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点拨易错 攻克难点 专题6 ：阅读理解与七选五（学生版）
易错点一：不熟悉正确项中的同义转述、简化概括
调研 1：
Biological age might help determine your quality of life as you get older, since your cells and organs have ages varying from your regular age. Many aging-research scientists believe that knowing your biological age could help you postpone or avoid age-related illnesses , and better predict an individual's lifespan(寿命). Other scientists argue that there's no standard way to measure biological age. At the center of the debate are hopes that people can extend their lives by changing their behaviors.
Since everybody's genes(基因) are different, tracking your biological age could help determine your most helpful habits and customize them. People can also attempt to lower their biological age through ways of effectively managing stress.
Q: What can people do after knowing their biological ages
A.Improve their calendar ages to prevent diseases.
B.Determine ways to effectively manage stress.
C.Get personalized nutrition plan to improve health
D. Lengthen their lives by changing their conduct
调研2:
Metzner's recording career began with moment of realization in the 1970s, when he first ventured onto the campus of UMass Amherst equipped with a stereo recorder, a microphone and earphones. Metzner recalled pushing the red button and hearing a lifelike symphony: a couple walking and talking nearby, a bicycle riding through gravel , a bird flying overhead and bells in the distance.
" And I was going like, ‘Wow , this is amazing. What an extraordinary coincidence!’"he recalled. " But it wasn't a coincidence - this stuff was happening all the time, I just hadn't been paying attention to it. And it was the microphone and the recorder that said, ‘Wake up... you live in a world of sound. Here it is.’ And it was, like , handing it to me on a platter."
Q:What inspired Metzner to take up the recording career
A.A symphony he heard on the campus of UMass Amherst
B.A sound-rich moment on the campus of UMass Amherst
C.A realization that he was well equipped with recording devices.
D. A coincidence that he happened to be waken up by the recorder.
易错点二： 忽视干扰项中的偷换概念，曲解原意
调研1: Recent studies suggest global food production is responsible for one-third of all planet-heating emissions, with the use of animals for meat accounting for twice the pollution of producing plant based foods. Forests that absorb carbon dioxide are cut down for raising animals while fertilisers used for growing their feed are rich in nitrogen(氮), which can contribute to air and water pollution, climate change and ozone depletion(臭氧损耗). Livestock also produces large quantities of methane，a powerful greenhouse gas.
A Dutch city will become the first in the world to ban meat advertisements from public spaces in an effort to reduce consumption and greenhouse gas emissions
Haarlem, which lies to the west of Amsterdam and has a population of about 160 ,000, will pass the prohibition from 2024 after meat was added to a list of products thought to contribute to the climate crisis. Ads will not be allowed on Haarlem's buses , shelters and screens in public spaces, prompting the complaint from the meat sector that local authority is “going too far in telling people what's best for them”.
Ziggy Klazes , who drafted the proposal banning meat advertising, said she had no known the city would be the world's first to enforce such a policy when she proposed it. She told a radio channel: " We do not prohibit what people are baking and roasting in their own kitchen; if people wanted to continue eating meat, fine. ...We can't tell people there's aclimate crisis and encourage them to buy products that are part of the cause."
Q:Why does Haarlem intend to ban meat advertisements
A. To take the lead in cutting emissions.
B. To switch food to plant-based food.
C. To stop advocating eating meat publicly.
D.To contribute to the climate crisis.
调研 2： Cory’s shearwaters are long-lived,rarely producing young successfully before age nine. This leaves an opening for learning and practice to develop their migration patterns. Researchers call this the " exploration-refinement"，and until now it has been hypothetical(假设的) because of dificulties in tracking migratory animals’ movements.
But a team of researchers has done that by attaching small geolocators to more than 150 of the birds aged four to nine. They found that younger birds traveled longer distances , for longer periods, and had more diverse paths than older birds. " We finally have evidence of the 'exploration-refinement’ for migratory birds," says Letizia Campioni, who led the study. Younger Cory's shearwaters are able to fly just as fast as the adults -- but they do not, suggesting that the young do more exploring, which gradually fades as they mature and settle into a preferred course.
Although it may seem less efficient than other strategies , " exploration-refinement could be beneficial to birds and other organisms in a rapidly changing world due to unpredictable man-made changes ," says Barbara Frei. " It might be safer to repeat a behavior that was recently successful than to rely on patterns that were perfected long ago but might no longer be safe. "
Q:What can we conclude from the last paragraph
A.Man-made changes make migration easier
B.Animals make a safer journey via a fixed track.
C. Course exploration contributes to birds’adaptability.
D.A combination of strategies assures migration success
易错点三：忽视干扰项中的以偏概全、扩大或缩小概括范围
调研 1："When trying to make new friends，people think that high-status symbols will make them look more socially attractive to potential friends. However, it turns out that potential friends are repelled(排斥) by the high-status symbols on others ," says Professor Stephen Garcia, the lead author.
In one study, researchers presented 125 participants from a wealthy suburb with one of two scenarios. Those in the presenter's scenario picked between a luxury car or a basic car to drive to an outdoor wedding party where they could meet new friends, and those in the evaluator's scenario indicated their reaction to someone arriving in either car.
Nearly two-thirds of the individuals in the presenter's condition believed the luxury car would be more effective in making friends. " However, this choice backfired from the perspective of the would-be friends, who expressed significantly less social interest in those individuals; they expressed more social interest in those with the basic car,Garcia says.
Another study asked people which of two plain T-shirts the participants would wear to a picnic in their efforts to make new friends. One T-shirt had the name of a supermarket written on it, and the other T-shirt had the name of a luxury store written on it.
Seventy-six percent of the participants who were presenting themselves chose to wear the T-shirt with the name of a luxury store , whereas 64 percent of the would-be friends chose the person wearing the T-shirt with the name of a supermarket as a potential new friend.
Q: What can be inferred from Paragraphs 2 - 5
A. High status T-shirts are sold in the supermarket.
B.The two studies came to the same conclusion.
C.A terrible incident happened at the outdoor wedding party.
D. Participants of the studies preferred ordinary-status symbols.
调研2: At St.Francis High School in La Canada, Calif. , there's something to be said about math teacher Jim Connor.
The truth is, Connor can be a bit of a drudge. But the 70-year-old man says he's not here to entertain his students. " It drives me crazy when people say school should be fun,”he says. "I mean , it's nice if it could be, but you can't make school fun. "
And for years, the kids thought that's all there was to him - until last November, when senior Pat MeGoldrick learned they didn't know the half of him.
Pat was in charge of a student blood drive and had just come to Children's Hospital Los Angeles for a meeting. And he says it was weird: Whenever he told someone he went to St.Francis High School, they all said, " Oh, you must know Jim Connor. Isn't he wonderful "
"It was disbelief, really ," Pat says. It was almost kind of finding this alter ego( 另一面) that he has. Inside the blood donor center, Pat found a plaque listing all the top blood donors at the hospital, including the record holder, Jim Connor. Then he learned something even more unbelievable: whenever Connor isn't torturing kids with calculus( 微积分),he's cuddling sick babies. Three days a week for the past 20 years, Jim has volunteered at the hospital to hold, feed and comfort the children when their parents can't do that.
" They tend to calm for him, " Nurse Erin says. " They tend to relax with him. They fall asleep with him."
"I just like them and relate to them somehow," Connor says.
Connor has never been married; he has no kids of his own. But he has fallen hard for these babies.
"I've always respected him, but now it's to an even different degree - really to the point where I try to emulate him," Pat says. " He's the epitome of a man of service. "
O: What is the best title for the text
A. Bonding with Babies in Need of Love
B.A Real Lesson Is Life Through Learning Calculus
C. Everybody Keeps Something Under His Hat
D.Tough Teacher Has a Soft Heart
易错点四 忽视语境逻辑，过度推断
调研 Cores taken from 350 Douglas firs (花旗松) showed that annual tree ring growth was related to the extent of fungal connection a tree had with other trees. They had much higher growth than those that had only a few connections. The research also showed that trees with more connections to many unique fungi had much greater growth than those with only one or two connections. " If you have this network that is helping trees grow faster, that helps capture more carbon year after year.These networks may help trees grow more steadily even as conditions become more stressful and could even help protect them against death ," said Birch.
Birch hopes his findings lead to further studies in different kinds of forests in other geographical areas , because it's likely that the connections among trees change from year toyear. He said, " Knowing whether fungal networks are operating the same way in other tree species could inform how we reforest areas after harvesting them, and inform how we plant trees to preserve these networks."
Q:What can be inferred from what Birch has put
A.The fungal networks support one another in times of stress.
B.The fungal networks enable us to know more about reforestation.
C. The findings can apply to different kinds of forests in other geographical areas.
D. The fungal networks will help trees grow more steadily if conditions become more stressful.
易错点五 混淆事实与观点，答非所问
调研 For most of our history,humans have been short, a study has found. Until around 150 years ago , few people grew taller than 170 centimeters.
Christiane Scheffler at the University of Potsdam and Michael Hermanussen in Altenho have spent several years studying the height of people from a wide range of populations. In their latest paper, they combined an existing data of more than 6 ,000 prehistoric human skeletons with multiple studies of more recent historical populations from Europe and the US,They also included their own data on 1 ,666 present-day school children from Indonesia.
In the prehistoric populations, the maximum height for men was 165 to 170 centimeters, while women topped out at 160 cm. Today, men in England have an average height of around 175 cm , while for women it is about 162 cm.
But there is significant variation between modern countries. The Indonesian school children in the study were shorter than similarly aged children from the US, despite being well-nourished.
Subramanian at Harvard University isn't convinced by the pair's interpretation. His team previously showed that the best predictor of a child's height is the height of their parents.This suggests that the influence of other factors , such as social mobility , is limited.
After assessing nearly 163,000 children living in 55 low and middle-income countries,
Subramanian's team found that 42.9 percent had poor nutrition but no sign of stunting(阻发育) or other physical indicators of this fact.
This implies there is a lot of hidden malnutrition that doesn't reveal itself through stunting. " A person's nutritional condition should be assessed by looking at their diet not their height," says Subramanian.
Q: What can we infer from Subramanian's study
A. Poor nutrition delays physical development.
B.A balanced diet contributes to growing taller.
C. High social classes can reach a greater height.
D.A human's height has little to do with nutrition.
易错点六 主观臆断取代作者观点
调研1： Have you ever walked through a door and thought to yourself, " What was I going to do " If you have, you are not alone.”Psychologists believe that walking through a door and entering another room creates a" mental block" in the brain. This is generally referred to as the doorway effect.
...
A new research led by psychologist Oliver Baumann from Bond University in Australia suggests that it's not so much the doorways that cause a memory wipe, as moving from one location to a significantly different one and that it's the abrupt change of scene that prepares our minds for something new. "A good example is moving around in a department store,says Baumann.
"Taking the elevator between floors may have no effect on our memory , but moving from the store to the parking lot might cause us to forget something that we need to buy.Baumann also points out that a busy and perhaps overloaded brain does seem to play some part in this phenomenon. In other words, walking through open doors is thought to reset memory to make room for a new episode.
The good news is that experiencing such forgettable episodes after entering another room does not tell you anything about your memory and intelligence. So when you enter a room and suddenly forget why you are there, you should not think that Alzheimer's disease is creeping up on you !
Q: What does the author think of the " doorway effect"
A.Insignificant. B.Beneficial. C.Influential. D.Damaging.
调研 2
Next Frontiers
Schoolbooks typically present explorers as intrepid ( 勇敢的) individuals who, for example, sail wooden ships to new lands. But today most explorers who are making fundamental discoveries are scientists. And whether the frontiers are tiny, like the human genome, or massive, like our deepest oceans, we still have much left to learn about planet Earth. The quests that modern scientists pursue rival(比得上) anything in a history book or an adventure novel.
Exploration is science in its most basic form -- asking questions of the natural worldand, we hope, using the answers for the betterment of everything on Earth.
Exploration has great value. It inspires us , widens our knowledge and gives us hope for a better future. And the practical payoffs can even be lifesaving. Scientists who spent decades exploring what was in the atmosphere found that over time the concentration otcarbon dioxide was rising. Without that discovery, we humans would now be living like the proverbial frog in a pot of gradually heating water, unsure why the environment around us is changing, and slowly boiling to death.
The human drive to overcome challenges is an essential aspect of the human drive texplore, which, in most cases , spurs innovation. Early human submersibles that reached the bottom of the deepest ocean trenches made the trip just once, stressed by the enormous pressures there. But eventually a more stress-resistant deep-submergence vehicle, the Limiting Factor, allowed investor and undersea explorer Victor Vescovo to reach trench bottoms numerous times.
Now there are roughly 4,000 autonomous Argo floats across the world's oceans that dive down to 2 ,000 feet and resurface every 10 days. Programmable vessels greatly expand our reach and reduce the risk to the people involved in exploration , allowing for the kind of discovery that the human body might limit. The Argo group will also deploy dozens of sensorsevery year that will gather biological and chemical data, leading to new observations aboutmarine life.
Other institutions plan to search the seas in unison, sending data to guide ships that forward the information to researchers on shore. Ocean research groups have made it a priority to openly share their discoveries and data with the public and to inspire the next generation of young scientists. Anyone can go along for the ride -- we can all be explorers.Maybe one day you'll explore the Great Barrier Reef, the desert, or a rain-forest canopy.Captain James T. Kirk began each episode of the original Star Trek television by saying,"Space，the final frontier.Not necessarily. We still have plenty series to discover right here on Earth , and we eagerly await surprises from the newest worlds we find.
Q : What can we infer from the passage
A.Few modern scientists are true explorers
B. The space will be human's final frontier
C. Exploring is an in-born human quality.
D.Exploring the earth can still be fruitful.
易错点七 不能精准定位信息句，误判选择依据
调研1
Europe is the perfect place for a campervan holiday. Every corner of the continent is bursting with history，culture and sights. Here are 4 great European campervan holiday destinations for this summer.
Sweden
...
Germany
...
Scotland
Scotland has something for everyone: cities with vibrant nightlife, incredible scenery,stunning lochs and medieval castles. If you want to get away from it all, then the Highlands are one of the least populated areas in the whole of Europe. Hikers will love the Cairngorms.If you're in Scotland in August, then be sure to check out the Edinburgh International Festival，a feast of theatre , dance,music and comedy.
Spain
Spain's renowned for its beach holidays, but it offers so much more than that. Having a lovely climate, rich history , stunning architecture, delicious cuisine and friendly locals.Spain has long been a favoured destination for campervan aficionados(爱好者).Hiking fanatics should not miss the beautiful Picos de Europa, Spain's only inhabited nature reserve. But be ware - summers can be very hot in Spain , particularly in the South.
Q: Which area should you visit if you like the architecture in the Middle Ages
Sweden. B.Germany. C.Scotland. D.Spain.
调研2
...
“We found the super-worms fed a diet of just polystyrene not only survived, but even had slight weight gains,"Dr. Rilke said. " This suggests the worms can get energy from the polystyrene, most likely with the help of their internal micro-organisms. "They are like mini recycling plants, tearing up the polystyrene with their mouths and then feeding it to thebacteria in their ' stomach ’.”
Co-author of the research , PhD candidate Jiarui Sun, said they aimed to grow the hacteria in the lab and further test their ability to break down polystyrene. " We can then look into how we can upgrade this process to a level required for an entire recycling plant,”Ms. Sun said.
Q: How will those researchers continue the research
A. By testing different abilities of the bacteria.
B. By experimenting with large-scale production
C. By establishing a modern recycling factory.
D.By growing and breaking down the worms.
易错点八 无法快速锁定七选五解题信息
调研1
Specifically，citizen science is when the public voluntarily helps conduct scientific research. Citizen scientists may design experiments, collect data, analyze results, and solve problems. 1 These data help professional scientists and resource managers answer scientific questions and solve
important problems.And the activity helps participants build meaningful connections to science.
Anyone can be a citizen scientist, regardless of where they're from. 2 All it take is some time,curiosity , and a sense of wonder.
Why does the national parks support citizen science For two reasons - good management of parks , and good experiences for visitors.
___3 Sometimes the best way to get that information is through citizen science projects. For example, managers might need to know when certain kinds of plants bloom.Data on flower timing can help them know which butterflies need special protection. They might not have enough time to count all those flowers across the park. But hundreds of visitors hiking in the park can do.
Citizen science is also a way for visitors to enjoy and learn about science and their parks. 4
Citizen science helps the national parks fill that role. One of the best ways to learn science is to do science. And by doing science, people can appreciate their parks in new ways.
For most projects in national parks , it's the professional scientists and managers who decide what topic is important, how to study it, and how to use the results. The public -who may range from park visitors to student groups or local community members - is invited, encouraged, and enabled to participate. 5
There are many citizen science park projects , and there will be more in the future.
A. They typically do so by collecting data.
B. In national parks, most citizen scientists collect data.
C.And these participants can use their own way to study
D. It doesn't matter how old you are or what your background is.
E. There is a lot of information about the role of citizen scientists.
F.The national parks have a public education role and responsibility.
G. For good management, the parks use the best available scientific information.
调研2
Honesty is important. However, not everyone seems to think so. Lies and the hiding of truth are commonplace. But when examining the case for honesty, you realize it's a better option. Here are the reasons why thevalue of honesty is beyond measure.
It is easier to understand. 1 The other person doesn't have to second-guess what you really mean. And with clarity comes a better understanding of your expectations of them.They know what you would actually like them to do.
You are more likely to get what you want. We often hide our true desires or preferencesrather than speak out the truth. But when we are completely honest with ourselves andothers, we encourage the right actions that lead to what we want. 2 You may not get your way every time. But at least you'll get your way sometimes or a middle ground will be reached that suits you both.
___3 There is no need to remember what you lied about and to whom. You can be confident that you have said what was true in the moment you said it. Now, don't confuse simple with easy. Being honest is not always easy. 4
It is better for your inner peace. Lying doesn't come easy for most people. When you cheat others , it can feel like you are going against your values. Not only that, but as soon ayou lie, you will live with the fear of that lie being discovered. That's a mentally tiring thing. ___5 Of course, you may feel slightly bad if you have to tell someone an uncomfortable truth , but that won't last long.
A. Telling the truth is simple.
B. It is the best way to prove your honesty.
C. Instead, it is so hard that no one can do it.
D. When we speak up, the other person is more likely to listen.
E. Honesty, though not always easy , doesn't carry such burdens.
F. When you are clear in what you think , there's no grey area for confusion.
G. Actually , it can be hard when you tell others what they don't want to hear.
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点拨易错 攻克难点 专题6 ：阅读理解与七选五（教师版）
易错点一：不熟悉正确项中的同义转述、简化概括
调研 1：
Biological age might help determine your quality of life as you get older, since your cells and organs have ages varying from your regular age. Many aging-research scientists believe that knowing your biological age could help you postpone or avoid age-related illnesses , and better predict an individual's lifespan(寿命). Other scientists argue that there's no standard way to measure biological age. At the center of the debate are hopes that people can extend their lives by changing their behaviors.
Since everybody's genes(基因) are different, tracking your biological age could help determine your most helpful habits and customize them. People can also attempt to lower their biological age through ways of effectively managing stress.
Q: What can people do after knowing their biological ages
A.Improve their calendar ages to prevent diseases.
B.Determine ways to effectively manage stress.
C.Get personalized nutrition plan to improve health
D. Lengthen their lives by changing their conduct
错因: 本题易错选 B或 C。 部分考生根据题干定位到文章中的"People can also attempt to lower their biological age through ways of effectively managing stress" ，发现这句话中的" ways ofeffectively managing stress"出现在了 B 项中，因而错选 B 项;也有部分考生在第一段中看到"knowing your biological age could help you postpone or avoid age-related illnesses"，认为要推迟或避免和年龄相关的疾病，"制定个性化的营养计划来改善健康"非常合理，因而错选 C 项。
分析: B 项”确定有效管理压力的方法”是对原文"人们也可以尝试通过有效地管理压力来减小自己的生理年龄”的曲解;C 项"制定个性化的营养计划来改善健康”在文中没有提及,属于无中生有。由第一段中的"...hopes that people can extend their lives by changing their behaviors"和第一段中的" tracking your biological age could help determine your most helpful habits and customize them"知,人们希望通过改变行为来延长寿命,了解生理年龄有助于确定对自己最有帮助的习惯并定制这些习惯,因此人们在知道了自己的生理年龄之后,就可以通过改变行为来延长寿命。D 项”Lengthen their lives by changing their conduct"是对原文"extend their lives by changing their behaviors"进行的同义转述。答案为D
调研2:
Metzner's recording career began with moment of realization in the 1970s, when he first ventured onto the campus of UMass Amherst equipped with a stereo recorder, a microphone and earphones. Metzner recalled pushing the red button and hearing a lifelike symphony: a couple walking and talking nearby, a bicycle riding through gravel , a bird flying overhead and bells in the distance.
" And I was going like, ‘Wow , this is amazing. What an extraordinary coincidence!’"he recalled. " But it wasn't a coincidence - this stuff was happening all the time, I just hadn't been paying attention to it. And it was the microphone and the recorder that said, ‘Wake up... you live in a world of sound. Here it is.’ And it was, like , handing it to me on a platter."
Q:What inspired Metzner to take up the recording career
A.A symphony he heard on the campus of UMass Amherst
B.A sound-rich moment on the campus of UMass Amherst
C.A realization that he was well equipped with recording devices.
D. A coincidence that he happened to be waken up by the recorder.
错因 考生易错选 A或 C。 部分考生根据文章第一段中的"Metzner's recording career began with a moment of realization"对应到 C项，或者根据该段中的"the campus of UMass Amherst"和"hearing a lifelike symphony"对应到 A项，从而错选。
分析 原文"hearing a lifelike symphony"是一种比喻的说法,A 项是对原文的曲解;C项虽然有原文词汇 realization 的复现,但根据下文可知触动 Metzner 的并不是录音设备,而是他听到的声音,属于张冠李戴。B项是对原文" Metzner recalled pushing the red button and hearing a lifelike symphony: a couple walking and talking nearby, a bicycle riding through gravel, a bird flying overhead and bells in the distance"的简化概括,在校园里听到的丰富的声音让他深受启发。答案:B
易错快攻:
同义转述是命题人常用的手段。 这种转述是指考题与原文的关键内容用同根词、同义词或近义词进行转换，有时也会在常用词组或短语之间进行转换。 这种情况下正确选项和原文的关键句相同的词汇不一定多，但意思的表述却是一致的，如[调研1]。 考生在平时的学习中要注意进行同根词、同义词和近义词的积累，并在解题时认真比对。
简化概括则是把原文中较为复杂的、详细的信息进行简化或概括，正确答案比较隐蔽,如[调研2].考生要仔细对原文信息句进行观察和分析，然后进行简化或归纳概括。
易错点二： 忽视干扰项中的偷换概念，曲解原意
调研1: Recent studies suggest global food production is responsible for one-third of all planet-heating emissions, with the use of animals for meat accounting for twice the pollution of producing plant based foods. Forests that absorb carbon dioxide are cut down for raising animals while fertilisers used for growing their feed are rich in nitrogen(氮), which can contribute to air and water pollution, climate change and ozone depletion(臭氧损耗). Livestock also produces large quantities of methane，a powerful greenhouse gas.
A Dutch city will become the first in the world to ban meat advertisements from public spaces in an effort to reduce consumption and greenhouse gas emissions
Haarlem, which lies to the west of Amsterdam and has a population of about 160 ,000, will pass the prohibition from 2024 after meat was added to a list of products thought to contribute to the climate crisis. Ads will not be allowed on Haarlem's buses , shelters and screens in public spaces, prompting the complaint from the meat sector that local authority is “going too far in telling people what's best for them”.
Ziggy Klazes , who drafted the proposal banning meat advertising, said she had no known the city would be the world's first to enforce such a policy when she proposed it. She told a radio channel: " We do not prohibit what people are baking and roasting in their own kitchen; if people wanted to continue eating meat, fine. ...We can't tell people there's aclimate crisis and encourage them to buy products that are part of the cause."
Q:Why does Haarlem intend to ban meat advertisements
A. To take the lead in cutting emissions.
B. To switch food to plant-based food.
C. To stop advocating eating meat publicly.
D.To contribute to the climate crisis.
错因: 考生易错选A。 部分考生根据题干将信息句定位在第二段，认为 A 项中的“take the lead"对该段中的“will become the first in the world"进行了同义转述，cut 对 reduce 进行了同义转述，并且选项和原文中都有"emissions"。
分析 根据第二段可知”一个荷兰城市将成为世界上第一个禁止在公共空间投放肉类广告的城市”,但并不是为了在这方面领先,而且第四段Ziggy 所说的"she had not known the city would be the world's first to enforce such a policy when she proposed it"也可以佐证这一点。因此A项属于偷换融念,把无意之举理解成有目的的行为,曲解了原文意思。根据第二段内容可知,颁布这个禁令的直接目的就是禁止在公共场所投放肉类广告,进而努力减少消费和温室气体的排放,C 项”停止公开提倡吃肉”对”禁止在公共场所投放肉类广告"进行了同义转述。答案:C
调研 2： Cory’s shearwaters are long-lived,rarely producing young successfully before age nine. This leaves an opening for learning and practice to develop their migration patterns. Researchers call this the " exploration-refinement"，and until now it has been hypothetical(假设的) because of dificulties in tracking migratory animals’ movements.
But a team of researchers has done that by attaching small geolocators to more than 150 of the birds aged four to nine. They found that younger birds traveled longer distances , for longer periods, and had more diverse paths than older birds. " We finally have evidence of the 'exploration-refinement’ for migratory birds," says Letizia Campioni, who led the study. Younger Cory's shearwaters are able to fly just as fast as the adults -- but they do not, suggesting that the young do more exploring, which gradually fades as they mature and settle into a preferred course.
Although it may seem less efficient than other strategies , " exploration-refinement could be beneficial to birds and other organisms in a rapidly changing world due to unpredictable man-made changes ," says Barbara Frei. " It might be safer to repeat a behavior that was recently successful than to rely on patterns that were perfected long ago but might no longer be safe. "
Q:What can we conclude from the last paragraph
A.Man-made changes make migration easier
B.Animals make a safer journey via a fixed track.
C. Course exploration contributes to birds’adaptability.
D.A combination of strategies assures migration success
错因 考生易错选 B。 部分考生对文章最后一段最后一句的长难句理解不透彻，仅根据其中的"It might be safer to repeat a behavior"，认为重复一个行为更安全，得出动物通过固定的轨道进行更安全的旅行，曲解了原文的意思而错选 B 项。
分析 最后一段末句句意为:重复一种最近成功的行为可能比依赖那些很久以前就已经完善但可能不再安全的模式更安全。其中"最近成功的行为"指的就是"最近探索成功的路线”,很显然这不是"固定的路线",故可排除 B。由最后一段第一句可知,由于不可预测的人为变化,在一个迅速变化的世界里,精细的探索可能对鸟类和其他生物有益。由此可以推断出,对路线的探索能够让鸟类更好地适应各种不可预测的变化,和C项是吻合的。答案:C
易错快攻
偷换概念一般指在阅读理解题的选项中，干扰项的表达与原文信息句吻合程度较高，仅有部分词汇原文中没有体现或者和原文不一致，这容易给考生造成一种错觉，从而误选，这种干扰项常常偷换了动作的发出者、动作的承受者、动作本身或积极、消极语义等。 曲解原意也是干扰项设置中的常见方法，有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，看似表达文章的意思，其实是对原句意思的曲解。
针对此类选项，考生在解题时要根据题干中的关键词回文定位，认真分析原文相关语句字斟句酌，准确理解原文表达的意思，避免误选。
易错点三：忽视干扰项中的以偏概全、扩大或缩小概括范围
调研 1："When trying to make new friends，people think that high-status symbols will make them look more socially attractive to potential friends. However, it turns out that potential friends are repelled(排斥) by the high-status symbols on others ," says Professor Stephen Garcia, the lead author.
In one study, researchers presented 125 participants from a wealthy suburb with one of two scenarios. Those in the presenter's scenario picked between a luxury car or a basic car to drive to an outdoor wedding party where they could meet new friends, and those in the evaluator's scenario indicated their reaction to someone arriving in either car.
Nearly two-thirds of the individuals in the presenter's condition believed the luxury car would be more effective in making friends. " However, this choice backfired from the perspective of the would-be friends, who expressed significantly less social interest in those individuals; they expressed more social interest in those with the basic car,Garcia says.
Another study asked people which of two plain T-shirts the participants would wear to a picnic in their efforts to make new friends. One T-shirt had the name of a supermarket written on it, and the other T-shirt had the name of a luxury store written on it.
Seventy-six percent of the participants who were presenting themselves chose to wear the T-shirt with the name of a luxury store , whereas 64 percent of the would-be friends chose the person wearing the T-shirt with the name of a supermarket as a potential new friend.
Q: What can be inferred from Paragraphs 2 - 5
A. High status T-shirts are sold in the supermarket.
B.The two studies came to the same conclusion.
C.A terrible incident happened at the outdoor wedding party.
D. Participants of the studies preferred ordinary-status symbols.
错因 考生易错选 D。部分考生找到陈述研究结果的句子(第三段第二句及第五段中whereas 64 percent..·)，认为 However 和 whereas 之后的部分是关键信息，因此利用两句话的后半部分 ("they expressed more... with the basic car"和 " 64 percent of the would-be friends ... new friend")推断出，实验的参与者更喜欢象征普通地位的事物，从而错选 D。 忽略了研究的参与者分为两个群体，分别在两种场景下做出选择，即"presenters scenario"和"evaluator's scenario"，考生将参与"evaluators scenario"群体的表现扩大到了所有的参与者，属于以偏概全.
分析 由第三段第二句可知,接近三分之二的“展示者场景”的参与者认为豪车交朋友更有效,然而,从想成为朋友的人的角度来看,这种选择适得其反,他们对这些人表现出的社交兴趣明显较少,他们对那些拥有基本款汽车的人表达了更多的社交兴趣;由第五段的第一句可知,76% 的参与者选择穿着印有奢侈品商店名称的 T恤衫,而64% 的准朋友选择穿印有超市名称的T恤衫的人作为潜在的新朋友。它们都证明了奢侈品不利于结交新朋友,因此这两项研究得出了相同的结论这和 B 项吻合,也和文章第一段末句呈现的研究结果相吻合。答案:B
调研2: At St.Francis High School in La Canada, Calif. , there's something to be said about math teacher Jim Connor.
The truth is, Connor can be a bit of a drudge. But the 70-year-old man says he's not here to entertain his students. " It drives me crazy when people say school should be fun,”he says. "I mean , it's nice if it could be, but you can't make school fun. "
And for years, the kids thought that's all there was to him - until last November, when senior Pat MeGoldrick learned they didn't know the half of him.
Pat was in charge of a student blood drive and had just come to Children's Hospital Los Angeles for a meeting. And he says it was weird: Whenever he told someone he went to St.Francis High School, they all said, " Oh, you must know Jim Connor. Isn't he wonderful "
"It was disbelief, really ," Pat says. It was almost kind of finding this alter ego( 另一面) that he has. Inside the blood donor center, Pat found a plaque listing all the top blood donors at the hospital, including the record holder, Jim Connor. Then he learned something even more unbelievable: whenever Connor isn't torturing kids with calculus( 微积分),he's cuddling sick babies. Three days a week for the past 20 years, Jim has volunteered at the hospital to hold, feed and comfort the children when their parents can't do that.
" They tend to calm for him, " Nurse Erin says. " They tend to relax with him. They fall asleep with him."
"I just like them and relate to them somehow," Connor says.
Connor has never been married; he has no kids of his own. But he has fallen hard for these babies.
"I've always respected him, but now it's to an even different degree - really to the point where I try to emulate him," Pat says. " He's the epitome of a man of service. "
O: What is the best title for the text
A. Bonding with Babies in Need of Love
B.A Real Lesson Is Life Through Learning Calculus
C. Everybody Keeps Something Under His Hat
D.Tough Teacher Has a Soft Heart
错因 考生易错选A或C。 部分考生认为文章用大量的篇幅介绍了 Connor 在医院做志愿者工作，照顾那些生病的婴儿，给予他们爱和温暖，因此错选A 项。 还有部分考生认为，Conmor在医院献血和做志愿者工作一直都不为身边的人所知，因此错选 C 项(每个人都有自己的秘密)。 这些都是考生在归纳标题时缩小了概括的范围，忽略了 Connor 在教师这一职业中的表现。
分析 本文属于写人记事类的记叙文,根据第二段内容可知,70 岁的数学老师 Connor 认为教书不是为了给学生带来娱乐,学校不是玩乐的地方,由此可知在教学中 Connor 是一位严厉的(lough)老师;根据下文可知,Connor 积极献血,在医院当志愿者照顾生病的婴儿,从文中的"to hold, feed and comfort the children" ,"I just like them and relate to them somehow" ," But he has fallen hard for these babies"可知,Connor 有一副软心肠(a soft heart)。这与 D项内容相吻合。答案:D
易错快攻
以偏概全、扩大或缩小概括范围的干扰项常出现在需要归纳概括的主旨大意类题目中，如[调研2]，对该类题目可以通过以下方法避免干扰: (1)结合文章主旨提炼中间段落的要点，如[调研1];(2)用"逆向推理”法，反推文章的写作方向，看与原文是否相符，不一致的则排除。
易错点四 忽视语境逻辑，过度推断
调研 Cores taken from 350 Douglas firs (花旗松) showed that annual tree ring growth was related to the extent of fungal connection a tree had with other trees. They had much higher growth than those that had only a few connections. The research also showed that trees with more connections to many unique fungi had much greater growth than those with only one or two connections. " If you have this network that is helping trees grow faster, that helps capture more carbon year after year.These networks may help trees grow more steadily even as conditions become more stressful and could even help protect them against death ," said Birch.
Birch hopes his findings lead to further studies in different kinds of forests in other geographical areas , because it's likely that the connections among trees change from year toyear. He said, " Knowing whether fungal networks are operating the same way in other tree species could inform how we reforest areas after harvesting them, and inform how we plant trees to preserve these networks."
Q:What can be inferred from what Birch has put
A.The fungal networks support one another in times of stress.
B.The fungal networks enable us to know more about reforestation.
C. The findings can apply to different kinds of forests in other geographical areas.
D. The fungal networks will help trees grow more steadily if conditions become more stressful.
错因 考生易错选 D。部分考生看到第一段中 Birch 所说的话"These networks may help trees grow more steadily even as conditions become more stressful"，经过比对认为这与 D 项表述的内容一致，忽视了原文是 may help (可能有助于 )，而选项中是 will help(将有助于)，过度推断把可能变成事实，从而错选 D。
分析 根据最后一段 Birh 所说的话可知,了解真菌网络在其他树种中是否以同样的方式运作,可以影响我们在采伐后如何重新造林,也可以告诉我们如何种植树木来保护这些网络;由此可知,真菌网络使我们能够更多地了解重新造林,和 B 项吻合。答案:B
易错点五 混淆事实与观点，答非所问
调研 For most of our history,humans have been short, a study has found. Until around 150 years ago , few people grew taller than 170 centimeters.
Christiane Scheffler at the University of Potsdam and Michael Hermanussen in Altenho have spent several years studying the height of people from a wide range of populations. In their latest paper, they combined an existing data of more than 6 ,000 prehistoric human skeletons with multiple studies of more recent historical populations from Europe and the US,They also included their own data on 1 ,666 present-day school children from Indonesia.
In the prehistoric populations, the maximum height for men was 165 to 170 centimeters, while women topped out at 160 cm. Today, men in England have an average height of around 175 cm , while for women it is about 162 cm.
But there is significant variation between modern countries. The Indonesian school children in the study were shorter than similarly aged children from the US, despite being well-nourished.
Subramanian at Harvard University isn't convinced by the pair's interpretation. His team previously showed that the best predictor of a child's height is the height of their parents.This suggests that the influence of other factors , such as social mobility , is limited.
After assessing nearly 163,000 children living in 55 low and middle-income countries,
Subramanian's team found that 42.9 percent had poor nutrition but no sign of stunting(阻发育) or other physical indicators of this fact.
This implies there is a lot of hidden malnutrition that doesn't reveal itself through stunting. " A person's nutritional condition should be assessed by looking at their diet not their height," says Subramanian.
Q: What can we infer from Subramanian's study
A. Poor nutrition delays physical development.
B.A balanced diet contributes to growing taller.
C. High social classes can reach a greater height.
D.A human's height has little to do with nutrition.
错因 在很多考生的认知里，A 选项(营养不良延缓了身体的发育 ) 是符合事实的表达，因此考生会错选 A。
分析 根据倒数第二段内容可知,在对 55 个低收入和中等收入国家的近 16.3 万名儿童进行评估后，Subramanian 的团队发现 42.9% 的儿童营养不良,但没有发育受阻的迹象。由此可知,考生认为正确的 A 项和 Subramanian 的研究发现并不相符。根据最后一段内容可知,有很多隐藏的营养不良,它们并不能通过发育不良表现出来;一个人的营养状况应该通过观察他们的饮食而不是身高来评估。由此可推断出,Subramanian 的研究表明:一个人的身高和营养没有太大关系。答案:D
易错快攻
混淆事实与观点是阅读理解常见的干扰项的特征。 干扰项的内客和原文的表述是一致的,或者干扰项的表述是客观事实，因此迷感性很强，考生很容易错选。 破解这类题的办法是从影干出发，忠实于原文，根据题于关键词锁定原文中的信息句，然后和选项进行认真比对。
易错点六 主观臆断取代作者观点
调研1： Have you ever walked through a door and thought to yourself, " What was I going to do " If you have, you are not alone.”Psychologists believe that walking through a door and entering another room creates a" mental block" in the brain. This is generally referred to as the doorway effect.
...
A new research led by psychologist Oliver Baumann from Bond University in Australia suggests that it's not so much the doorways that cause a memory wipe, as moving from one location to a significantly different one and that it's the abrupt change of scene that prepares our minds for something new. "A good example is moving around in a department store,says Baumann.
"Taking the elevator between floors may have no effect on our memory , but moving from the store to the parking lot might cause us to forget something that we need to buy.Baumann also points out that a busy and perhaps overloaded brain does seem to play some part in this phenomenon. In other words, walking through open doors is thought to reset memory to make room for a new episode.
The good news is that experiencing such forgettable episodes after entering another room does not tell you anything about your memory and intelligence. So when you enter a room and suddenly forget why you are there, you should not think that Alzheimer's disease is creeping up on you !
Q: What does the author think of the " doorway effect"
A.Insignificant. B.Beneficial. C.Influential. D.Damaging.
错因 考生易错选B或D。 部分考生在最后一段中看到”The good news"，便误以为作者的态度是正向的，因此错选B项。 也有考生根据第一段中的"creates amental block'in the brain推断作者认为"doorway elfect"是有破坏性的，因此错选D项。 这些考生没有仔细分析作者字里间要表达的观点，而是根据文中的只言片语，凭自己的主观臆断做出了选择。
分析 作者在最后一段指出,在进入另一个房间后经历这种忘事的情节并不能反映出关于分析你的记忆力或者智力的信息;所以,当你进入一个房间,突然忘记你为什么在那里的时候,你不应该认为是阿尔茨海默病在悄悄靠近你。由此可以推断出,作者认为"doorway elfect"与记忆力或智力关,也不是阿尔茨海默病的表现,是无足轻重的。insignificant adj.不重要的,无足轻重的。答案:A
易错快攻
在推断作者观点态度的试题中，考生由于思维定式，或受到文中某些非关键信息的干扰很容易凭主观臆断做出错误的选择。 做该类题目时，如果文中没有直接表明作者观点态度的句时，考生要根据作者在文中的措辞，尤其是表达情感色彩的词，以及作者所举的事例，读懂弦外之音，来正确推断其观点态度。
调研 2
Next Frontiers
Schoolbooks typically present explorers as intrepid ( 勇敢的) individuals who, for example, sail wooden ships to new lands. But today most explorers who are making fundamental discoveries are scientists. And whether the frontiers are tiny, like the human genome, or massive, like our deepest oceans, we still have much left to learn about planet Earth. The quests that modern scientists pursue rival(比得上) anything in a history book or an adventure novel.
Exploration is science in its most basic form -- asking questions of the natural worldand, we hope, using the answers for the betterment of everything on Earth.
Exploration has great value. It inspires us , widens our knowledge and gives us hope for a better future. And the practical payoffs can even be lifesaving. Scientists who spent decades exploring what was in the atmosphere found that over time the concentration otcarbon dioxide was rising. Without that discovery, we humans would now be living like the proverbial frog in a pot of gradually heating water, unsure why the environment around us is changing, and slowly boiling to death.
The human drive to overcome challenges is an essential aspect of the human drive texplore, which, in most cases , spurs innovation. Early human submersibles that reached the bottom of the deepest ocean trenches made the trip just once, stressed by the enormous pressures there. But eventually a more stress-resistant deep-submergence vehicle, the Limiting Factor, allowed investor and undersea explorer Victor Vescovo to reach trench bottoms numerous times.
Now there are roughly 4,000 autonomous Argo floats across the world's oceans that dive down to 2 ,000 feet and resurface every 10 days. Programmable vessels greatly expand our reach and reduce the risk to the people involved in exploration , allowing for the kind of discovery that the human body might limit. The Argo group will also deploy dozens of sensorsevery year that will gather biological and chemical data, leading to new observations aboutmarine life.
Other institutions plan to search the seas in unison, sending data to guide ships that forward the information to researchers on shore. Ocean research groups have made it a priority to openly share their discoveries and data with the public and to inspire the next generation of young scientists. Anyone can go along for the ride -- we can all be explorers.Maybe one day you'll explore the Great Barrier Reef, the desert, or a rain-forest canopy.Captain James T. Kirk began each episode of the original Star Trek television by saying,"Space，the final frontier.Not necessarily. We still have plenty series to discover right here on Earth , and we eagerly await surprises from the newest worlds we find.
Q : What can we infer from the passage
A.Few modern scientists are true explorers
B. The space will be human's final frontier
C. Exploring is an in-born human quality.
D.Exploring the earth can still be fruitful.
错因 考生易错选 B。 部分考生看到文章的标题为"Next Frontiers"，结合文章最后一段中错因的"Space，the final fronlier"和考生本人对太空探索的了解，便主观臆断，认为太空是人类的最后疆域，因此错选 B 项。
分析 根据文章第一段中的"And whether the frontiers are tiny... we still have much left to learn about planet Earth"可知,无论(探索的)边界是像人类基因组一样很小,还是像我们最深的海洋一样巨大,对于地球我们还有很多东西需要了解;文章第三段作者用二氧化碳浓度的例子证明"探索有很大的价值”;在最后一段中,作者引用了《星际迷航》中 Captain James T.Kirk 的话”Space，thefinal frontier",但随即用"Not necessarily"进行了否定,接着作者表示:我们在地球上还有很多东西要发现,我们急切地等待着我们发现最新世界的惊喜。由此可以推断出,对地球的探索仍然可以富有成果。答案:D
易错点七 不能精准定位信息句，误判选择依据
调研1
Europe is the perfect place for a campervan holiday. Every corner of the continent is bursting with history，culture and sights. Here are 4 great European campervan holiday destinations for this summer.
Sweden
...
Germany
...
Scotland
Scotland has something for everyone: cities with vibrant nightlife, incredible scenery,stunning lochs and medieval castles. If you want to get away from it all, then the Highlands are one of the least populated areas in the whole of Europe. Hikers will love the Cairngorms.If you're in Scotland in August, then be sure to check out the Edinburgh International Festival，a feast of theatre , dance,music and comedy.
Spain
Spain's renowned for its beach holidays, but it offers so much more than that. Having a lovely climate, rich history , stunning architecture, delicious cuisine and friendly locals.Spain has long been a favoured destination for campervan aficionados(爱好者).Hiking fanatics should not miss the beautiful Picos de Europa, Spain's only inhabited nature reserve. But be ware - summers can be very hot in Spain , particularly in the South.
Q: Which area should you visit if you like the architecture in the Middle Ages
Sweden. B.Germany. C.Scotland. D.Spain.
错因 部分考生只注意到题干中的"architecture"，而忽视了该词的后置定语"in the Middle Ages"，错误地将信息句定位到 Spain 段落中的"Having ... stunning architecture... Spain has long been a favoured destination for campervan aficionados(爱好者)"，因此错选 D。
分析 由题干中的"the architecture in the Middle Ages"可将信息句定位至Scotland 中的"Scotland has something for everyone: ...medieval castles"。 medieval 意为"中世纪的”,是题干中"in the Middle Ages"的同义转述,castles 是题干中"architecture"的下义词。答案:C
调研2
...
“We found the super-worms fed a diet of just polystyrene not only survived, but even had slight weight gains,"Dr. Rilke said. " This suggests the worms can get energy from the polystyrene, most likely with the help of their internal micro-organisms. "They are like mini recycling plants, tearing up the polystyrene with their mouths and then feeding it to thebacteria in their ' stomach ’.”
Co-author of the research , PhD candidate Jiarui Sun, said they aimed to grow the hacteria in the lab and further test their ability to break down polystyrene. " We can then look into how we can upgrade this process to a level required for an entire recycling plant,”Ms. Sun said.
Q: How will those researchers continue the research
A. By testing different abilities of the bacteria.
B. By experimenting with large-scale production
C. By establishing a modern recycling factory.
D.By growing and breaking down the worms.
错因 部分考生根据题干中的"continue the research"定位到最后一段中的"they aimed to grow the bacteria in the lab and further test their ability to break down polystyrene", 认为信息句中的"the bacteria"和"test their ability"与 A 项高度重合，但忽略了A 项中的"different”在原文中并没有对应信息，因此错选 A 项。
分析 根据题千中的关键词"continue the research”,可将信息句定位至最后一段。由"We can then look into how we can upgrade this process to a level required for an entire recycling plant"知，"如何将这个过程升级到整个回收工厂所需的水平"是他们接下来将要研究的内容。B 项"通过大规模生产实验"是该信息句的同义转述。答案:B
易错快攻
有些细节理解题题干中的关键词对原文中的关键词进行了同义转述，或者是原文中的信息句不止一处，这些都容易导致考生不能精准定位信息句，误判了选择的依据。 考生在做题时要注意题干中的修饰限定成分，如[调研 1]，还要注意全面分析对应的信息句，如[调研2]。
易错点八 无法快速锁定七选五解题信息
调研1
Specifically，citizen science is when the public voluntarily helps conduct scientific research. Citizen scientists may design experiments, collect data, analyze results, and solve problems. 1 These data help professional scientists and resource managers answer scientific questions and solve
important problems.And the activity helps participants build meaningful connections to science.
Anyone can be a citizen scientist, regardless of where they're from. 2 All it take is some time,curiosity , and a sense of wonder.
Why does the national parks support citizen science For two reasons - good management of parks , and good experiences for visitors.
___3 Sometimes the best way to get that information is through citizen science projects. For example, managers might need to know when certain kinds of plants bloom.Data on flower timing can help them know which butterflies need special protection. They might not have enough time to count all those flowers across the park. But hundreds of visitors hiking in the park can do.
Citizen science is also a way for visitors to enjoy and learn about science and their parks. 4
Citizen science helps the national parks fill that role. One of the best ways to learn science is to do science. And by doing science, people can appreciate their parks in new ways.
For most projects in national parks , it's the professional scientists and managers who decide what topic is important, how to study it, and how to use the results. The public -who may range from park visitors to student groups or local community members - is invited, encouraged, and enabled to participate. 5
There are many citizen science park projects , and there will be more in the future.
A. They typically do so by collecting data.
B. In national parks, most citizen scientists collect data.
C.And these participants can use their own way to study
D. It doesn't matter how old you are or what your background is.
E. There is a lot of information about the role of citizen scientists.
F.The national parks have a public education role and responsibility.
G. For good management, the parks use the best available scientific information.
分析
Step 1 快速浏览,确定话题
快速浏览全文并结合文章首句可知,本文主要介绍了公民科学的相关信息。
Step 2 剖析选项,提炼核心
A.他们通常通过收集数据来做到这一点。核心点 通过收集数据来做so 指代的事情
B.在国家公园里,大多数公民科学家都会收集数据。核心点 参与项目的方式: 收集数据
C.这些参与者可以用他们自己的方式来研究。核心点 参与项目的方式: 用自己的方式
D.这与你的年龄和背景无关。核心点 参加条件:人人皆可
E.有很多关于公民科学家的作用的信息。核心点 有关公民科学象作用的信息
F.国家公园有公共教育的职能和责任。核心点，国象公园的职责: 公共教有
G.为了良好的管理，公园会利用可获得的最好的科学信息。核心点 为了良好的管理的做法Step 3 通读全文,逐项分析
1.B 空前一句指出"公民科学家可以设计实验、收集数据、分析结果并解决问题”,空后一句指出"这些数据可以帮助专业的科学家和资源管理人员回答科学的问题并解决重大问题”,因此空处应该涉及公民科学家收集数据（B项核心点）。空后的 These data 指代 B 项中的 data。
【易错】 该题易错选A。 虽然A 项中也出现了"collecting data”，但是A 项中的”so"如果指代一中的" design experiments, collect data, analyze results, and solve problems" ，逻辑上是讲不通的，因为不可能"通过收集数据”来做到"收集数据”，故排除。
2.D 空前句提到任何人都可以成为公民科学家,空后句提到只需要一些时间、好奇心和求知欲因此空处承接上文,引出下文,应该涉及成为公民科学家的条件。（D 项核心点）
【解题线索】 D 项中的"It doesn't matter how old you are or what your background is" 和空处前面"Anyone can be a citizen scientist"相吻合
3.G 第三段提到,国家公园支持公民科学的两个原因分别是:公园良好的管理和游客愉快的体验。第四段对第一个原因进行了阐述,再根据空后的"that information"可知,空处应该提到公园管理需要的信息,由此推断空处应涉及为了更好地管理公园所需要的信息。（G 项核心点）
【解题线索】G选项中的"good management"和第三段中的"good management"照应;"the besavailable scientific information" 和空后" that information" 相照应。
4.F 根据后句"Citizen science helps the national parks fill that role"判断,设空处应该和国家公园的任务、角色有关。（F项核心点）
【解题线索】F 项中的"a public education role and responsibility"和空后的"that role" 相照应。
5.A 空前句提到公众被鼓励去参与科学项目，后句应该提到他们如何参与。A 项中的”do so”指的就是"participate"。（A 项核心点）
【易错】 该题易错选C。 因为该选项也涉及公民科学家参与项目的方式，但根据末段的等 " For most projects in national parks , it's the professional scientists and managers who decide whattopic is important, how to study it, and how to use the resulls" 可知，研究内容、方式和结果的应用是由专业的科学家和管理人员决定的，与C须表达不符，做排除。
调研2
Honesty is important. However, not everyone seems to think so. Lies and the hiding of truth are commonplace. But when examining the case for honesty, you realize it's a better option. Here are the reasons why thevalue of honesty is beyond measure.
It is easier to understand. 1 The other person doesn't have to second-guess what you really mean. And with clarity comes a better understanding of your expectations of them.They know what you would actually like them to do.
You are more likely to get what you want. We often hide our true desires or preferencesrather than speak out the truth. But when we are completely honest with ourselves andothers, we encourage the right actions that lead to what we want. 2 You may not get your way every time. But at least you'll get your way sometimes or a middle ground will be reached that suits you both.
___3 There is no need to remember what you lied about and to whom. You can be confident that you have said what was true in the moment you said it. Now, don't confuse simple with easy. Being honest is not always easy. 4
It is better for your inner peace. Lying doesn't come easy for most people. When you cheat others , it can feel like you are going against your values. Not only that, but as soon ayou lie, you will live with the fear of that lie being discovered. That's a mentally tiring thing. ___5 Of course, you may feel slightly bad if you have to tell someone an uncomfortable truth , but that won't last long.
A. Telling the truth is simple.
B. It is the best way to prove your honesty.
C. Instead, it is so hard that no one can do it.
D. When we speak up, the other person is more likely to listen.
E. Honesty, though not always easy , doesn't carry such burdens.
F. When you are clear in what you think , there's no grey area for confusion.
G. Actually , it can be hard when you tell others what they don't want to hear.
分析
Step 1 快速浏览,确定话题
快速浏览全文并结合文章首段可知,本文主要说明了诚实很重要。
Step 2剖析选项 , 提炼核心
A.说实话很简单。核心点 说实话的特点:简单
B.这是证明你诚实的最好方法。 核心点 证明你诚实
C.相反,它太难了,没有人能做到。核心点 太难，没有人能做到
D.当我们明确表态时，对方更有可能倾听。核心点 诚实表达的益处: 对方更有可能倾听
F.诚实,虽然不总是容易的,但不会有这样的负担。核心点 诚突不会有”such burdens'
F.当你清楚自己的想法时,就没有困惑的灰色地带。核心点 明确自己的想法后，没有困惑
G.实际上,当你告诉别人他们不想听的话时,会很困难。核心点 告诉别人他们不想听的话很困难
Step 3 通读全文,逐项分析3
1.F 空前说这样(诚实)更容易理解,空后指出,对方不需要揣测你的真正意思,就能更好地理解你对他们的期望,他们知道你想让他们做什么,这些说的都是诚实的益处:对方清楚地知道你的想法。空后的"with clarity"与P项中的"you are clear in what you think"呼应。F项核心点
2.D 本段首句指出诚实的价值之一:你更有可能得到你想要的。然后介绍了人们通常的做法:我们经常隐藏我们真实的欲望或喜好,而不是说出真相。接着话锋一转,指出当我们对自己和他人完全诚实时,我们就会鼓励正确的行为,从而达到我们想要的结果;空后指出诚实的益处:至少有时你会达到你的目的或者达成一个对你们双方都合适的中间立场。由此可推出,空处应该会具体说明说出事实的益处。D 项的"speak up"是"speak out the truth"的复现,"the other person is more likely to listen”则是诚实表达带来的益处。D项核心点
【易错】 部分考生依据第一段首句"Honesty is important"确文章中心和"honesty"有关，再结合空前的句子" But when we are completely honest with ourselves and others, we encourage the righactions that lead to what we want”认为这样做能证明我们的诚实，忽视了与后文的联象，没有确锁免解履信息，因此错选 B 项。
3.A 根据下文的"There is no need to remember...you saidt"可知,没有必要记住你撒了什么谎以及对谁撒了谎，你可以确信你所说的话是真实的;接着又说"Now，don't confuse simple with easy' 不要把简单和容易混淆;由此可知,空处提到了诚实是简单的。A项核心点
【易错】 部分考生依据该段中的” Being honest is nol always easy"，误以为该段主要讲“诚实并总是很容易”。E项中的"though not always easy"与此匹配，因此错选E项，忽略了E项中"such burdens”在该段中没有具体的呼应对象。
G 根据空格前的"Being honest is not always easy”可知,下文应该具体会讲"诚实有时也挺难G项核心点 G 项"Actually,it can be hard when you tell others what they don't want to hear"符合行文逻辑,而且说明了在什么情况下要做到诚实很难。
【易错】 部分考生根据空格前的"Being honest is not always easy”判断，接下来立该讲“诚实很难”，看到C项中的"it is so hard that no one can do it"就误选C项。C 项虽然也出现了“hard”但“no one can do it"这一表达太绝对，和事实不相符。
E 空前说,说谎对大多数人来说并不容易,当你欺骗别人时,你会觉得自己违背了自己的价观;一旦你说谎,你就会生活在谎言被发现的恐惧中。这些说的都是不诚实带给自己的心理负担。空后转而说了诚实的心理表现:你可能会觉得说出令人不舒服的真相有点难受,但这不会持续太久。结合本段的主题句"这(诚实)对你内心的平静更有好处"可知,空处应该是说诚实不会有这样的负担。E 项中的"such burdens"与空前的描述相呼应E项核心点
易错快攻
阅读理解七选五这一题型主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握，所以快速而准确地把握文章中心，分析段落结构，理清逻辑关系对于快速锁定解题信息是至关重要的。
通常考生会通过词汇衔接来锁定选项，如词汇的复现、代词的指代等，这些技巧确实能帮助考生快速地解题。 但考生根据词汇街接手段解题，会发现一些核心点相似的选项，这往往会导致考生错选。 例如[调研1]中的 A、B、C 三个选项。 甄别这些选项的关键在于围绕文章和段落主题，厘清前后句之间的逻辑关系。 前后句之间的逻辑关系可以具体分为: 因果/解释关系、例证关系、递进关系、转折或让步关系。
前后句之间含有因果/解释的逻辑关系，可以通过一些关联词来判断，如 why，becauseso，due to， thanks to， as a result, consequently ， result in 等。
例证关系主要指前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。 例证的形式多样，但就其本质而言，无非是思维上的形象(例子、类比等)和抽象(观点)的辩证关系，用到的思维过程无非就是基本的归纳(从例子到观点)和演绎(从观点到例子)。
如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的递进关系，则空格处很有可能是个递进的句子。 常见的表示递进关系的词有:also，further，similarly，moreover，in addition，what's more，too，nolonly...but also 等
转折或让步关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。 如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的逆转，则空格处很有可能是个转折逻辑的句子。 常见的表示转折或让步关系的连接词有: however， nevetheless， nonetheless， though, yet， on the contrary by contrastotherwise , while , even if 等
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