资源简介

押上海卷71题
概要写作
【题型解读】
概要写作是2017年上海英语高考的新增题型。从定义出发，概要写作即用简洁的语言概述文章的主比内容。从特点而言，其一强调语言的简洁性；其二要求摒弃作者自己的观点或评论，完全遵循文本的观点；其三要求用作者独立的语言，杜绝照搬原文词句。就其功能而言，不仅训练学习者抓住文章主旨信息的力，也有助于提升学习者简洁、清晰、有效地表达观点的能力，这对于之后的工作学习都有实用性功能。
就上海英语高考概要写作的文本而言，往往以说明文、记叙文或调查研究类文本呈现，字数在300，题材可读性强，往往是与生活息息相关或代表当今新科技或生活导向，考查学生在有限的时间内，在60字以内缩写的综合能力。
【答题点津】
概要写作主要考查的是提炼和概括，概括占据了关键性的地位；测试考生主体信息的把握能力和段落梳理的概括能力，测试考生释义和词句转换的语言能力。在进行概要写作时，考生应该遵循如下步骤：
1、通读全文，梳理段落结构。
概要写作不仅是具体信息的堆砌，更多的是提炼信息形成独立文本。
2、区别主要信息和次要信息。
有人认为定义、举例、引用为次要信息，这个观点有失偏颇，如2017年高考shyness，有同学认为第三自然段的Japan是举例，所以只收录了第一句topic sentence，而放弃了后面整段内容，导致失分。
3、不拘一格释义关键词句。
概要写作不可用原文词句，所以考生需要通过各种方式方法诠释文本词句，如同义词法，词性转换法，句式转换抑或是巧妙运用语法规则。
4、校对审查。
和其他写作一样，概要写作也需要考生的审查和校对，检查是否存在拼写语法错误，是否超过字数，是否已把所有要点收录进去，是否存在使用原文词句等等。
1．【2023年6月上海英语高考真题】
Teenagers should be pulled of the sofa
For many years, scientists thought that the human brain was fully mature before the teen years. They thought that a person's brain growth was complete and the structure was more or less fixed by the age of 3. However, more recent research shows that although the brain reaches its maximum size between the ages of 12 and 14, brain development is not yet complete.
The brain's functionally different sections communicate with each other through synapses- connections between nerve(神经)cells.Scientists have found that synapses grow or die away, depending on how much they are used to process information,
The good news is that teenagers do have the potential, through choice and behavior , to shape their brain development. The brain automatically gets rid of the synapses that it doesn't need in order to make the remaining ones more efficient. During the time the brain is removing synapses , the cells and connections that are used survive, while the ones that are not used die away. For example , if a teenager is doing music , sports or academic studies, those are the cells and connections that will become part of the brain's operating system. But unfortunately, if he or she is lying on the sofa, watching TV and playing computer games, those are the brain cells and connections that will remain into adulthood. Therefore, what you do with your teenage years could have an effect on the rest of your life,
What is important is that learning how synapses grow or die away can help teenagers be better equipped to make more intelligent choices, thus motivating them to take a moment before acting to consider the consequences of their actions. If you don't want to become an adult who is buried in the sofa all day long, pull yourself out of it when you are still a teenager.
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写作思路如下：
引入话题：简述多年来科学家对青少年大脑发展的误解。
描述大脑发展的事实：12至14岁是大脑大小的峰值，但大脑发展还未完成。
解释突破：描述突破性研究，指出突触（synapses）的增长或减少取决于信息处理的使用程度。
青少年选择的重要性：强调青少年可以通过选择和行为塑造大脑发展。
举例说明：使用音乐、运动、学术研究与电视和电脑游戏作为对比，说明对应的大脑细胞和连接会留存。
结论与建议：强调了解突触如何增长或消失可以帮助青少年做出更明智的选择，鼓励他们在青少年时期摆脱不良习惯。
【答案答案01】
71.The passage discusses how teenage brain development is not yet complete, contrary to previous beliefs. It emphasizes that teenagers can influence their brain development through their choices and behaviors. Activities like music, sports, and academic studies strengthen brain connections, while sedentary activities like watching TV weaken them. Understanding this can encourage teenagers to make smarter choices for their future.
【答案答案02】
71.: Teenagers' brain development is not complete during adolescence, and their choices and behaviors can shape their brain development. The brain eliminates unused synapses to enhance efficiency. Engaging in productive activities like music, sports, or academics can strengthen brain connections, while passive activities like watching TV may limit brain development. Understanding this process can help teenagers make intelligent choices for a healthier future.
【答案答案03】
71. Research finds teenagers’ brain is sill developing. Synapses connect nerve cells and enable different brain parts to make communication. They grow when used and disappear if unused. What teenagers choose to do determines what cells and connections survive into adulthood, thus affecting their adult life. This knowledge of synapses can help teenagers make wiser choices.
解析：本篇概要写作的结构为说明文，行文结构比较清楚，方便学生寻找到文章主旨以及段落主旨。文章标题为：Teenagers should be pulled of the sofa（青少年应远离沙发）。文章大概内容为：专家建议青少年不
要老躺在沙发上，而应该多听音乐，多参加运动等活动。本篇概要写作的内容较容易理解，文章结构很容易把控，主旨句也很容易快速找到。
2．【2022年7月上海英语高考真题】
Is there a correlation between high IQ and creative genius Really , the phrasing of the question contradicts very much correlation, as “creativity” is in no way measured through IQ standardized testing , and creativity is the greatest determinant of a genius as , like you say , it is genius. Innovation upon any subject requires a drive to create.
As ones IQ increases, there is an increased probability that they are a genius because their level of creativity has a higher probability of ascending( 升高) them to genius level. However if the odds are against them, there is an average probability that they are a genius since they are average percent genius. This is because genius and IQ are composed of different mental constructs as IO measures a standard comprehension level , while creativity measures the way in which this comprehension is used, For example , if your IQ is 180 , the percentage that you are genius is subtracted by the amount of creativity necessary to become a genius. This is inductive of the influence that the brain has on awareness, The brain gains perceptive awareness upon "creating’ thoughts in a continuous cyclic process, and if you were very "intelligent”but could not generate thoughts. you could not be an intellectual being. However one who is alive can never stop thinking, so the correlation of 1Q and genius would objectively appear as a negative exponential function.
There are few exceptionally creative people out there.just as there are few exceptionally intelligent people, and one does not occur with the other. Possessing a high level of intelligence is a platform of understanding for the creative thinking skills to make up originality. When one bears informal thinking skills, they typically occupy heightened intuitive awareness, and vivid imaginative qualities. Critical thinking skills allow one to make sense of the resultant creative output within its surrounding context of knowledge.
However, not all“geniuses”from our subjective intelligence range necessarily have high levels of creativity. One's level of intelligence can be so high that their platform of understanding generalizes ideas where a genius with lower levels of intelligence must use creativity in order to attain a sort of qualitative equivalence. Examples of people like this throughout history include the likes of John von Neumann and Christopher Langan.
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【参考答案】
71.The higher a person's IQ, the more likely he is to be a genius, IQ measures standard level of comprehension, while creativity measures how comprehension is used. relationship between intelligence and genius is objectively a negative exponential function. Extremely creative people and extremely smart people don't coexist.
【三写】
第一个要写是我们一定要一句话去对应一个段落，你观察所有的参考答案和文章，基本上都是一句和一段去对应的，如果这个段特别长，你当然可以分两句，但是一句话至少能对到一个段落，大概是肯定是没有问题的（除非这个段很短）
第二个要写就是一句话，它至少要涵盖一个新的对象词，有的时候一大段话都在论述一个观点，就完全没有必要重新去给这个同一个对象词的句子新写一句话，因为我们只有60词的范围。
第三个要写就是连接词处，一定要去注意它后面的观点，基本上一个连接词就会有一个新的句子产生。除非像例子连词个别however/although这种细节反例非常短，就一个句子就可以忽略它。
【六不写】
第一个不要写就是论述句、解释句千万不要写，因为它只是在讲前面的观点，如果你觉得里面的内容很有含金量，你就一个非常简短的状状语结构或者是形容词，比如fond / similar 合到前面的观点去就好了。
第二个不要写就是条件句，如果是论述旧观点就不要写，但如果是有新对象词核心句就要写，但注意要改成陈述句写。
第三个不要写就是下义词不要写，不要写非常具体的，比如说杨杨浦区的_________，那这种你就应该用上一词_______去对应替换，不需要写的这么具体。
第四个就是否定句慎写，因为基本上否定观点都只是在对他想要论证的正面内容进行批判，除非它本身就是一个文章论证观点。
第五个不要写就是不要连写超过三个原文中的词，这个是很多老师强调的一个改分原则，如果超过则会扣分。
第六个就是反论证的内容要对比写，不要单单独写成一个大观点或单据，而是要去两个对比，用while
或者although连接，比如说啊，2019秋考，还有24杨浦一模的，这个都是非常有特点的。反认真对比写的情况。
【2024·宝山区·二模】
Before you head out to a run event where there will be many people, you should be aware of the dangers of a crowd crush.
Though the risk of crowd crush is rare, it can be deadly when it happens. Crowd crush occurs when many people are packed together and begin to fall over one another. In the past, such instances have caused horrible injury and even death. To avoid such a fate, it's best to escape the crush before it happens.
Before attending a crowded event, look up a map of the venue. This will give you an idea of the surroundings - pay special attention to any exits. Once you arrive, choosing the right spot can be crucial. Avoid the middle or front; instead, pick the back or edges of a crowd. It's also important to trust your feelings. Stay aware to see if you feel packed in at any point. The more crowded the event becomes, the sooner you may need to retreat to a safe place.
If you do end up in a crush, here's how you can stay safe. The most important thing you can do is stay on your feet. To do this, spread your feet apart and bend your knees a little. Also make sure to move with the flow of the crowd. Trying to move against a crowd of people will only end in disaster.
Helping others is another great way to keep everyone safe. Once one person falls down, more people tend to fall over them. So if your neighbor in the crowd falls to the ground, help them up.
A common cause of death in a crowd crush isn't being crushed but rather losing air. It's best to hold out your arms in front of your chest. This allows space between you and the person in front of you. It also protects your chest and lungs from being crushed on the ground should you fall.
There is usually fun where the crowds are, so enjoy yourself. But remember to stay alert!
【答案】
It’s about how to keep safe in a crowd crush. Make a good preparation beforehand, remembering exits in case of retreat. Once in a crowd, avoid falling down, move with the crowd and help each other. Moreover, hold out your arms to breathe and protect your chest and lungs. Anyway, be alert in such events.
【2024·崇明区·二模】
Microplastics: Out of Sight, Out of Mind
People joke that someone suffering from paranoia (妄想症) sees danger everywhere, thinking someone is out to get him. In the case of microplastics, you don’t need to have paranoia to be worried about them being everywhere, because they basically are!
What exactly are microplastics They are particles (颗粒) of any type of plastic that are less than 5 millimeters in diameter (直径). They have resulted from the plastic pollution widespread in the world today.
When plastic is exposed to environmental forces, it breaks down into these tiny particles, which, in turn, do not disappear but continue to exist for hundreds or even thousands of years. Every piece of plastic that has ever been made is still on Earth today, except for what has been burned. Often mistaken for food, plastics and microplastics in oceans and on beaches are often consumed by marine animals, which is harmful. Research has linked microplastics to cancer and other problems in animals.
Whatever you think about these particles, taking them in is easier than you think. When you heat food in a plastic dish in the microwave, microplastics get into your food. The water from a plastic water bottle contains the particles as well. After taking surveys of microplastics in air, water and seafood, scientists estimate that people may easily be eating 5 grams of plastic a week. Researchers don’t know yet if or how this will affect humans. Microplastics have been found in human tissue samples, and no one yet knows how long they stay in the human body or what problems may arise.
Not until the amount of plastic waste in the world is reduced will microplastics decrease. So, while the evidence is still missing of the effect microplastics have on people’s health, reusing and recycling plastic is a no-brainer.
【答案】
Microplastics, which are tiny particles of plastic and form when plastic breaks down, are everywhere. They hardly disappear and have caused many problems to marine animals. Humans also take them in unconsciously each day. Though we remain unsure about microplastics’ effect on our health, we’d better reuse and recycle plastic to reduce plastic waste.
【2024·虹口区·二模】
Why Ear-worms Get Stuck in Your Head
We all get a sensation when a song, for no apparent reason, refuses to leave your head – in fact we’re no strangers to the dreaded “ear-worm.” But a new study published in Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity and the Arts reveals a fascinating insight into ear-worms, and why some songs are better than others in sticking in our heads by investigating the actual elements of the song that make it catchy in the first place.
To do this, most frequent ear-worms of the participants were entered into a database and compared to songs that had never been reported as an ear-worm at all. The melodic features of the tunes were then analyzed, revealing that ear-worm tunes were typically those songs that have overall melodic shapes common in Western pop music. A classic example of a common contour（音调的升降曲线）pattern is heard in Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star, where the first phrase rises in pitch and the second falls. This makes the tune easy to remember and has been exploited in many other nursery rhymes, but also in pop music.
In addition to the melodic shape, the other ingredient to the ear-worm formula is the unusual interval structure. The aim of this is to surpass the listener’s expectations of an average pop song, showing unexpected leaps or more repeated notes than usual. “Our findings show that you can, to some extent, predict which songs are going to get stuck in people’s heads based on the song’s melodic content,” says one of the researchers, “This could help song-writers or advertisers write a jingle（短歌）everyone will remember for days or months afterwards.”
The authors conclude that studies of ear-worms can help explain how the brain works, and improve our understanding in how perception, emotions, memory and spontaneous thoughts behave in different people.
【答案】
A study dives into the lingering effect of earworms. By comparing ear-worms and other songs, researchers find that earworms share common melodic shapes easy to remember. Besides, unique interval structures including surprising leaps and repeated notes also help form earworms. To conclude, the study may help us understand the brain’s working mechanism in different people.
【2024·金山区·二模】
The ingredients of love
In modern times, finding love seems more central to people’s lives. Then, researchers wonder, can love, a highly valued emotional state, be created
To help determine the ingredients of attraction, one research paired 164 college classmates and had them talk for 3, 6 or 10 minutes to get a sense of each other’s individuality. Then students were asked to predict what kind of relationship they might build with their partners. After nine weeks, they reported what happened. Reports showed
their initial judgments often held true. All these students seemed to distinguish at an early stage who would best fit into their lives.
Scientists have also turned to nonhumans to increase understanding of attraction. Many animals give off pheromones — natural chemicals that can be detected by, and then can produce a response in, other animals of the same species. Pheromones can signal that an animal is either ready to fight or is feeling open to partnerships. In contrast, humans do not seem to be as gifted as other animals at detecting such chemicals. Smell, however, does seem to play a part in human attraction. Although we may not be aware of chemicals like pheromones consciously, we give and receive loads of information through smell in every interaction with other people.
Being fond of someone seems to have a number of factors, including seeing something we find attractive. Researchers had people judge faces for attractiveness. The participants had 0.013 seconds to view each face, yet somehow they generally considered the images the same as people who had more time to study the same faces. The way we assess attractiveness seems to be somewhat automatic. When shown an attractive face and then words with good or bad associations, people responded to positive words faster after viewing an attractive face. Seeing something attractive seems to cause happy thinking.
【答案】
Researchers are studying what may create love. One possible factor is the first impressions when people meet and talk to each other, no matter how long the talk lasts. The second key is the smell, through which people get information about others, just like what animals do with pheromones. Last, good appearance also matters and can cause positive thinking.
【2024·闵行区·二模】
Have You Got Success Amnesia
Have you heard yourself say “it was nothing really” when someone congratulates you on a job well done Or have you drawn a blank when you are asked to make a list of what you have achieved If so, you have suffered success amnesia. Failing to acknowledge your hard work is often a sign of success amnesia. It signals that there might be a gap between how others view your achievements and how you see them.
People who have success amnesia often have a strong track record at work or get it sorted for family members. They are people who others would describe as successful and yet they find it difficult to acknowledge and own their results. They don’t hold their achievements in their memory bank.
This particular type of memory loss robs them of the satisfaction and pleasure that can follow in achieving a goal. And, perhaps more importantly, it robs them of confidence. Confidence does not guarantee success, but it does increase the chance of success. Why not try some practical methods
Ask for feedback about the impact you’ve had and then listen carefully. Watch out for anything that you begin to tell yourself “It wasn’t that big a deal.” Try to absorb what you hear. You can also look back over the past 6 or 12 months, capture every success you can think of, whether large or small, and write them down clearly. Purposefully acknowledging and admitting your achievements can help to bring them into more realistic focus. Besides, be mindful that you have a tendency to forget or minimize your achievements. A sticky note on your laptop screen might help: my strengths and achievements are bigger than they appear to me.
【答案】
内容分细则：
5分：在满足3分的基础上，还能完整表述第4段描述的3个措施中的任意2个：
1）Accept other people’s views toward the impact you’ve made.
2）Note down all the success you’ve made.
3）Make sure you can notice your advantages and achievements.
4分：在满足3分的基础上，还能完整表述第4段描述的3个措施中的任意1个：
1）Accept other people’s views toward the impact you’ve made.
2）Note down all the success you’ve made.
3）Make sure you can notice your advantages and achievements.
3分：必须概述全文三个要点，表述可多样）：
1）“成功健忘症”的定义：第1、2段
Success amnesia refers to a phenomenon that those who play a vital role in job and life often fail to acknowledge their effort and accomplishments.
2）“成功健忘症”的危害：第3段
People suffering success amnesia will witness a decline in their fulfillment and confidence.
3）“成功健忘症”的解决方法 第4段
There are three ways to tackle success amnesia./To tackle success amnesia...
2分：只写到3个要点中的两点
1分：只写到3个要点中的一点
【2024·浦东新区·二模】
Paying Allowances for Completing Chores
The practice of paying children an allowance became popular in America about 100 years ago. Nowadays, American kids on average receive about $800 per year in allowance. But the vast majority of American parents who pay allowance tie it to the completion of housework. Although many parents believe that paying an allowance for completing chores benefits their children, a range of experts expressed concern that tying allowance very closely to chores may not be ideal. In fact, the way chores work in many households worldwide points to another way.
Suniya Luthar, a psychologist, is against paying kids for chores. Luthar is not opposed to giving allowances, but she thinks it’s important to establish that chores are done not because they will lead to payment, but because they keep the household running. Luthar’s suggested approach to allowance is compatible with that of writer Ron Lieber, who advises that allowances be used as a means of showing children how to save, give, and spend on things they care about. “Kids should do chores,” he writes, “for the same reason adults do, because the chores need to be done, and not with the expectation of compensation.”
This argument has its critics, but considering the way chores are undertaken around the world may change people’s thinking. Professor David Lancy of Utah State University has studied how families around the world handle chores. At about 18 months of age, Lancy says, most children become eager to help their parents, and in many cultures, they begin helping with housework at that age. They begin with very simple tasks, but their responsibilities gradually increase. And they do these tasks without payment. Lancy contrasts this with what happens in America. “We deny our children’s attempts to help until they are 6 or 7 years old,” Lancy says, “when many have lost the desire to help and then try to motivate them with payment. The solution to this problem is not to try to use money as a stimulus to do housework, but to get children involved in housework much earlier, when they actually want to do it.”
【答案】
Paying children allowances for chores is quite common in America. However, critics hold that chores are necessary for the maintenance of household and that they shouldn’t be tied to payment. In contrast with many other cultures, where children are involved in housework at early ages without payment, critics propose Americans shifting from financial incentives to intrinsic motivation for household contributions.
【2024·普陀区·二模】
How to Stay on Task
“In many activities, it is difficult to maintain a high level of focus over time. Our research asks why this is the case,” said Matthew K. Robison, assistant professor of psychology at the University of Texas at Arlington. Although humans generally perform fine in situations that require sustained attention, they are often distracted, which can lead to inattention. Common distractions can be anything from thinking about a new romantic interest to reacting to a car honking. Most inattention has minor consequences like forgetting to forward an email or pick up an item at the grocery store. However, other inattention can lead to serious consequences, such as a train operator not reacting to an incident, a surgeon forgetting a step in an operation or an individual forgetting to turn off an oven.
“Sustaining attention can be easier said than done, as attention fluctuates(波动) across short and long intervals,” Robison said. One of the most common approaches to studying inattention has been to examine response time to a variety of tasks. For this study, Robison and colleagues employed more than 100 participants to complete reaction time tasks for about 25 minutes. In a standard control condition, participants were simply told to respond as quickly as possible on each trial. “In this condition, reaction times systematically increased across time, consistent with the idea that task focus was decreasing,” Robison said. “However, when we gave them specific goals to pursue and made those goals harder over time, they did not show that effect.”
The drop in concentration goes some way to explaining why we remember or forget the moment and why some people remember better than others. Robison and colleagues at the University of Oregon have also published a new study on maintaining attention. The results provide evidence that a simple and easily implementable change in behavior — setting specific goals for oneself — can significantly improve our ability to maintain task focus over time. “Setting a specific goal will increase sustained attention and reduce inattention,” said Robison based on his studies.
【答案】
Research shows that setting a specific goal increases sustained attention. It is hard to maintain a high level of concentration in many activities. People are often distracted, resulting in poor concentration, with minor or serious consequences. Attention fluctuates between short and long intervals, and the shorter the reaction time is, the greater the concentration will be.
【2024·松江区·二模】
Why Willing to Wait
First it was the fried chicken. Then a variety of fancy milkshakes. No matter what time it is or how bad the streets smell, there are plenty of people waiting in line for hours to get their hands on the food that everyone’s talking about. If you are not the type of person crazy for trendy foods, you probably wonder why someone would like to wait in a long line just to get a taste of a popular cream tea. There is a bit of psychology behind the craze of waiting before getting one’s chopsticks on a trendy food.
People are born curiosity hunters, especially for fresh ideas, according to some experts. At the sight of a long waiting line, they just can’t help having a try. And when the trendy foods are novel in looks and favors, even innovative in their sales environment, the desire for them is upgraded. All those stimulate people to investigate more—to deal with their curiosity.
In addition, having access to something that is sought out but hard to possess equips people with a feeling that improves their self-definitions. When someone is envied due to something he gained with efforts, his self-worth gets enhanced. Although it is yet to be determined whether the number of likes he receives on the photos of foods he’s posted online is connected with the level of envy from on-lookers, that feeling automatically becomes stronger.
Even more, “mob psychology” comes into play: when many people are doing something—waiting in line for the sought-after milkshakes, for instance —others are eager to be part of the group and share such a type of social familiarity, kind of like the natural pursuit of a sense of belonging. Tasting the same wait-worthy food has something in common.
【答案】
Many people are keen on lining up for popular foods for some psychological reasons. First, people have the tendency to satisfy their curiosity, especially for something new. Additionally, people find themselves more valued when owning something hard to get. Last, people naturally want to be part of a community.押上海卷71题
概要写作
【题型解读】
概要写作是2017年上海英语高考的新增题型。从定义出发，概要写作即用简洁的语言概述文章的主比内容。从特点而言，其一强调语言的简洁性；其二要求摒弃作者自己的观点或评论，完全遵循文本的观点；其三要求用作者独立的语言，杜绝照搬原文词句。就其功能而言，不仅训练学习者抓住文章主旨信息的力，也有助于提升学习者简洁、清晰、有效地表达观点的能力，这对于之后的工作学习都有实用性功能。
就上海英语高考概要写作的文本而言，往往以说明文、记叙文或调查研究类文本呈现，字数在300，题材可读性强，往往是与生活息息相关或代表当今新科技或生活导向，考查学生在有限的时间内，在60字以内缩写的综合能力。
【答题点津】
概要写作主要考查的是提炼和概括，概括占据了关键性的地位；测试考生主体信息的把握能力和段落梳理的概括能力，测试考生释义和词句转换的语言能力。在进行概要写作时，考生应该遵循如下步骤：
1、通读全文，梳理段落结构。
概要写作不仅是具体信息的堆砌，更多的是提炼信息形成独立文本。
2、区别主要信息和次要信息。
有人认为定义、举例、引用为次要信息，这个观点有失偏颇，如2017年高考shyness，有同学认为第三自然段的Japan是举例，所以只收录了第一句topic sentence，而放弃了后面整段内容，导致失分。
3、不拘一格释义关键词句。
概要写作不可用原文词句，所以考生需要通过各种方式方法诠释文本词句，如同义词法，词性转换法，句式转换抑或是巧妙运用语法规则。
4、校对审查。
和其他写作一样，概要写作也需要考生的审查和校对，检查是否存在拼写语法错误，是否超过字数，是否已把所有要点收录进去，是否存在使用原文词句等等。
1．【2023年6月上海英语高考真题】
Teenagers should be pulled of the sofa
For many years, scientists thought that the human brain was fully mature before the teen years. They thought that a person's brain growth was complete and the structure was more or less fixed by the age of 3. However, more recent research shows that although the brain reaches its maximum size between the ages of 12 and 14, brain development is not yet complete.
The brain's functionally different sections communicate with each other through synapses- connections between nerve(神经)cells.Scientists have found that synapses grow or die away, depending on how much they are used to process information,
The good news is that teenagers do have the potential, through choice and behavior , to shape their brain development. The brain automatically gets rid of the synapses that it doesn't need in order to make the remaining ones more efficient. During the time the brain is removing synapses , the cells and connections that are used survive, while the ones that are not used die away. For example , if a teenager is doing music , sports or academic studies, those are the cells and connections that will become part of the brain's operating system. But unfortunately, if he or she is lying on the sofa, watching TV and playing computer games, those are the brain cells and connections that will remain into adulthood. Therefore, what you do with your teenage years could have an effect on the rest of your life,
What is important is that learning how synapses grow or die away can help teenagers be better equipped to make more intelligent choices, thus motivating them to take a moment before acting to consider the consequences of their actions. If you don't want to become an adult who is buried in the sofa all day long, pull yourself out of it when you are still a teenager.
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2．【2022年7月上海英语高考真题】
Is there a correlation between high IQ and creative genius Really , the phrasing of the question contradicts very much correlation, as “creativity” is in no way measured through IQ standardized testing , and creativity is the greatest determinant of a genius as , like you say , it is genius. Innovation upon any subject requires a drive to create.
As ones IQ increases, there is an increased probability that they are a genius because their level of creativity has a higher probability of ascending( 升高) them to genius level. However if the odds are against them, there is an average probability that they are a genius since they are average percent genius. This is because genius and IQ are composed of different mental constructs as IO measures a standard comprehension level , while creativity measures the way in which this comprehension is used, For example , if your IQ is 180 , the percentage that you are genius is subtracted by the amount of creativity necessary to become a genius. This is inductive of the influence that the brain has on awareness, The brain gains perceptive awareness upon "creating’ thoughts in a continuous cyclic process, and if you were very "intelligent”but could not generate thoughts. you could not be an intellectual being. However one who is alive can never stop thinking, so the correlation of 1Q and genius would objectively appear as a negative exponential function.
There are few exceptionally creative people out there.just as there are few exceptionally intelligent people, and one does not occur with the other. Possessing a high level of intelligence is a platform of understanding for the creative thinking skills to make up originality. When one bears informal thinking skills, they typically occupy heightened intuitive awareness, and vivid imaginative qualities. Critical thinking skills allow one to make sense of the resultant creative output within its surrounding context of knowledge.
However, not all“geniuses”from our subjective intelligence range necessarily have high levels of creativity. One's level of intelligence can be so high that their platform of understanding generalizes ideas where a genius with lower levels of intelligence must use creativity in order to attain a sort of qualitative equivalence. Examples of people like this throughout history include the likes of John von Neumann and Christopher Langan.
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【三写】
第一个要写是我们一定要一句话去对应一个段落，你观察所有的参考答案和文章，基本上都是一句和一段去对应的，如果这个段特别长，你当然可以分两句，但是一句话至少能对到一个段落，大概是肯定是没有问题的（除非这个段很短）
第二个要写就是一句话，它至少要涵盖一个新的对象词，有的时候一大段话都在论述一个观点，就完全没有必要重新去给这个同一个对象词的句子新写一句话，因为我们只有60词的范围。
第三个要写就是连接词处，一定要去注意它后面的观点，基本上一个连接词就会有一个新的句子产生。除非像例子连词个别however/although这种细节反例非常短，就一个句子就可以忽略它。
【六不写】
第一个不要写就是论述句、解释句千万不要写，因为它只是在讲前面的观点，如果你觉得里面的内容很有含金量，你就一个非常简短的状状语结构或者是形容词，比如fond / similar 合到前面的观点去就好了。
第二个不要写就是条件句，如果是论述旧观点就不要写，但如果是有新对象词核心句就要写，但注意要改成陈述句写。
第三个不要写就是下义词不要写，不要写非常具体的，比如说杨杨浦区的_________，那这种你就应该用上一词_______去对应替换，不需要写的这么具体。
第四个就是否定句慎写，因为基本上否定观点都只是在对他想要论证的正面内容进行批判，除非它本身就是一个文章论证观点。
第五个不要写就是不要连写超过三个原文中的词，这个是很多老师强调的一个改分原则，如果超过则会扣分。
第六个就是反论证的内容要对比写，不要单单独写成一个大观点或单据，而是要去两个对比，用while或者although连接，比如说啊，2019秋考，还有24杨浦一模的，这个都是非常有特点的。反认真对比写的情况。
【2024·宝山区·二模】
Before you head out to a run event where there will be many people, you should be aware of the dangers of a crowd crush.
Though the risk of crowd crush is rare, it can be deadly when it happens. Crowd crush occurs when many people are packed together and begin to fall over one another. In the past, such instances have caused horrible injury and even death. To avoid such a fate, it's best to escape the crush before it happens.
Before attending a crowded event, look up a map of the venue. This will give you an idea of the surroundings - pay special attention to any exits. Once you arrive, choosing the right spot can be crucial. Avoid the middle or front; instead, pick the back or edges of a crowd. It's also important to trust your feelings. Stay aware to see if you feel packed in at any point. The more crowded the event becomes, the sooner you may need to retreat to a safe place.
If you do end up in a crush, here's how you can stay safe. The most important thing you can do is stay on your feet. To do this, spread your feet apart and bend your knees a little. Also make sure to move with the flow of the crowd. Trying to move against a crowd of people will only end in disaster.
Helping others is another great way to keep everyone safe. Once one person falls down, more people tend to fall over them. So if your neighbor in the crowd falls to the ground, help them up.
A common cause of death in a crowd crush isn't being crushed but rather losing air. It's best to hold out your arms in front of your chest. This allows space between you and the person in front of you. It also protects your chest and lungs from being crushed on the ground should you fall.
There is usually fun where the crowds are, so enjoy yourself. But remember to stay alert!
【2024·崇明区·二模】
Microplastics: Out of Sight, Out of Mind
People joke that someone suffering from paranoia (妄想症) sees danger everywhere, thinking someone is out to get him. In the case of microplastics, you don’t need to have paranoia to be worried about them being everywhere, because they basically are!
What exactly are microplastics They are particles (颗粒) of any type of plastic that are less than 5 millimeters in diameter (直径). They have resulted from the plastic pollution widespread in the world today.
When plastic is exposed to environmental forces, it breaks down into these tiny particles, which, in turn, do not disappear but continue to exist for hundreds or even thousands of years. Every piece of plastic that has ever
been made is still on Earth today, except for what has been burned. Often mistaken for food, plastics and microplastics in oceans and on beaches are often consumed by marine animals, which is harmful. Research has linked microplastics to cancer and other problems in animals.
Whatever you think about these particles, taking them in is easier than you think. When you heat food in a plastic dish in the microwave, microplastics get into your food. The water from a plastic water bottle contains the particles as well. After taking surveys of microplastics in air, water and seafood, scientists estimate that people may easily be eating 5 grams of plastic a week. Researchers don’t know yet if or how this will affect humans. Microplastics have been found in human tissue samples, and no one yet knows how long they stay in the human body or what problems may arise.
Not until the amount of plastic waste in the world is reduced will microplastics decrease. So, while the evidence is still missing of the effect microplastics have on people’s health, reusing and recycling plastic is a no-brainer.
【2024·虹口区·二模】
Why Ear-worms Get Stuck in Your Head
We all get a sensation when a song, for no apparent reason, refuses to leave your head – in fact we’re no strangers to the dreaded “ear-worm.” But a new study published in Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity and the Arts reveals a fascinating insight into ear-worms, and why some songs are better than others in sticking in our heads by investigating the actual elements of the song that make it catchy in the first place.
To do this, most frequent ear-worms of the participants were entered into a database and compared to songs that had never been reported as an ear-worm at all. The melodic features of the tunes were then analyzed, revealing that ear-worm tunes were typically those songs that have overall melodic shapes common in Western pop music. A classic example of a common contour（音调的升降曲线）pattern is heard in Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star, where the first phrase rises in pitch and the second falls. This makes the tune easy to remember and has been exploited in many other nursery rhymes, but also in pop music.
In addition to the melodic shape, the other ingredient to the ear-worm formula is the unusual interval structure. The aim of this is to surpass the listener’s expectations of an average pop song, showing unexpected leaps or more repeated notes than usual. “Our findings show that you can, to some extent, predict which songs are going to get stuck in people’s heads based on the song’s melodic content,” says one of the researchers, “This could help
song-writers or advertisers write a jingle（短歌）everyone will remember for days or months afterwards.”
The authors conclude that studies of ear-worms can help explain how the brain works, and improve our understanding in how perception, emotions, memory and spontaneous thoughts behave in different people.
【2024·金山区·二模】
The ingredients of love
In modern times, finding love seems more central to people’s lives. Then, researchers wonder, can love, a highly valued emotional state, be created
To help determine the ingredients of attraction, one research paired 164 college classmates and had them talk for 3, 6 or 10 minutes to get a sense of each other’s individuality. Then students were asked to predict what kind of relationship they might build with their partners. After nine weeks, they reported what happened. Reports showed their initial judgments often held true. All these students seemed to distinguish at an early stage who would best fit into their lives.
Scientists have also turned to nonhumans to increase understanding of attraction. Many animals give off pheromones — natural chemicals that can be detected by, and then can produce a response in, other animals of the same species. Pheromones can signal that an animal is either ready to fight or is feeling open to partnerships. In contrast, humans do not seem to be as gifted as other animals at detecting such chemicals. Smell, however, does seem to play a part in human attraction. Although we may not be aware of chemicals like pheromones consciously, we give and receive loads of information through smell in every interaction with other people.
Being fond of someone seems to have a number of factors, including seeing something we find attractive. Researchers had people judge faces for attractiveness. The participants had 0.013 seconds to view each face, yet somehow they generally considered the images the same as people who had more time to study the same faces. The way we assess attractiveness seems to be somewhat automatic. When shown an attractive face and then words with good or bad associations, people responded to positive words faster after viewing an attractive face. Seeing something attractive seems to cause happy thinking.
【2024·闵行区·二模】
Have You Got Success Amnesia
Have you heard yourself say “it was nothing really” when someone congratulates you on a job well done Or have you drawn a blank when you are asked to make a list of what you have achieved If so, you have suffered
success amnesia. Failing to acknowledge your hard work is often a sign of success amnesia. It signals that there might be a gap between how others view your achievements and how you see them.
People who have success amnesia often have a strong track record at work or get it sorted for family members. They are people who others would describe as successful and yet they find it difficult to acknowledge and own their results. They don’t hold their achievements in their memory bank.
This particular type of memory loss robs them of the satisfaction and pleasure that can follow in achieving a goal. And, perhaps more importantly, it robs them of confidence. Confidence does not guarantee success, but it does increase the chance of success. Why not try some practical methods
Ask for feedback about the impact you’ve had and then listen carefully. Watch out for anything that you begin to tell yourself “It wasn’t that big a deal.” Try to absorb what you hear. You can also look back over the past 6 or 12 months, capture every success you can think of, whether large or small, and write them down clearly. Purposefully acknowledging and admitting your achievements can help to bring them into more realistic focus. Besides, be mindful that you have a tendency to forget or minimize your achievements. A sticky note on your laptop screen might help: my strengths and achievements are bigger than they appear to me.
【2024·浦东新区·二模】
Paying Allowances for Completing Chores
The practice of paying children an allowance became popular in America about 100 years ago. Nowadays, American kids on average receive about $800 per year in allowance. But the vast majority of American parents who pay allowance tie it to the completion of housework. Although many parents believe that paying an allowance for completing chores benefits their children, a range of experts expressed concern that tying allowance very closely to chores may not be ideal. In fact, the way chores work in many households worldwide points to another way.
Suniya Luthar, a psychologist, is against paying kids for chores. Luthar is not opposed to giving allowances, but she thinks it’s important to establish that chores are done not because they will lead to payment, but because they keep the household running. Luthar’s suggested approach to allowance is compatible with that of writer Ron Lieber, who advises that allowances be used as a means of showing children how to save, give, and spend on things they care about. “Kids should do chores,” he writes, “for the same reason adults do, because the chores need to be done, and not with the expectation of compensation.”
This argument has its critics, but considering the way chores are undertaken around the world may change people’s thinking. Professor David Lancy of Utah State University has studied how families around the world handle chores. At about 18 months of age, Lancy says, most children become eager to help their parents, and in many cultures, they begin helping with housework at that age. They begin with very simple tasks, but their responsibilities gradually increase. And they do these tasks without payment. Lancy contrasts this with what happens in America. “We deny our children’s attempts to help until they are 6 or 7 years old,” Lancy says, “when many have lost the desire to help and then try to motivate them with payment. The solution to this problem is not to try to use money as a stimulus to do housework, but to get children involved in housework much earlier, when they actually want to do it.”
【2024·普陀区·二模】
How to Stay on Task
“In many activities, it is difficult to maintain a high level of focus over time. Our research asks why this is the case,” said Matthew K. Robison, assistant professor of psychology at the University of Texas at Arlington. Although humans generally perform fine in situations that require sustained attention, they are often distracted, which can lead to inattention. Common distractions can be anything from thinking about a new romantic interest to reacting to a car honking. Most inattention has minor consequences like forgetting to forward an email or pick up an item at the grocery store. However, other inattention can lead to serious consequences, such as a train operator not reacting to an incident, a surgeon forgetting a step in an operation or an individual forgetting to turn off an oven.
“Sustaining attention can be easier said than done, as attention fluctuates(波动) across short and long intervals,” Robison said. One of the most common approaches to studying inattention has been to examine response time to a variety of tasks. For this study, Robison and colleagues employed more than 100 participants to complete reaction time tasks for about 25 minutes. In a standard control condition, participants were simply told to respond as quickly as possible on each trial. “In this condition, reaction times systematically increased across time, consistent with the idea that task focus was decreasing,” Robison said. “However, when we gave them specific goals to pursue and made those goals harder over time, they did not show that effect.”
The drop in concentration goes some way to explaining why we remember or forget the moment and why some people remember better than others. Robison and colleagues at the University of Oregon have also published a new study on maintaining attention. The results provide evidence that a simple and easily implementable change
in behavior — setting specific goals for oneself — can significantly improve our ability to maintain task focus over time. “Setting a specific goal will increase sustained attention and reduce inattention,” said Robison based on his studies.
【2024·松江区·二模】
Why Willing to Wait
First it was the fried chicken. Then a variety of fancy milkshakes. No matter what time it is or how bad the streets smell, there are plenty of people waiting in line for hours to get their hands on the food that everyone’s talking about. If you are not the type of person crazy for trendy foods, you probably wonder why someone would like to wait in a long line just to get a taste of a popular cream tea. There is a bit of psychology behind the craze of waiting before getting one’s chopsticks on a trendy food.
People are born curiosity hunters, especially for fresh ideas, according to some experts. At the sight of a long waiting line, they just can’t help having a try. And when the trendy foods are novel in looks and favors, even innovative in their sales environment, the desire for them is upgraded. All those stimulate people to investigate more—to deal with their curiosity.
In addition, having access to something that is sought out but hard to possess equips people with a feeling that improves their self-definitions. When someone is envied due to something he gained with efforts, his self-worth gets enhanced. Although it is yet to be determined whether the number of likes he receives on the photos of foods he’s posted online is connected with the level of envy from on-lookers, that feeling automatically becomes stronger.
Even more, “mob psychology” comes into play: when many people are doing something—waiting in line for the sought-after milkshakes, for instance —others are eager to be part of the group and share such a type of social familiarity, kind of like the natural pursuit of a sense of belonging. Tasting the same wait-worthy food has something in common.

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