资源简介

被 动 语 态
一、语态概述
语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语的关系。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示（ 主语是动作的执行者 ），即是主语在做这个动作；被动语态表示（ 主语是动作的承受者 ），即动作的对象。
主动句：He plants trees in spring.
被动句：Trees are planted by him in spring.
二、被动语态的构成
被动语态由（ be动词+动词的过去分词 ）构成。若要特别强调动作或行为的执行者时，句子后边需接（by...，译为“被(由)……”）。被动语态的句子有时态、人称、数的变化，这个变化都由（ 助动词be ）来承担。
☆主动语态变被动语态
谓语主动变被动，be +“过分”来使用；
宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟；
无论时态是哪种，都在be上来变动。
1. 把主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语；
2. 把主动句的谓语变为被动句的“be +动词过去分词”，（时态要跟原主动语态一致）；
3. 主动句的主语变为被动句中介词by的宾语（或省略），
主动句：People play football all over the world.
被动句：Football are played all over the world (by people)
.
特殊结构的被动语态
1. 双宾语结构的被动语态 （直物间人）
主动句：My teacher gives me a lot of books.
主语 谓语 间宾 直宾
被动句：(1) I am given a lot of books by my teacher.
A lot of books are given to me by my teacher.
主动句： I buy Tom a pencil.
主语 谓语 间宾 直宾
被动句：(1) Tom is bought a pencil (by me)
(2) A pencil is bought for Tom (by me).
主动结构中如果有两个宾语，变成被动结构时，只将其中一个宾语变成主语，另一个宾语保留不变（即：变一留一）。如果把间接宾语变成主语，原来的直接宾语仍然作宾语；如果把直接宾语变成主语，间接宾语前要加介词to或for。
被动结构：主语(sb.)+be +v-ed + 直接宾语(sth.) + by sb.
主语(sth.)+be +v-ed + to/for+ 间接宾语(sb.) + by sb.
间接宾语前需要加for的动词：(buy, sing, find, get, cook, make, offer等)。
间接宾语前需要加to的动词：(give, tell, lend, show, pass, hand等)。
2. 含复合宾语的被动语态
当主动结构中含有复合宾语，即“宾语+宾语补足语”时，变成被动语态时只将宾语变成主语，而宾补原封不动。
① We all call the boy Li Hua. → The boy is called Li Hua (by us all).
② We see the boy sleeping.→ The boy is seen sleeping (by us).
③ The teacher asks the students to come early.
→ The students are asked to come early (by the teacher).
（考点）
主动句中感官动词“一感觉(feel)”；“两听(hear, listen to)”；“三使(make, let, have)”；“四看(see, watch, look, notice)”； help(半帮助，因为后面的to可要可不要)等后跟省略to的不定式，变为被动句时，应加上不定式符号to。
She helps her sister clean the washroom.
→Her sister is helped to clean the washroom (by her).
She makes her daughter play the piano every day.
→Her daughter is made to play the piano every day (by her).
3. 含有短语动词的被动语态
“动词+介词/副词”构成的短语动词，变成被动句时，要把它们作为整体看待，介词或副词不可与动词拆开或漏掉。如look at, look for, put up等。
1.They look after the babies . →The babies are looked after (by them).
2.They take good care of the babies in the hospital.
→The babies are taken good care of in the hospital (by them).
三、被动语态的用法(主要用于以下几种情况)
1. 强调动作的承受者。
This novel is liked by most young people.
2. 不知道动作的执行者或者没有必要提及执行者。
The book is written for children.
3. 在科技论文中，强调客观事实。
When it is cold enough, water will be turned into ice.
4. 有些动词习惯上常用被动语态。
New York is thought to be the busiest city.

教材中与被动语态相关的一些短语/句型:
短语：
get dressed(穿衣) get hurt(受伤) get lost(迷路) get married(结婚)
be covered with (被…覆盖) be made of （由…制成）（看得出原材料）
be made by （由某人制造） be made from （由…制成）（看不出原材料）
be made in （由某地制造） be used for （被用于…）
be used as （被当作…使用） be used to do （被用于做...）
be regarded as... be seen as... be considered as... be thought to (be)...
被认为是……；被看作是……；被视为……
句型:
It is said that...（据说…） It is hoped that...（希望…）
It is reported that...（据报道…） It is well known that...(众所周知...)
It is believed that...（人们认为）
四、主动形式表被动意义的几种情况
在英语中，主动表示被动含义的情况
（1）动词open, read, sell, write, lock, clean, wash等的主语为物时。
write well/smoothly 写起来顺滑
read well 读起来朗朗上口
wash well/easily 很容易洗
sell well 卖得好，畅销
The cloth washes well.
（2）“主语+连系动词+表语”的句子无被动语态（系动词主表被）。
Oh, the milk tastes strange.
（3）“主语+谓语”结构的句子无被动语态
（4）be (well) worth + doing形容词worth (意为“值……”)
This book is so good that it is worth reading. 这本书很好，值得读两遍。
（5）want/need/require + doing = want/need/require to be done 需要被……
The red flower needs watering. = The red flower needs to be watered.
（6）there be 句型没有被动语态。
主动：Whitcomb Judson invented the zipper in 1893.
被动：The zipper was invented by Whitcomb Judson in 1893.
The zipper wasn’t invented by Whitcomb Judson in 1893.
Was the zipper invented by Whitcomb Judson in 1893
Yes, it was. / No, it wasn’t.
主动：The teacher asked us to clean the reading room.
We were asked to clean the reading room by the teacher.
We weren’t asked to clean the reading room by the teacher.
Were you asked to clean the reading room by the teacher
Yes, we were. / No, we weren’t.
练习：对句子划线部分提问
(1) The personal computer was invented by Ted Hoff in 1971.
___________________________________________________________________
(2) The personal computer was invented by Ted Hoff in 1971.
___________________________________________________________________
(3) The car was invented by Karl Benz in 1986 in Germany.
___________________________________________________________________
(4) The car was invented by Karl Benz in 1986 in Germany.
___________________________________________________________________
练习
I．用括号中动词的适当形式填空。
1. Some presents ____________(buy) by my sister for me every birthday.
2. The treasure box ____________(hide) somewhere in the city 100 years ago.
3. When she did some shopping, her money ____________(steal).
4. Li Ming ____________(ask) to attend the meeting yesterday.
5. Why ________ Australia ________ (call) “a country on sheep’s back”
6. All these books and clothes _______________(give) away to the children
next week.
7. There was a snowstorm yesterday and the ground ____________(cover) by thick
snow.
8. I will go with you when my homework ____________(finish).
动词的时态和语态
　　英语时态用共有十六种时态，其中常用的有8种，它们是：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时和过去将来时。
时态 主动 被动
一般现在时 do/does; am/is/are（无被动） I eat apples. She eats apples. am/is/are+done Apples are eaten by me.
一般过去时 did; was/were（无被动） I/She ate apples. was/were+done Apples were eaten by me.
一般将来时 will+do shall+do（用于一人称） am/is/are going to+do be about to do I/She/they will eat apples. will be +done Apples will be eaten by me.
现在进行时 am/is/are+doing I am eating apples. She is eating apples. They are eating apples. am/is/are being +done Apples are being eaten by me.
过去进行时 was/were+doing I was eating apples. She was eating apples. They were eating apples. was/were being +done Apples were being eaten by me.
现在完成时 have/has+done I have eaten apples. She has eaten apples. have/has been+done Apples have been eaten by me. An apple has been eaten by me.
过去完成时 had+done I had eaten apples. She had eaten apples. had been+done Apples had been eaten by me.
（一般）过去将来时 would+do should+do（用于一人称） was/were going to +do was/were about to do I/She/they would eat apples. would be +done Apples would be eaten by me.被 动 语 态
一、语态概述
语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语的关系。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，即是主语在做这个动作；被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即动作的对象。
主动句：He plants trees in spring.
被动句：Trees are planted by him in spring.
☆主动语态变被动语态
谓语主动变被动，be +“过分”来使用；
宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟；
无论时态是哪种，都在be上来变动。
1. 把主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语；
2. 把主动句的谓语变为被动句的“be +动词过去分词”，（时态要跟原主动语态一致）；
3. 主动句的主语变为被动句中介词by的宾语（或省略），
My uncle repaired the TV set yesterday. 昨天我叔叔修理了那台电视机。
The TV set was repaired (by my uncle) yesterday. 那台电视机昨天被(我叔叔)修理了。
二、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be+(及物)动词的过去分词”构成。若要特别强调动作的执行者时，句子后边需接by...，译为“被(由)……”。助动词be有时态、人称、数的变化。被动语态中的动词一定是及物动词或构成及物动词短语的词语。
特殊结构的被动语态
1. 双宾语结构的被动语态 （直物间人）
主动句：My teacher gives me a lot of books.
主语 谓语 间宾 直宾
被动句：(1) I am given a lot of books by my teacher.
A lot of books are given to me by my teacher.
主动句： I buy Tom a pencil.
主语 谓语 间宾 直宾
被动句：(1) Tom is bought a pencil (by me)
(2) A pencil is bought for Tom (by me).
主动结构中如果有两个宾语，变成被动结构时，只将其中一个宾语变成主语，另一个宾语保留不变（即：变一留一）。如果把间接宾语变成主语，原来的直接宾语仍然作宾语；如果把直接宾语变成主语，间接宾语前要加介词to或for。
被动结构：主语(sb.)+ be + v-ed +直接宾语(sth.) + by sb.
主语(sth.)+be + v-ed + to/for+ 间接宾语(sb.) + by sb.
间接宾语前需要加for的动词：buy, sing, catch, find, get, cook, make, offer等。
间接宾语前需要加to的动词：, give, pass, show, write, tell, lend, send等。
2. 复合宾语的被动语态
主动结构中含有复合宾语，即“宾语+宾语补足语”时，变成被动语态时只将宾语变成主语，而宾补原封不动，只不过成了主语补足语。
① We all call the boy Li Hua. → The boy is called Li Hua (by us all).
② We see the boy sleeping.→ The boy is seen sleeping (by us).
③ The teacher asks the students to come early.
→ The students are asked to come early (by the teacher).
（考点）
复合宾语是由“宾语+不带to的动词不定式”构成，这类动词常见的有：see,
watch, notice, look at, observe(五看)；let, have, make(三（让）使役)；hear, listen to(二听)；feel(一感觉)；help(半帮助，因为后面的to可要可不要)。在主动结构中，其宾补是不带to的不定式，但变成被动语态时，宾补已变成主补，因此不定式的符号to要恢复。
①I saw him go there. →He was seen to go there (by me).
②We heard him sing in the next room just now.
→He was heard to sing in the next room just now (by us).
③She makes her daughter play the piano every day.
→Her daughter is made to play the piano every day (by her).
④He often makes his sister cry but this time he is made to cry by his sister.
⑤They observed Jim go home. →Jim was observed to go home (by them).
【记忆口诀】
五看加上三使役，二听一感半帮助；
动词不定式作宾补，切记to词要删除；如果宾补变主补，注意to词要恢复。
【注】①notice，watch和have不常用于被动结构。
②let后跟单音节不定式做主语补足语时可不带to。
We were let go. 但我们通常说：We were allowed to go.
3.. 含有短语动词的被动语态
不及物动词不能跟宾语，因此不能用于被动语态，但“不及物动词+介词/副词”构成的短语动词相当于及物动词，可以有宾语，因而也可以用于被动语态。要注意的是，这样的短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变成被动语态时不可丢掉介词或副词。如look at, look for, look after, take care of, take off, send for等。
①This story was happened in July, 2015. (×)
This story happened in July, 2015. (√)
②You must take good care of the dictionary. (√)
The dictionary must be taken good care of. (√)
1.They look after the babies . →The babies are looked after (by them).
2.They take good care of the babies in the hospital.
→The babies are taken good care of in the hospital (by them).
4. 带宾语从句的句子
带宾语从句的句子变为被动语态时，应用形式主语it。
People say that water is all around the city.
→It’s said that water is all around the city.
三、被动语态的用法
用 法 示 例
不知道谁是动作的执行者，省略by短语 ①—Look! What an old palace! It looks so great! —Yeah, it was built nearly 800 years ago. ②—Did you go to the his birthday party yesterday —No, I wasn’t invited.
没有必要说、不想说或众所周知动作的执行者，省略by短语 Drivers shouldn’t be allowed to drive after drinking, or they will break the law.
强调动作的承受者，句尾加by短语 ①Thousands of houses destroyed by the floods in Guangxi last month. ②Haibao was designed by two artists, one from Shanghai and the other from Taiwan.
动作的发出者不是人而是物时 Many houses were washed away by the floor. 许多房屋被洪水冲走了。
在上下文中，为了使句子间连接紧密 I have a new motorbike. It was given to me as a birthday present by my father.
在新闻报道中，为了表明报道的客观性而避免主观性的透露 A car accident happened on the high way this morning. Three men were killed, the wounded were taken away to hospital at once and the policemen were sent there to cope with the event.
在科技论文中，强调客观事实 ①When it is cold enough, water will be turned into ice. ②So far, the moon has been visited by people several times.
某些习惯用法以被动语态形式出现 ①I am very interested in watching English movies. ②She was seated by the window. ③He is dressed very well . ④Marcia was born in Malaysia in 1995. ⑤My teacher must be satisfied with my behavior, for there was a big smile on his face.
四、主动形式表被动意义的几种情况
在英语中，主动表示被动含义的情况
动词write, grow, sell, wear, cut, drive, burn, drive, wash, clean, open等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征，且它们的主语为物时，其主动形式常用来表达被动含义。这些词通常与well, easily等副词连用。
The tickets cost too much and sold badly. 这些票太贵了，销路不好。
Meat cuts easily. 肉____________。
Ripe oranges peel easily. 成熟的橘子很容易________。
The novel reads very well. 这本小说____________很有趣。
This shirt will wear very long. 这件衬衫可以____________。
This kind of pen writes very smoothly. 这种钢笔写起来很________。
He is a famous writer and his books sell well.
他是一位著名的作家，他的书很________。
2. “主语+连系动词+表语”的句子无被动语态。（系动词主表被）
The cloth feels soft. 这布料摸起来很软。
His cake tastes good. 他的蛋糕味道很好。
Good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口
Enough sleep is good for health. If you stay up for your favourite TV program, y
ou will feel sleepy.
足够的睡眠对健康有好处。你如果熬夜看最喜欢的电视节目，将会感到困倦。
3. be (well) worth + doing形容词worth (意为“值……”)
This book is so good that it is worth reading. 这本书很好，值得读两遍。
want/need/require + doing = want/need/require to be done 需要被做……
The red flower needs watering. = The red flower needs to be watered.
4. 有些进行时和介词短语结构
有些进行时，形式上主动，但含被动之意；有些介词短语作表语，主动形式表示被动意义。
The book is printing. = The book is being printed. 这本书正在印刷中。
The house is building. = The house is being built. 这栋房子正在建造中。
The dire was finally under control. 大火最终被控住了。
The question is now under discussion. 这个问题正在被讨论中。
All these ancient temples are under repairs. 所有这些古庙正在修复中。
there be 句型没有被动语态。
其他情况
当nice, easy, hard, difficult, important, impossible, interesting等形容词后跟不定式作状语，而句子的主语有时动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这是不定式的主动形式表达被动含义。当动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，不定式的主动形式也表达被动含义。
The physics problem is not difficult to work out. 这个物理问题并不难弄懂。
They might feel they have too much work to do sometimes, or think the rules are too strict.
有时候他们会觉得他们有太多的动作要干，或者认为这些规章制度太严格了。
教材中与被动语态相关的一些短语/句型:
短语：
get dressed(穿衣) get hurt(受伤) get lost(迷路) get married(结婚)
be covered with (被…覆盖) be made of （由…制成）（看得出原材料）
be made by （由某人制造） be made from （由…制成）（看不出原材料）
be made in （由某地制造） be used for （被用于…）
be used as （被当作…使用） be used to do （被用于做...）
be regarded as... be seen as... be considered as... be thought to (be)...
被认为是……；被看作是……；被视为……
句型:
It is said that...（据说…） It is hoped that...（希望…）
It is reported that...（据报道…） It is well known that...(众所周知...)
It is believed that...（人们认为）
主动：Whitcomb Judson invented the zipper in 1893.
被动：The zipper was invented by Whitcomb Judson in 1893.
The zipper wasn’t invented by Whitcomb Judson in 1893.
Was the zipper invented by Whitcomb Judson in 1893
Yes, it was. / No, it wasn’t.
主动：The teacher asked us to clean the reading room.
We were asked to clean the reading room by the teacher.
We weren’t asked to clean the reading room by the teacher.
Were you asked to clean the reading room by the teacher
Yes, we were. / No, we weren’t.
练习：对句子划线部分提问
(1) The personal computer was invented by Ted Hoff in 1971.
Who/Whom was the personal computer invented by in 1971
(2) The personal computer was invented by Ted Hoff in 1971.
When was the personal computer invented by Ted Hoff
(3) The car was invented by Karl Benz in 1986 in Germany.
What was invented by Karl Benz in 1986 in Germany ______________
(4) The car was invented by Karl Benz in 1986 in Germany.
Where was the car invented by Karl Benz in 1986
练习
I．用括号中动词的适当形式填空。
1. Some presents ____________(buy) by my sister for me every birthday.
2. The treasure box ____________(hide) somewhere in the city 100 years ago.
3. When she did some shopping, her money ____________(steal).
4. Li Ming ____________(ask) to attend the meeting yesterday.
5. Why ________ Australia ________ (call) “a country on s sheep’s back”
6. All these books and clothes _______________(give) away to the children
next week.
7. There was a sandstorm yesterday and the ground ____________(cover) by thick
snow.
8. I will go with you when my homework ____________(finish).
II. 将下列句子改成被动语态。
1. They should do it at once.
____________________________________________________________________
2. We built the bridge last year.
_____________________________________________________________________
She has found her lost handbags.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. My uncle showed me his new photo.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Her mother told her not to waste time on fishing.
_____________________________________________________________________
参考答案
I．用括号中动词的适当形式填空。
1. are bought 2. was hidden 3. was stolen 4. was asked
5. is, called 6. can’t be taken 7. was covered 8. is finished
9. have been learned 10. will be given
II. 单项选择。
11-15. CDABD 16-20. DACCB 21-25. BCDAD 26-30. ABCDC
III. 将下列句子改成被动语态。
31. It should be done at once (by them).
32. You are likely to let down (by him).
33. The bridge was built last year (by us).
34. Her lost handbags have been found (by her).
35. The letter may be written in pencil (by you).
36. I was showed my uncle’s new photo (by him).
/ My uncle’s new photo was showed to me (by him).
37. English is spoken in many countries (by people).
38. Clothes and foods are often talked about by women.
39. She was told not to waste time on fishing (by her mother).
动词的时态和语态
　　英语时态用共有十六种时态，其中常用的有8种，它们是：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时和过去将来时。
时态 主动 被动
一般现在时 do/does; am/is/are（无被动） I eat apples. She eats apples. am/is/are+done Apples are eaten by me.
一般过去时 did; was/were（无被动） I/She ate apples. was/were+done Apples were eaten by me.
一般将来时 will+do shall+do（用于一人称） am/is/are going to+do be about to do I/She/they will eat apples. will be +done Apples will be eaten by me.
现在进行时 am/is/are+doing I am eating apples. She is eating apples. They are eating apples. am/is/are being +done Apples are being eaten by me.
过去进行时 was/were+doing I was eating apples. She was eating apples. They were eating apples. was/were being +done Apples were being eaten by me.
现在完成时 have/has+done I have eaten apples. She has eaten apples. have/has been+done Apples have been eaten by me. An apple has been eaten by me.
过去完成时 had+done I had eaten apples. She had eaten apples. had been+done Apples had been eaten by me.
（一般）过去将来时 would+do should+do（用于一人称） was/were going to +do was/were about to do I/She/they would eat apples. would be +done Apples would be eaten by me.

展开更多......

收起↑