emotional students. D．School educators.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项新的研究表明，正念教育课程可以帮助学生减少压力带来的负面影响，提高他们保持专注的能力。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“researchers from the Center for Education Policy Research at Harvard University wanted to know if school-based mindfulness training could help more students reap similar benefits (哈佛大学教育政策研究中心的研究人员想知道，以学校为基础的正念训练是否能帮助更多的学生获得类似的好处)”可知，该研究探究的是以学校为基础的正念训练对学生是否有类似的好处，即群体正念训练对学生的效果。故选B项。
2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Four times a week, instructors from Calmer Choice, a Massachusetts nonprofit specializing in mindfulness education, taught the group techniques and led them through practices (来自马萨诸塞州专注于正念教育的非盈利机构Calmer Choice的教师每周四次教授小组技巧，并带领他们进行练习)”和
“Another group of sixth-graders took computer coding during that time instead. (另一组六年级学生在这段时间学习计算机编程。)”可知，研究人员将参与者分成了两个小组，一个小组进行正念训练，另一个小组学习编程。因此，该研究是通过比较学习不同课程的两组学生来进行的。故选D项。
3．细节理解题。根据第五段中“And their amygdalae, the part of the brain that controls emotion, responded less to pictures of fearful faces than they did prior to the mindfulness work, suggesting their brains were less sensitive to negative stimuli, or, in other words, that they were less likely to get stressed out and lose focus. (他们的大脑中控制情绪的部分——杏仁体，对恐惧面孔的反应比他们在进行正念训练之前要少，这表明他们的大脑对负面刺激不那么敏感，换句话说，他们不太可能感到压力和注意力不集中。)”可知，在学生们进行正念练习后，他们更容易集中注意力，保持专注。故选A项。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The researchers believe it could be especially useful for schools to support students suffering from severe mental damage and other adversities that trigger stress in the body, hurting students’ ability to succeed. (研究人员认为，这对学校来说尤其有用，可以帮助那些遭受严重精神损伤和其他逆境的学生，这些逆境会引发身体压力，损害学生成功的能力。)”可知，该研究可以很好地指导学校去帮助遭遇精神损伤和其他逆境的学生。由此推知，文章最有可能的目标读者群体是学校的教育者。故选D项。
2.（2024·全国·二模）
Halloween candy could be in for a California big change. State lawmakers last month passed the California Food Safety Act, which bans four materials found in popular snacks and packaged foods - including candy corm and other Halloween treats. Set to take effect in 2027, the ban will lead candy and food producers to change their formulas for products sold both in California and elsewhere around the country.
The law bans the production and sale of some materials, which are used in processed foods including kinds of instant potatoes and sodas, as well as candies. The additives (添加剂) have been linked to increased risks of cancer and nervous system problems, according to the Environmental Working Group, which started the act, and are already banned in many other countries.
Food producers and their lobbyists (说客) opposed the law, arguing the conclusion that the four additives are unhealthy should be made by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). They thought that evaluating the safety of food materials and additives should rely on the scientific accuracy of the FDA．But food safety advocates say the FDA has moved far too slowly in regulating food chemicals. It’s unacceptable that the U.S. is so far behind the rest of the world when it comes to food safety.
California’s act made headlines this year as a “Skittles (彩虹糖) ban” that would wipe popular candies off California shelves. But supporters of the act said the intention is simply to require changes in the materials, as has already happened in Europe. Perhaps the most standing-out material on California’s banned list is red dye No. 3. It is allowed only in candied and cocktail cherries in the European Union but more than 3,000 products contain the chemical in the U. S. The list includes items like frosted pretzels and scores of brand-name candies such as Peeps and Pez. It also includes items like fruit cocktail cups, protein drinks, and yogurts.
5．How will Halloween candy in California change
A．It will change its recipes. B．It will transform its shapes.
C．It will move out of California. D．It will disappear completely.
6．What idea do food producers have against the act
A．FDA’s conclusion on the materials is wrong.
B．Four materials are allowed all over the world.
C．The materials’ safety needs to be reassessed.
D．FDA moves too fast in regulating food chemicals.
7．What can we infer about the act supporters’ request about Skittles
A．They demand a complete ban on Skittles.
B．They wish the “Skittles ban” to be headlines.
C．They want to apply European policies to Skittles.
D．They hope more red dye No. 3 is used in Skittles.
8．What is the text mainly about
A．California candy ban. B．Food safety in California.
C．The responsibility of FDA． D．Change of Halloween Candy.
【答案】5．A 6．C 7．C 8．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。加州立法者通过了《加州食品安全法》, 禁止在流行的零食和包装食品中出现四种添加剂, 包括玉米糖和其他万圣节零食。这项禁令将于2027 年生效, 它将导致糖果和食品生产商改变在加州和其他地方销售的产品的配方。
5．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Set to take effect in 2027, the ban will lead candy and food producers to change their formulas for products sold both in California and elsewhere around the country.(该禁令将于2027年生效，将导致糖果和食品生产商改变在加州和全国其他地方销售的产品的配方)”可知, 禁令将导致糖果和食品生产商改变
在加州和其他地方销售的产品的配方。故选A项。
6．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Food producers and their lobbyists (说客) opposed the law, arguing the conclusion that the four additives are unhealthy should be made by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).(食品生产商和他们的说客反对这项法律，认为这四种添加剂不健康的结论应该由食品和药物管理局(FDA)做出)”可知, 食品生产商和他们的游说者反对这项法律, 认为这样的评估应该由食品和药物管理局 (FDA) 进行，也就是这些材料的安全性需要重新评估。故选C项。
7．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“But supporters of the act said the intention is simply to require changes in the materials, as has already happened in Europe.(但该法案的支持者表示，其目的只是要求改变材料，就像欧洲已经发生的那样)”可知, 法案的支持者希望加州能够实行欧洲的针对食品添加剂的做法。故选C项。
8．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Halloween candy could be in for a California big change. State lawmakers last month passed the California Food Safety Act, which bans four materials found in popular snacks and packaged foods - including candy corm and other Halloween treats. Set to take effect in 2027, the ban will lead candy and food producers to change their formulas for products sold both in California and elsewhere around the country.(万圣节糖果可能会在加州发生重大变化。加州立法者上个月通过了《加州食品安全法》，禁止在流行的零食和包装食品中发现四种物质，包括玉米糖和其他万圣节零食。该禁令将于2027年生效，将导致糖果和食品生产商改变在加州和全国其他地方销售的产品的配方)”可知，本文主要讲述了加州立法者上个月通过了《加州食品安全法》, 禁止在流行的零食和包装食品中使用四种添加剂。这将导致糖果和食品生产商改变他们在加州和其他地方销售的产品的配方。故选A项。
3.（23-24高三·辽宁朝阳·期末）
In an increasingly globalized business world, companies demand Human Resources (HR) leaders who can overcome cultural barriers to achieve key goals. This year, students in the Master of Human Resources and Industrial Relations (MHRIR) Program will get hands-on experience leading multicultural teams as they work together with peers (同辈) from all corners of the globe.
“Our students get firsthand experience on global teams, which helps them understand the challenges and the opportunities they will face in the business world,” said MHRIR Program Director Stacy Hove.
Elishka Correa joined the program to explore how HR leaders can help businesses grow quickly in the global marketplace. “Companies appreciate diversity — not only in terms of products and markets, but the people they hire — so that they can expand their business and reach customers in different parts of the world,” she said. “When
I go into an organization, I’m not only going to work with Indians or Americans, it’s going to be a mix of people. That trend is beginning to grow, so I think it’s very important to appreciate people from different backgrounds.”
As they progress through the program, the students are discovering unexpected challenges as they work on projects in diverse teams. Each contributor brings a different approach to solving problems, communicating, and challenging one another’s opinions.
Devin Roll, a student from North Dakota, appreciating the unique views his classmates share, said, “The benefits of having cross-cultural experiences go far beyond the classroom. Diverse teams and companies outperform their competitors, and HR leaders act as a vital partner in acquiring and maintaining diversity in the workforce.”
Many of the international students in the program said they would return to their home countries after graduation and bring along connections to their classmates, who would build careers (职业) in countries around the world. They hope to stay in touch, and share their expert knowledge.
9．What is the aim of the program
A．To help students to set clear goals.
B．To provide jobs for foreign students.
C．To teach students to run their own business.
D．To train students to build multicultural teams.
10．Which statement about cultural diversity does Elishka Correa probably agree with
A．It prevents social advance. B．It makes it easy to hire people.
C．It can help business growth. D．It can put an end to the conflict.
11．What does Devin Roll think of the effect of the program
A．It is predictable. B．It is short-lived. C．It is unidentifiable. D．It is far-reaching.
12．What do many students expect to do after graduation according to the text
A．Work for the university. B．Keep closely connected.
C．Stay in their home countries. D．Reform teaching methods.
【答案】9．D 10．C 11．D 12．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人力资源与劳资关系硕士课程及学生反馈。
9．推理判断题。根据第一段“This year, students in the Master of Human Resources and Industrial Relations (MHRIR) Program will get hands-on experience leading multicultural teams as they work together with peers (同
辈) from all corners of the globe.(今年，人力资源与劳资关系硕士(MHRIR)项目的学生将获得领导多元文化团队的实践经验，因为他们与来自世界各地的同龄人一起工作。)”及第二段““Our students get firsthand experience on global teams, which helps them understand the challenges and the opportunities they will face in the business world,” said MHRIR Program Director Stacy Hove.(MHRIR项目主任Stacy Hove说：“我们的学生获得了全球团队的第一手经验，这有助于他们了解他们将在商业世界中面临的挑战和机遇。”)”可知，该课程旨在培养学生如何组建国际化团队。故选D。
10．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Elishka Correa joined the program to explore how HR leaders can help businesses grow quickly in the global marketplace. “Companies appreciate diversity — not only in terms of products and markets, but the people they hire — so that they can expand their business and reach customers in different parts of the world,” she said.(Elishka Correa加入了这个项目，探讨人力资源领导者如何帮助企业在全球市场中快速发展。她说：“公司欣赏多样性——不仅在产品和市场方面，而且在他们雇用的人方面——这样他们就可以扩大业务，接触到世界各地的客户。”)”和“That trend is beginning to grow, so I think it’s very important to appreciate people from different backgrounds.(这种趋势正在发展，所以我认为欣赏来自不同背景的人是非常重要的。)”可知，Elishka Correa认同文化多样性有益于企业在全球市场上拓展业务。故选C。
11．推理判断题。根据第五段“Devin Roll, a student from North Dakota, appreciating the unique views his classmates share, said, “The benefits of having cross-cultural experiences go far beyond the classroom...”(来自北达科他州的德文·罗尔(Devin Roll)很欣赏同学们分享的独特观点，他说：“跨文化体验的好处远远超出了课堂。……”)”可推断，Devin Roll认为该课程的对学生后续的影响是深远的。故选D。
12．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Many of the international students in the program said they would return to their home countries after graduation and bring along connections to their classmates, who would build careers (职业) in countries around the world. They hope to stay in touch, and share their expert knowledge.(该项目的许多国际学生表示，他们将在毕业后回到自己的祖国，并与他们的同学建立联系，这些同学将在世界各地的国家建立职业生涯。他们希望保持联系，分享他们的专业知识。)”可知，参加这个课程的学生毕业后将回到各自的国家，但是他们希望保持联络，分享各自的专业知识。故选B。
4.（2023·全国·单元测试）
“We are running out of space and the only places to go to are other worlds... Spreading out may be the only thing that saves us from ourselves. I’m convinced that humans need to leave the earth.” These are the words of the famous scientist Stephen Hawking, spoken at a science festival in Norway in 2017, a year before his death.
Hawking was not alone in this view. Many experts feel that the only way for humanity to last far into the future is to colonise (移民于) other planets. That way, if a terrible disease, nuclear war or some other disasters strike the earth, civilisation as we know it would still have a chance. Mars is one of the most attractive destinations. NASA, the United Arab Emirates, the private company SpaceX, and the organisation Mars One all have plans to send humans there. “Either we spread the earth to other planets, or we risk going extinct,” SpaceX founder Elon Musk said at a conference in 2013.
But not everyone agrees that colonising Mars or any other planet is such a great plan. The most common argument against going is that it’s just too expensive or dangerous. It will take huge amounts of money and other resources just to get people there,let alone set up a place for them to live. It’s not even clear if humans could survive on Mars. One of the biggest dangers is its deadly radiation that ruins the planet.
Maybe all the time and money people would pour into a Mars mission would be better spent on more urgent projects here on Earth, like dealing with poverty or climate change. Some experts argue that handling a problem like an asteroid (小行星) strike or a disease outbreak while staying here on Earth would be much easier and less expensive than surviving on a new planet.
In addition, moving to a new planet could harm or destroy anything that already lives there. Mars seems uninhabitable, but micro-organisms could exist on Mars. Human visitors may destroy these lives or permanently change or damage the Martian environment. Some feel that’s too much of a risk to take.
13．Why did the author mention NASA, the United Arab Emirates, SpaceX and Mars One
A．To stress the risk of dying out on Earth.
B．To provide evidence for Hawking’s theory.
C．To show growing intention of moving to Mars.
D．To explain the advanced technology in astronomy.
14．What can we learn from the passage
A．It is costly and risky to colonise Mars.
B．Civilisation is difficult to maintain on Earth.
C．Poverty is the most urgent problem to handle.
D．All the time and money should be spent on Earth.
15．What does the underlined word “uninhabitable” in the last paragraph mean
A．Not steady to keep.
B．Not fit to live on.
C．Not easy to approach.
D．Not safe to set foot on.
16．Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A．Mars, Our Future Planet
B．Moving to a New Planet
C．Should We Colonise Mars
D．Stay Home or Outer Space
【答案】13．C 14．A 15．B 16．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。有些专家认为，为了人类和人类文明的延续，人类应该离开地球，移民去其他星球，尤其是去火星。而另一些人认为这样的计划不仅昂贵而且危险，甚至还会破坏火星的生态。
13．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Many experts feel that the only way for humanity to last far into the future is to colonise (移民于) other planets.(许多专家认为，人类延续到未来的唯一途径是殖民其他星球)”以及“Mars is one of the most attractive destinations. NASA, the United Arab Emirates, the private company SpaceX, and the organisation Mars One all have plans to send humans there.(火星是最具吸引力的目的地之一。美国国家航空航天局、阿拉伯联合酋长国、私营公司SpaceX和‘火星一号’组织都有将人类送往那里的计划)”可知，这么多机构都计划着让人类移民火星，也就是表明了不断增长的移民火星的意图，故选C项。
14．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The most common argument against going is that it’s just too expensive or dangerous.(反对去火星的最普遍的理由是费用太高,太危险了。)”可知，移民去火星费用昂贵而且很危险，故选A项。
15．词义猜测题。根据画线部分所在句“Mars seems uninhabitable, but micro-organisms could exist on Mars.(火星似乎uninhabitable，但微生物可能存在于火星上)”可知，but后表明火星可以提供给微生物生存之地，那么but前说明火星可能无法提供生存的地方，也就是火星可能不适合生存或居住，uninhabitable意为“无法居住的”，故选B项。
16．主旨大意题。文章第一段引出话题，我们可能需要去其他星球来拯救我们自己，第二段表明很多专家支持移民火星的计划，第三段和第四段分析了移民火星的代价和危害。综合这些段落可知，整篇文章就是讨论了我们是不是要移民火星，C项“Should We Colonise Mars (我们应该殖民火星吗？)”符合要求，故选C项。
5.（23-24高三·北京大兴·期中）
Below are several things that will have happened by the mid-point of this century both for the good and bad.
Right now, people are focused on AI potentially causing job losses but the reality could be far worse. George Stakhov said, “By 2050, AI will have profoundly(深刻地) reshaped the world. There is a dark AI future where those who control AI will gain huge power, while 99 percent of the population will be disenfranchised(剥夺权利) .The AI lords will control the world’s data and turn the rest of us into their serfs. The alternative is a bright AI scenario, where everyone benefits from AI through better healthcare, faster transport and less pollution.”
Futurist and former Google engineer Ray Kurzweil says that people will merge with machines by 2025. In an event he describes as the “Singularity”, Kurzweil predicts that by 2045, people will connect their brains to machines. “I have set a date for the Singularity in 2045, which is when we will increase our effective intelligence a billionfold by merging with the intelligence we have created.”
Alien-hunting astronomer Seth Shostak bet fellow astronomers that we should find aliens within two dozen years. That means we could be in contact with ET by 2036. Shostak has since doubled down on his prediction, saying that newer measurements suggest there could be billions of Earth-like worlds. That means if the Earth is the only place with life, it’s like a winner in a lottery where the odds are a billion to one. That may be the strongest argument for life in space.
Soaring humidity (湿度) and heat will lead to heatwaves where it is almost impossible for humans to survive outdoors in areas including South Asia, the Persian Gulf, and the Red Sea. By 2070, this will also be true in areas of Brazil and China. “Wet bulb” temperatures refer to conditions where temperature and humidity are high, making it hard to survive outdoors. Humans can survive temperatures of up to 50℃ when humidity is low, but in high humidity, humans cannot survive because there is no way to cool down by sweating. Even extremely strong and fit people die within hours. Large areas of the Earth might be uninhabitable.
17．What is the dark AI future according to George Stakhov
A．AI will hold power over humans.
B．Humans will earn a basic low wage.
C．Humans will have to serve as AI’s masters.
D．AI will become the owner of the Earth.
18．What is Shostak’s attitude towards the existence of aliens
A．Doubtful. B．Approving. C．Cautious. D．Negative.
19．What is the last paragraph mainly about
A．Heatwaves occur in most areas in the world.
B．High humidity causes people to sweat a lot.
C．Huge areas of the Earth might be uninhabitable.
D．People can’t live in low humidity for a long time.
【答案】17．C 18．B 19．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了本世纪中叶将会发生的一些事情。
17．细节理解题。根据第二段第三四句“There is a dark AI future where those who control AI will gain huge power, while 99 percent of the population will be disenfranchised.The AI lords will control the world’s data and turn the rest of us into their serfs.”（有一个黑暗的人工智能未来，那些控制人工智能的人将获得巨大的权力，而99%的人口将被剥夺公民权，人工智能领主将控制世界的数据，把我们其他人变成他们的奴隶。）说明George Stakhov认为黑暗的人工智能未来指的是一部分人控制了人工智能，成为人工智能的主人，进而导致大部分人沦为少数人的奴隶。故选C项。
18．推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“Alien-hunting astronomer Seth Shostak bet fellow astronomers that we should find aliens within two dozen years.”（寻找外星人的天文学家Seth Shostak和其他天文学家打赌说，我们应该在24年内能内找到外星人。）可知，Shostak对外星生命的存在持赞成的态度。故选B项。
19．主旨大意题。根据最后一段前两句“Soaring humidity and heat will lead to heatwaves where it is almost impossible for humans to survive outdoors in areas including South Asia, the Persian Gulf, and the Red Sea. By 2070, this will also be true in areas of Brazil and China.”（急剧上升的湿度和热量将导致热浪，在南亚、波斯湾和红海等地区，人类几乎不可能在户外生存。到2070年，巴西和中国的部分地区也将如此。）及最后一句“Large areas of the Earth might be uninhabitable.”（地球上的大片地区可能不适合居住。）可知，本段通过介绍地球温度和湿度的变化来说明地球上的大片地区可能不适合居住。故选C项。
6.（2023·河南·模拟预测）
“From wearing silly clothes to holding funny ceremonies, such seemingly bizarre rituals (仪式) can be seen everywhere, and most of them do not seem to serve any obvious purpose,” Dimitris Xygalatas writes at the beginning of his new book Rituals: How Seemingly Senseless Acts Make Life Worth Living.
Then why are humans still in love with such rituals
Some of them are intended to unify the participants. The goose steps practised by the soldiers all around the
world area great example. When we all perform the same actions in a predictable way, as rituals often require, it can create a sense of togetherness and cooperation, which maybe a matter of life and death in the face of danger.
Many rituals originated when humans started living in ever bigger groups, which exposed them to all kinds of violence, disasters and diseases. To prevent such risks from occurring, humans created various rituals. In regions where violence was common and the threat of disaster and disease was high, societies tended to emphasize strict ritualized behaviors, such as body-washing and sexual purity. Of course, not all of them were effective because they didn’t always understand what was causing the risks they were trying to control.
Most of the rituals just provide psychological comfort. Earlier this month, people around the world participated in one of humankind’s largest gathering to celebrate the New Year. The rituals included fireworks, gifts as well as some practices unique to specific cultures, such as cooking black-eyed peas and greens in the southeastern United States, or eating a grape with each midnight clock strike in Spain. In the face of uncertainty, such rituals give the participants some kind of control, which helps boost confidence and reduce anxiety.
However, the variety of rituals can also separate people, particularly when the valued practices of one culture strike another as strange and can not be clearly explained. “So here’s the surprising lesson we have to learn from such seemingly senseless rituals: Do in Rome as the Romans do since working isn’t the real point,” concludes Dimitris Xygalatas.
20．What does the underlined word “bizarre” in paragraph 1 mean
A．Difficult. B．Strange. C．Wonderful. D．Effective.
21．Which ritual just provides psychological comfort
A．Stressing pure sexual relationship. B．Practising goose steps in the army.
C．Eating grapes on New Year’s Eve. D．Washing hands before religious rituals.
22．What is Dimitris Xygalatas’ advice concerning the rituals
A．Respecting them. B．Just following the effective ones.
C．Reducing the variety. D．Introducing better replacements.
23．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A．To argue against Dimitris Xygalatas. B．To review a recently published book.
C．To show the side effects of some rituals. D．To explain the origins and impacts of rituals.
【答案】20．B 21．C 22．A 23．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要剖析了各种仪式背后的社会、宗教及心理基础与影响。
20．词句猜测题。根据画线词前“From wearing silly clothes to holding funny ceremonies(从穿傻乎乎的衣服到举行滑稽的仪式)”可推断，划线词所在句子表示“从穿傻乎乎的衣服到举行有趣的仪式，这种看似奇怪的仪式随处可见”，划线词bizarre的意思是“奇怪的”，和Strange意思相近。故选B。
21．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“Most of the rituals just provide psychological comfort. Earlier this month, people around the world participated in one of humankind’s largest gathering to celebrate the New Year. The rituals included fireworks, gifts as well as some practices unique to specific cultures, such as cooking black-eyed peas and greens in the southeastern United States, or eating a grape with each midnight clock strike in Spain.(大多数仪式只是提供心理安慰。本月早些时候，世界各地的人们参加了人类最大的庆祝新年的聚会之一。这些仪式包括烟花、礼物以及一些特定文化特有的习俗，比如在美国东南部煮黑眼豌豆和绿色蔬菜，或者在西班牙每次午夜钟声敲响时吃一颗葡萄。)”可知在新年前夜吃葡萄只是提供心理安慰。故选C。
22．细节理解题。根据最后一段“‘Do in Rome as the Romans do since working isn’t the real point,” concludes Dimitris Xygalatas.(“入乡随俗，因为工作并不是真正的意义，”Dimitris Xygalatas总结道。)”可知， Dimitris Xygalatas建议大家入乡随俗，尊重不同文化中的仪式。故选A。
23．推理判断题。根据第二段“Then why are humans still in love with such rituals (那么为什么人类仍然热爱这样的仪式呢？)”及后面的细节可知，作者意在剖析各种仪式背后的社会、宗教及心理基础与影响，因此本文的目的是解释仪式的起源和影响。故选D。压轴题05 阅读理解C、D篇
命题预测 分析近几年高考阅读理解C、D篇可知，高考命题中科普说明文一直都是以压轴题的形式存在，着重考查考生对于语篇的理解能力以及信息处理能力。 题材多样，语篇主要来源于英美主流报刊、杂志和网站。内容涉及科技创新发明、人工智能类、医疗健身健康类、社会与文化研究报告、观念事理现象类、环境与保护类、动植物研究等多种领域，具有较强的思想性、趣味性、实际功用性和较强的时代感。 从近年全国卷和各地高考试卷中科普类阅读命题的统计来看，高考阅读理解科普类文章的理论性和逻辑性强、生词多、句式结构复杂。六种命题类型都有所体现。命题尊重语篇的文体特征和行文特点，考查了考生理解说明文语篇的能力，以及灵活运用各种阅读策略提取、归纳所读信息的能力，尤其加大了对概括能力和推断能力等高阶思维能力的考查。预测2024年高考对于科普说明文的考查仍然是重点。
高频考法 推理判断题 标题归纳题 细节理解题 词义猜测题
说明文基本规律及解题要领
高考中科普类阅读理解一般不给标题，反而经常要求考生选择最佳标题。说明文一般采用如下四部分：
首段：一般即是文章的主题段，开门见山点明新发明或研究对象。
背景: 交代问题的现状或研究的起因。
主干: 部分介绍研究所取得的突破，作者往往会详细介绍研究对象、研究方法、研究理论或具体的实验、统计等过程。
结尾: 通常会再次对中心进行概括、重述研究成果、预计的市场未来等与主题呼应。
二、说明文的解题技巧
1. 运用语篇结构（text structure），了解文章大意
科普说明文主题鲜明、脉络清晰，行文结构模式较为固定。弄清文本结构有助于把握文章主旨和阅读重点。观念事理现象类说明文阐述抽象事理、现象的成因、原理、本质、规律等内容。 结构上一般采用上述四个部分，说明手法上常使用以下说明方法：描述法（包括举例子、下定义、列数据等）、因果法、问题与比较法。
实验研究型文章一般会以实验的过程进展为线索，多用描述法、问题与对策法等方法，通过列数据、做对比等来说明新的科学研究发现及其产生的影响。
阅读时，首先用略读法快速浏览每段的首尾句，根据英语说明文思维模式特征，作者一般都会开门见山，直奔主题。结尾通常也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应。因此在做主旨大意、写作意图和最佳标题等题目时，需要重点关注首尾段落里面高频复现的词汇和内容。
2. 定位标志词，分析长难句，进行逻辑推理判断
每一个问题，在原文中，都要有一个定位。然后精读，找出那个标志词或者中心句。根据题干要求，用查读法快速定位到相关段落。再利用标志词所提供的逻辑关系找到细节信息，如列数据、举例子、原因和结果等。如果句子成分复杂，有生词，也不要烦躁退缩，分析主句和从句或非谓语动词之间的关系，一些出现在术语、抽象概念、长难句前后的同义词、近义词等，都是用以理解文章的语境线索。通过这些对长句进行层层剖析，露出主干部分，就能明晰句意，弄懂作者的真实意图。
关注某人说到或推断观点态度题
某人说过的话，有时并不是题眼，但可以从侧面或某个角度来反映作者的观点，也就是作者想表达的，正确答案都是和这样的观点相一致的。要把握关键词，有感彩的词。
4.关注转折关系的逻辑词
说明文中常会出现表示转折意义的词，如however, but, yet,while等。这些词后面才是作者真正想表达的意思，常常会在此处命题。
5. 熟悉选项设置规律，关注细节
正确选项：文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。
干扰项：“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。
05 观念、事理、现象类
1.（2023·浙江·模拟预测）
A new study suggests that mindfulness education — lessons on techniques to calm the mind and body — can reduce the negative effects of stress and increase students’ ability to stay engaged, helping them stay on track academically and avoid behavior problems.
After finding that students who self-reported mindful habits performed better on tests and had higher grades, researchers from the Center for Education Policy Research at Harvard University wanted to know if school-based mindfulness training could help more students reap similar benefits.
They designed a study focusing on sixth-graders in a Boston school. The study showed that sixth-graders who participated in an eight-week mindfulness were less stressed out than their classmates who hadn’t. Practicing mindfulness had helped improve the ability to focus in the moment, expanding students’ capacity to learn and regulate their emotions.
Four times a week, instructors from Calmer Choice, a Massachusetts nonprofit specializing in mindfulness education, taught the group techniques and led them through practices, like focusing on a rock for a minute, then discussing when their mind wandered and refocused on the rock. Another group of sixth-graders took computer coding during that time instead. The students were randomly assigned between the groups.
At the end of the eight weeks, the mindfulness group reported being less stressed than they had been before the mindfulness education, and better able to practice self-control. And their amygdalae, the part of the brain that controls emotion, responded less to pictures of fearful faces than they did prior to the mindfulness work, suggesting their brains were less sensitive to negative stimuli, or, in other words, that they were less likely to get stressed out and lose focus. The group who attended coding classes didn’t see the same benefits.
The findings suggest that the mindfulness instruction helped boost students’ attention skills, as well as develop coping mechanisms for stress. The researchers believe it could be especially useful for schools to support students
suffering from severe mental damage and other adversities that trigger stress in the body, hurting students’ ability to succeed.
1．What was the purpose of the study
A．To examine the techniques for practicing mindfulness.
B．To study the effects of group mindfulness training on students.
C．To see how students help themselves to perform better on tests.
D．To understand why mindfulness training calms the mind and body.
2．How was the study conducted
A．By listing benefits of mindfulness education.
B．By scanning the brain to see how it controls emotions.
C．By teaching different students different mindfulness skills.
D．By comparing two groups of students attending different classes.
3．What change took place after the students practiced mindfulness work
A．They felt easier to stay focused. B．They were better at computer coding.
C．Their mind was wandering more actively. D．Their brains were more aware of negativity.
4．Who are the most possible target readers of the passage
A．Stressful parents. B．Mindful instructors.
C．Emotional students. D．School educators.
2.（2024·全国·二模）
Halloween candy could be in for a California big change. State lawmakers last month passed the California Food Safety Act, which bans four materials found in popular snacks and packaged foods - including candy corm and other Halloween treats. Set to take effect in 2027, the ban will lead candy and food producers to change their formulas for products sold both in California and elsewhere around the country.
The law bans the production and sale of some materials, which are used in processed foods including kinds of instant potatoes and sodas, as well as candies. The additives (添加剂) have been linked to increased risks of cancer and nervous system problems, according to the Environmental Working Group, which started the act, and are already banned in many other countries.
Food producers and their lobbyists (说客) opposed the law, arguing the conclusion that the four additives are
unhealthy should be made by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). They thought that evaluating the safety of food materials and additives should rely on the scientific accuracy of the FDA．But food safety advocates say the FDA has moved far too slowly in regulating food chemicals. It’s unacceptable that the U.S. is so far behind the rest of the world when it comes to food safety.
California’s act made headlines this year as a “Skittles (彩虹糖) ban” that would wipe popular candies off California shelves. But supporters of the act said the intention is simply to require changes in the materials, as has already happened in Europe. Perhaps the most standing-out material on California’s banned list is red dye No. 3. It is allowed only in candied and cocktail cherries in the European Union but more than 3,000 products contain the chemical in the U. S. The list includes items like frosted pretzels and scores of brand-name candies such as Peeps and Pez. It also includes items like fruit cocktail cups, protein drinks, and yogurts.
5．How will Halloween candy in California change
A．It will change its recipes. B．It will transform its shapes.
C．It will move out of California. D．It will disappear completely.
6．What idea do food producers have against the act
A．FDA’s conclusion on the materials is wrong.
B．Four materials are allowed all over the world.
C．The materials’ safety needs to be reassessed.
D．FDA moves too fast in regulating food chemicals.
7．What can we infer about the act supporters’ request about Skittles
A．They demand a complete ban on Skittles.
B．They wish the “Skittles ban” to be headlines.
C．They want to apply European policies to Skittles.
D．They hope more red dye No. 3 is used in Skittles.
8．What is the text mainly about
A．California candy ban. B．Food safety in California.
C．The responsibility of FDA． D．Change of Halloween Candy.
3.（23-24高三·辽宁朝阳·期末）
In an increasingly globalized business world, companies demand Human Resources (HR) leaders who can
overcome cultural barriers to achieve key goals. This year, students in the Master of Human Resources and Industrial Relations (MHRIR) Program will get hands-on experience leading multicultural teams as they work together with peers (同辈) from all corners of the globe.
“Our students get firsthand experience on global teams, which helps them understand the challenges and the opportunities they will face in the business world,” said MHRIR Program Director Stacy Hove.
Elishka Correa joined the program to explore how HR leaders can help businesses grow quickly in the global marketplace. “Companies appreciate diversity — not only in terms of products and markets, but the people they hire — so that they can expand their business and reach customers in different parts of the world,” she said. “When I go into an organization, I’m not only going to work with Indians or Americans, it’s going to be a mix of people. That trend is beginning to grow, so I think it’s very important to appreciate people from different backgrounds.”
As they progress through the program, the students are discovering unexpected challenges as they work on projects in diverse teams. Each contributor brings a different approach to solving problems, communicating, and challenging one another’s opinions.
Devin Roll, a student from North Dakota, appreciating the unique views his classmates share, said, “The benefits of having cross-cultural experiences go far beyond the classroom. Diverse teams and companies outperform their competitors, and HR leaders act as a vital partner in acquiring and maintaining diversity in the workforce.”
Many of the international students in the program said they would return to their home countries after graduation and bring along connections to their classmates, who would build careers (职业) in countries around the world. They hope to stay in touch, and share their expert knowledge.
9．What is the aim of the program
A．To help students to set clear goals.
B．To provide jobs for foreign students.
C．To teach students to run their own business.
D．To train students to build multicultural teams.
10．Which statement about cultural diversity does Elishka Correa probably agree with
A．It prevents social advance. B．It makes it easy to hire people.
C．It can help business growth. D．It can put an end to the conflict.
11．What does Devin Roll think of the effect of the program
A．It is predictable. B．It is short-lived. C．It is unidentifiable. D．It is far-reaching.
12．What do many students expect to do after graduation according to the text
A．Work for the university. B．Keep closely connected.
C．Stay in their home countries. D．Reform teaching methods.
4.（2023·全国·单元测试）
“We are running out of space and the only places to go to are other worlds... Spreading out may be the only thing that saves us from ourselves. I’m convinced that humans need to leave the earth.” These are the words of the famous scientist Stephen Hawking, spoken at a science festival in Norway in 2017, a year before his death.
Hawking was not alone in this view. Many experts feel that the only way for humanity to last far into the future is to colonise (移民于) other planets. That way, if a terrible disease, nuclear war or some other disasters strike the earth, civilisation as we know it would still have a chance. Mars is one of the most attractive destinations. NASA, the United Arab Emirates, the private company SpaceX, and the organisation Mars One all have plans to send humans there. “Either we spread the earth to other planets, or we risk going extinct,” SpaceX founder Elon Musk said at a conference in 2013.
But not everyone agrees that colonising Mars or any other planet is such a great plan. The most common argument against going is that it’s just too expensive or dangerous. It will take huge amounts of money and other resources just to get people there,let alone set up a place for them to live. It’s not even clear if humans could survive on Mars. One of the biggest dangers is its deadly radiation that ruins the planet.
Maybe all the time and money people would pour into a Mars mission would be better spent on more urgent projects here on Earth, like dealing with poverty or climate change. Some experts argue that handling a problem like an asteroid (小行星) strike or a disease outbreak while staying here on Earth would be much easier and less expensive than surviving on a new planet.
In addition, moving to a new planet could harm or destroy anything that already lives there. Mars seems uninhabitable, but micro-organisms could exist on Mars. Human visitors may destroy these lives or permanently change or damage the Martian environment. Some feel that’s too much of a risk to take.
13．Why did the author mention NASA, the United Arab Emirates, SpaceX and Mars One
A．To stress the risk of dying out on Earth.
B．To provide evidence for Hawking’s theory.
C．To show growing intention of moving to Mars.
D．To explain the advanced technology in astronomy.
14．What can we learn from the passage
A．It is costly and risky to colonise Mars.
B．Civilisation is difficult to maintain on Earth.
C．Poverty is the most urgent problem to handle.
D．All the time and money should be spent on Earth.
15．What does the underlined word “uninhabitable” in the last paragraph mean
A．Not steady to keep.
B．Not fit to live on.
C．Not easy to approach.
D．Not safe to set foot on.
16．Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A．Mars, Our Future Planet
B．Moving to a New Planet
C．Should We Colonise Mars
D．Stay Home or Outer Space
5.（23-24高三·北京大兴·期中）
Below are several things that will have happened by the mid-point of this century both for the good and bad.
Right now, people are focused on AI potentially causing job losses but the reality could be far worse. George Stakhov said, “By 2050, AI will have profoundly(深刻地) reshaped the world. There is a dark AI future where those who control AI will gain huge power, while 99 percent of the population will be disenfranchised(剥夺权利) .The AI lords will control the world’s data and turn the rest of us into their serfs. The alternative is a bright AI scenario, where everyone benefits from AI through better healthcare, faster transport and less pollution.”
Futurist and former Google engineer Ray Kurzweil says that people will merge with machines by 2025. In an event he describes as the “Singularity”, Kurzweil predicts that by 2045, people will connect their brains to machines. “I have set a date for the Singularity in 2045, which is when we will increase our effective intelligence a billionfold by merging with the intelligence we have created.”
Alien-hunting astronomer Seth Shostak bet fellow astronomers that we should find aliens within two dozen years. That means we could be in contact with ET by 2036. Shostak has since doubled down on his prediction, saying that newer measurements suggest there could be billions of Earth-like worlds. That means if the Earth is the only place with life, it’s like a winner in a lottery where the odds are a billion to one. That may be the strongest argument for life in space.
Soaring humidity (湿度) and heat will lead to heatwaves where it is almost impossible for humans to survive outdoors in areas including South Asia, the Persian Gulf, and the Red Sea. By 2070, this will also be true in areas of Brazil and China. “Wet bulb” temperatures refer to conditions where temperature and humidity are high, making it hard to survive outdoors. Humans can survive temperatures of up to 50℃ when humidity is low, but in high humidity, humans cannot survive because there is no way to cool down by sweating. Even extremely strong and fit people die within hours. Large areas of the Earth might be uninhabitable.
17．What is the dark AI future according to George Stakhov
A．AI will hold power over humans.
B．Humans will earn a basic low wage.
C．Humans will have to serve as AI’s masters.
D．AI will become the owner of the Earth.
18．What is Shostak’s attitude towards the existence of aliens
A．Doubtful. B．Approving. C．Cautious. D．Negative.
19．What is the last paragraph mainly about
A．Heatwaves occur in most areas in the world.
B．High humidity causes people to sweat a lot.
C．Huge areas of the Earth might be uninhabitable.
D．People can’t live in low humidity for a long time.
6.（2023·河南·模拟预测）
“From wearing silly clothes to holding funny ceremonies, such seemingly bizarre rituals (仪式) can be seen everywhere, and most of them do not seem to serve any obvious purpose,” Dimitris Xygalatas writes at the beginning of his new book Rituals: How Seemingly Senseless Acts Make Life Worth Living.
Then why are humans still in love with such rituals
Some of them are intended to unify the participants. The goose steps practised by the soldiers all around the world area great example. When we all perform the same actions in a predictable way, as rituals often require, it can create a sense of togetherness and cooperation, which maybe a matter of life and death in the face of danger.
Many rituals originated when humans started living in ever bigger groups, which exposed them to all kinds of violence, disasters and diseases. To prevent such risks from occurring, humans created various rituals. In regions where violence was common and the threat of disaster and disease was high, societies tended to emphasize strict ritualized behaviors, such as body-washing and sexual purity. Of course, not all of them were effective because they didn’t always understand what was causing the risks they were trying to control.
Most of the rituals just provide psychological comfort. Earlier this month, people around the world participated in one of humankind’s largest gathering to celebrate the New Year. The rituals included fireworks, gifts as well as some practices unique to specific cultures, such as cooking black-eyed peas and greens in the southeastern United States, or eating a grape with each midnight clock strike in Spain. In the face of uncertainty, such rituals give the participants some kind of control, which helps boost confidence and reduce anxiety.
However, the variety of rituals can also separate people, particularly when the valued practices of one culture strike another as strange and can not be clearly explained. “So here’s the surprising lesson we have to learn from such seemingly senseless rituals: Do in Rome as the Romans do since working isn’t the real point,” concludes Dimitris Xygalatas.
20．What does the underlined word “bizarre” in paragraph 1 mean
A．Difficult. B．Strange. C．Wonderful. D．Effective.
21．Which ritual just provides psychological comfort
A．Stressing pure sexual relationship. B．Practising goose steps in the army.
C．Eating grapes on New Year’s Eve. D．Washing hands before religious rituals.
22．What is Dimitris Xygalatas’ advice concerning the rituals
A．Respecting them. B．Just following the effective ones.
C．Reducing the variety. D．Introducing better replacements.
23．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A．To argue against Dimitris Xygalatas. B．To review a recently published book.
C．To show the side effects of some rituals. D．To explain the origins and impacts of rituals.

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