资源简介

专题强化练
作业1　学习考试信息类应用文
应用文阅读文体解读
应用文四选一阅读包括通知、广告、便条、申请书、个人简介、商品说明与介绍、新闻报道等，形式多样，题材各异(如图示、表格等)，措辞简洁明了，其目的是向读者传达信息。主要具有以下特点：
选材 信息量大，语句精炼，形式灵活，用最少的篇幅传达最大量的信息。
内容 生活化，实用化，多样化。如产品宣传、服务介绍、通知、海报、启事等。
形式 标题醒目，重点突出，条理清晰，常用黑体字或各类题目符号使文章结构更加鲜明。
语言 人名、地名、专有名词多；生词多；缩略词、祈使句、省略句多；结构不完整。
命题 其命题角度主要考查考生提取信息和处理信息的能力，既注重特定细节的筛选、类比、综合，又注重推理判断题的考查，题目设置相对容易。
应用文阅读解题技法
(每小题2.5分，满分22.5分)
A
(2022·新课标Ⅰ)
Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature
Grading ①Scale
90－100，A; 80－89，B; 70－79，C; 60－69，D; Below 60，E.
Essays(60%)
Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1＝10%; Essay 2＝15%; Essay 3＝15%; Essay 4＝20%.
Group ②Assignments(30%)
Students will work in groups to complete four assignments during the course.All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard，our online learning and course management system.
Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework(10%)
Class activities will vary from day to day，but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class’ lecture/discussion，so it is important to take careful notes during class. ③Additionally，from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or short assignments to be completed at home，both of which will be graded.
Late Work
An essay not submitted in class on the ④due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late.If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date，it will earn a zero.Daily assignments not completed during class will get a zero.Short writings missed as a result of an excused absence will be accepted.
1．Where is this text probably taken from
A．A textbook. B．An exam paper.
C．A course plan. D．An academic article.
语境猜词
①scale熟义：n.规模
生义(文义)：n.____________________
②assignment(派)＝assign＋ment ____________________
③additionally(派)＝additional＋ly____________________
④due date____________________
2.How many parts is a student’s final grade made up of
A．Two. B．Three.
C．Four. D．Five.
3．What will happen if you submit an essay one week after the due date
A．You will receive a zero.
B．You will lose a letter grade.
C．You will be given a test.
D．You will have to rewrite it.
B
(2020·新课标Ⅰ)
POETRY CHALLENGE
Write a poem about how courage，determination，and strength have helped you face challenges in your life.
Prizes
3 Grand Prizes：Trip to Washington，D.C.for each of three winners，a parent and one other person of the winner’s choice.Trip includes ①round-trip air tickets，hotel stay for two nights，and tours of the National Air and Space Museum and the office of National Geographic World.
6 First Prizes：The book Sky Pioneer：A Photobiography of Amelia Earhart signed by author Corinne Szabo and pilot Linda Finch.
50 ②Honorable Mentions：Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners，who will each receive a T-shirt in memory of Earhart’s final flight.
Rules
Follow all rules carefully to prevent ③disqualification.
■Write a poem using 100 words or fewer.Your poem can be any format，any number of lines.
■Write by hand or type on a single sheet of paper.You may use both the front and back of the paper.
■On the same sheet of paper，write or type your name，address，telephone number，and birth date.
■Mail your ④entry to us by October 31 this year.
4．How many people can each grand prize winner take on the free trip
A．Two. B．Three. C．Four. D．Six.
语境猜词
①round-trip(合)＝round＋trip____________________
②honorable mention____________________
③disqualification(派)＝dis＋qualify＋cation____________________
④entry 熟义：n.进入
生义(文义)：n.____________________
5.What will each of the honorable mention winners get
A．A plane ticket.
B．A book by Corinne Szabo.
C．A special T-shirt.
D．A photo of Amelia Earhart.
6．Which of the following will result in disqualification
A．Typing your poem out.
B．Writing a poem of 120 words.
C．Using both sides of the paper.
D．Mailing your entry on October 30.
C
(2024·广东肇庆一模)
Do not miss this unique opportunity to participate in Circle U．’s winter course at Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin with co-students from nine universities across Europe!
Key Information
Dates：24－28 November plus five additional online sessions.
Level/target group：Students from all fields of study.
Costs：School fees are free of charge.Participants will receive support for their travel，accommodation and living costs.
Application deadline：28 November,2023.
How to Apply
Applications are accepted through the Move On website.Along with the application form，please submit your CV and motivation letter，your transcript of records as well as proof of enrollment at one of the Circle U．universities.
*By 2 October，all applicants will be informed by email about the results of the selection procedure.
Course Description
No matter whether you study art history，agricultural sciences，or something else altogether，the winter school “Climate Change & Policy：How to ①Transition to a Post-Carbon Future” is for you.Over the course of two weeks—five days of online sessions and five in person—you will take part in interactive lectures，workshops，and ②panel discussions，all led by famous researchers and policy experts from across Europe.
Together with Circle U．students，you will not only learn about basic concepts of climate science，but also discover the potential of mitigation(缓解) actions，as well as the dynamics of climate politics.
In small teams，you will analyze and ③document examples of the climate impact on your home region，and research ④sustainability policies at your university.
7．What do we know about the winter course
A．It will last more than two weeks. B．No school fees are required for it.
C．No limitation is set on application. D．It’s open to students of certain majors.
语境猜词
①transition(转)n.→v.____________________
②panel 熟义：n.仪表盘
生义(文义)：n.____________________
③document(转) n．→v.____________________
④sustainability(派)＝sustainable＋ility ____________________
8．Which of the following should be contained in the application materials
A．Certificate of enrollment.
B．A self-introduction letter.
C．Records of previous activities.
D．School permission documents.
9．What can participants acquire through the course
A．Knowledge about climate trend.
B．Recognition of related course credit.
C．Insights into basics of climate science.
D．Ways of responding to climate policies.
语境猜词答案 A．①等级，级别　②作业，任务　③另外，此外　④到期日 B．①往返旅行　②荣誉奖，鼓励奖　③取消资格　④参赛作品 C．①过渡，转变　②专家咨询组　③记录，记载　④可持续性
答案精析
1．C　[文章出处题。根据文章标题Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature以及小标题Grading Scale可知，这篇文章是从Essays，Group Assignments，Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework以及Late Work四个方面来介绍文学概论课程的评分方法。因此可知这段文字可能取自一个课程计划。故选C。]
2．B　[细节理解题。根据黑体小标题Essays (60%)，Group Assignments(30%)和Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework(10%)可知，学生的最终成绩由三部分组成。故选B。]
3．A　[推理判断题。根据Late Work部分“If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date，it will earn a zero.”可知，如果逾期一周后才交文章，你将会得零分。故选A。]
4．A　[细节理解题。根据题干关键词“each grand prize winner”“free trip”定位至第二段中的“Trip to Washington，D.C.for each of three winners，a parent and one other person of the winner’s choice.”，由此可知，特等奖获得者可以带两个人免费去旅行，故选A。]
5．C　[细节理解题。根据题干关键词“honorable mention winners”定位至第四段，通过阅读整段信息可知，每一个荣誉奖获得者可以得到一件特殊的T恤衫，故选C。]
6．B　[推理判断题。根据题干关键词disqualification定位至Rules部分，阅读其中的第二句“Write a poem using 100 words or fewer.”可知，B项“写一首120词的诗”会被取消参赛资格。]
7．B　[细节理解题。通过阅读Key Information中的信息并将四个选项的表述与之比对，B项的说法与其中的“·Costs：School fees are free of charge.”相符，即冬季课程不需要学费。故选B。]
8．A　[细节理解题。根据How to Apply中的“Along with the application form，please submit your CV and motivation letter，your transcript of records as well as proof of enrollment at one of the Circle U．universities.(在提交申请表的同时，请提交您的简历和动机信，您的成绩单以及Circle U．大学之一的入学证明。)”可知，入学证明应该包含在申请材料中。故选A。]
9．C　[细节理解题。根据Course Description中“·Together with Circle U．students，you will not only learn about basic concepts of climate science，but also discover the potential of mitigation(缓解) actions，as well as the dynamics of climate politics.”可知，参与者通过课程可以获得关于气候科学的基础知识的深入了解。故选C。]作业2　交通旅行信息类应用文
A
(2023·新课标Ⅰ)
Bike ①Rental & Guided Tours
Welcome to Amsterdam，welcome to MacBike.You see much more from the seat of a bike! Cycling is the most economical，sustainable and fun way to explore the city，with its beautiful canals，parks，squares and countless lights.You can also ②bike along lovely landscapes outside of Amsterdam.
Why MacBike
MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam.With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at ③strategic locations，we make sure there is always a bike available for you.We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety，including basic bikes with foot brake(刹车)，bikes with hand brake and gears(排挡)，bikes with child seats，and children’s bikes.
Prices
Hand Brake，Three Gears Foot Brake，No Gears
1 hour ?7.50 ?5.00
3 hours ?11.00 ?7.50
1 day(24 hours) ?14.75 ?9.75
Each additional day ?8.00 ?6.00
　　
Guided City Tours
The 2.5-hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill，the Skinny Bridge，the Rijksmuseum，Heineken Brewery and much more.The tour departs from Dam Square ④every hour on the hour，starting at 1：00 pm every day.You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online.
1．What is an advantage of MacBike
A．It gives children a discount. B．It offers many types of bikes.
C．It organizes free cycle tours. D．It has over 2,500 rental shops.
2．How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days
A．?15.75. B．?19.50.
C.?22.75. D．?29.50.
3．Where does the guided city tour start
A．The Gooyer Windmill.
B．The Skinny Bridge.
C．Heineken Brewery.
D．Dam Square.
语境猜词
①rental(派)＝rent＋al___________________________________________________
②bike (转) n．→v.____________________
③strategic(派)＝strategy＋ic _______________________________________________
④every hour on the hour___________________________________________________
B
(2021·新课标Ⅰ)
Rome can be ①pricey for travelers，which is why many choose to stay in a hostel(旅社)．The hostels in Rome offer a bed in a dorm room for around $25 a night，and for that，you’ll often get to stay in a central location(位置) with security and comfort.
Yellow Hostel
If I had to make just one recommendation for where to stay in Rome，it would be Yellow Hostel.It’s one of the best-rated hostels in the city，and for good reason.It’s affordable，and it’s got a fun atmosphere without being too noisy.As an added bonus，it’s close to the main train station.
Hostel Alessandro Palace
If you love social hostels，this is the best hostel for you in Rome.Hostel Alessandro Palace is fun.Staff members hold plenty of bar events for guests like free shots，bar crawls and karaoke.There’s also an area on the rooftop for ②hanging out with other travelers during the summer.
Youth Station Hostel
If you’re looking for cleanliness and a modern hostel，look no further than Youth Station.It offers beautiful furnishings and beds.There are plenty of other benefits，too；it doesn’t charge city tax；it has both air conditioning and a heater for the rooms；it also has free Wi-Fi in every room.
Hotel and Hostel Des Artistes
Hotel and Hostel Des Artistes is located just a 10-minute walk from the central city station and it’s close to all of the city’s main attractions.The staff is friendly and helpful，providing you with a map of the city when you arrive，and offering advice if you require some.However，you need to pay 2 euros a day for Wi-Fi.
4．What is probably the major concern of travelers who choose to stay in a hostel
A．Comfort. B．Security. C．Price. D．Location.
5．Which hostel best suits people who enjoy an active social life
A．Yellow Hostel. B．Hostel Alessandro Palace.
C．Youth Station Hostel. D．Hotel and Hostel Des Artistes.
6.What is the disadvantage of Hotel and Hostel Des Artistes
A．It gets noisy at night.
B．Its staff is too ③talkative.
C．It charges for Wi-Fi.
D．It’s inconveniently located.
语境猜词
①pricey(派)＝price＋y________________________________________________________
②hang out____________________
③talkative(派)＝talk＋ative____________________
C
(2024·广东深圳一调)
Whistler Travel Guide
①Snow-capped peaks and powdered steeps; sparkling lakes and rushing waterfalls; challenging hiking routes and ②inviting restaurants—Whistler’s offerings suit every season.
Things to do
The entire town displays the ski-chic atmosphere，hosting dozens of ski and snow board competitions and festivals annually.In the warmer months，more outdoor enthusiasts come out to play.Visitors can try hiking or cycling up the mountains.While Whistler is an ideal vacation spot for the active types，other travelers can enjoy the local museums and art galleries filled within formative exhibits.Plus，there are family-friendly activities and attractions like summer concerts，along with plenty of shopping options.
When to visit
The best times to visit Whistler are from June through August and between December and March.
How to get around
The best ways to get around Whistler are on foot or by bike.Or，you can take the shuttle buses from Whistler Village，which transport visitors to Lost Lake Park and the Marketplace.Meanwhile，having a car will allow you the freedom to explore top attractions like Whistler Train Wreck and Alexander Falls without having to spend a lot of cash on a cab.
What you need to know
Whistler receives feet of snow each year.If you’re driving in winter，slow down and make sure to rent or come with a reliable SUV.
③Snowslides are likely to occur on backcountry routes，so only advanced skiers should take to this ④off-the-map area.
Whistler’s wilderness is home to many black and grizzly bears.Keep your distance and do not feed them.
7．What are active travelers recommended to do in Whistler
A．Bike up the mountains. B．Host ski competitions.
C．Go shopping at the malls. D．Visit museum exhibitions.
8.Which of the following is the most popular among travelers
A．Whistler Village.
B．Lost Lake Park.
C．The Marketplace.
D．Whistler Train Wreck.
9．What are travelers prohibited from doing in Whistler
A．Driving a rented SUV.
B．Feeding grizzly bears.
C．Exploring the wilderness.
D．Skiing on backcountry routes.
语境猜词
①snow-capped(合)＝snow＋capped____________________
②inviting(派)＝invite＋ing____________________
③snowslide(合)＝snow＋slide____________________
④off-the-map(转)prep.→adj.____________________
语境猜词答案 A．①出租，租赁　②骑自行车　③根据全局而安排的　④每个小时的整点 B．①贵的　②闲逛　③爱说话的，健谈的 C．①山顶部被雪覆盖的　②诱人的，吸引人的　③雪崩　④不为人知的
答案精析
语篇解读　本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了位于阿姆斯特丹的MacBike公司提供的自行车租赁和城市导览游服务。
1．B　[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety，including basic bikes with foot brake(刹车)，bikes with hand brake and gears(排挡)，bikes with child seats，and children’s bikes.”可知，MacBike的优势是它提供许多类型的自行车。故选B。]
2．C　[数字计算题。根据题干关键词hand brake，three gears，two days以及定价表可知，租一辆带手刹和三挡的自行车一天需要14.75欧元，额外增加天数每天8欧元。所以租一辆带手刹和三挡的自行车两天需要14.75＋8＝22.75欧元。故选C。]
3．D　[细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour，starting at 1：00 pm every day.”可知，城市导览游是从水坝广场出发。故选D。]
语篇解读　出于价格考虑，许多游客去罗马旅行时选择住在旅社。本文主要介绍了罗马的四个旅社。
4．C　[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Rome can be pricey for travelers，which is why many choose to stay in a hostel(旅社)．”可知，游客去罗马旅行时选择住在旅社主要是出于价格方面的考虑，故选C。]
5．B　[细节理解题。根据题干中的“people who enjoy an active social life”以及Hostel Alessandro Palace部分中的“If you love social hostels，this is the best hostel for you in Rome.”可知，喜欢社交的游客最适宜住在Hostel Alessandro Palace，故选B。]
6．C　[细节理解题。根据Hotel and Hostel Des Artistes部分中的“However，you need to pay 2 euros a day for Wi-Fi.”可知，Hotel and Hostel Des Artistes不好的地方在于使用无线网需要额外收费，故选C。]
7．A　[细节理解题。根据题干关键词“active travelers”定位到Things to do部分中“In the warmer months，more outdoor enthusiasts...Visitors can try hiking or cycling up the mountains.”，由此可知，惠斯勒推荐活跃的旅行者骑车上山。故选A。]
8．D　[细节理解题。根据题干关键词the most popular以及四个备选项定位至How to get around部分，由其中的“Meanwhile，having a car will allow you the freedom to explore top attractions like Whistler Train Wreck and Alexander Falls without...”可知，Whistler Train Wreck最受游客欢迎。故选D。]
9．B　[细节理解题。根据What you need to know部分中“Whistler’s wilderness is home to many black and grizzly bears.Keep your distance and do not feed them.”可知，旅客在惠斯勒禁止喂灰熊。故选B。]作业3　文学、艺术、建筑信息类应用文
A
(2022·全国乙)
Henry Raeburn (1756－1823)
The Exhibition
This exhibition of some sixty masterpieces ①celebrating the life and work of Scotland’s best loved painter，Sir Henry Raeburn，comes to London.Selected from collections throughout the world，it is the first major exhibition of his work to be held in over forty years.
Lecture Series
Scottish National Portrait(肖像画) Gallery presents a series of lectures for the general public.They are held in the Lecture Room.Admission to lectures is free.
An Introduction to Raeburn Sunday 26 Oct.,15：00 DUNCAN THOMSON Raeburn’s English ②Contemporaries Thursday 30 Oct.,13：10 JUDY EGERTON
Characters and Characterisation in Raeburn’s Portraits Thursday 6 Nov.,13：10 NICHOLAS PHILLIPSON Raeburn and Artist’s Training in the 18th Century Thursday 13 Nov.,13：10 MARTIN POSTLE
Exhibition Times
Monday－Saturday 10：00－17：45　　　　Sunday 12：00－17：45
Last admission to the exhibition: 17：15.There is no ③re-admission.
Closed：24－26 December and 1 January.
Admission
￡4.Children under 12 years accompanied by an adult are admitted free.
Schools and Colleges
A special low entrance charge of ￡2 per person is available to all in full-time education，up to and including those at first degree level，in organised groups with teachers.
语境猜词
①celebrate 熟义：v.庆祝
生义(文义)：v.____________________
②contemporary熟义：adj.当代的
生义(文义)：n.____________________
③re-admission(派)＝re＋admit＋ssion____________________
1.What is the right time for attending Raeburn’s English Contemporaries
A．Sun.26 Oct. B．Thurs.30 Oct.
C．Thurs.6 Nov. D．Thurs.13 Nov.
2．How much would a couple with two children under 12 pay for admission
A．￡4. B．￡8.
C．￡12. D．￡16.
3．How can full-time students get group discounts
A．They should go on Sunday mornings. B．They should come from art schools.
C．They must be led by teachers. D．They must have ID cards with them.
B
(2024·安徽合肥一模)
Hong Kong has the largest collection of ①high-rise buildings on Earth，many of which have been designed by world-famous architects.
HSBC ②Headquarters Building
In 1979，the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation(HSBC) launched an international design competition for its new headquarters.Foster＋Partners，headed by architect Sir Norman Foster，won the competition with an out-of-the-box idea.With a budget of roughly $667 million in the day’s currency，the British ③visionary had the modular(模块化的) pieces constructed in the US，Japan and the UK before shipping them to Hong Kong for assembly(组装)．
The Henderson
Zaha Hadid Architects(ZHA) has revealed plans to replace a ④multi-story car park in Hong Kong’s central business district with a new 623-foot tower.Like so many of ZHA’s visionary projects，the office tower，completed in 2023，integrates technology with natural environments.For instance，there is a sky garden which is an outdoor recreational space with a running track and a planting network that acts as an effective biological air-purifying filter by consuming pollutants.
Two International Finance Centre
On a clear day，you can see straight across Hong Kong from the offices in Two International Finance Centre(2IFC)，completed in 2003.Designed by the late Cesar Pelli，the 1,352-foot tower was the tallest in the city upon its completion.It transformed the skyline when it opened with its breathtaking height and tapered(锥形的) shape，symbolizing Hong Kong’s rise.
Bank of China Tower
The 1,205-foot tower，completed in 1990，broke records at the time and became an instant landmark as the first tower over 985 feet outside North America.A vision of urban energy，expansion and geometry，the Bank of China Tower(BOC Tower) was designed to resemble a bamboo shoot，symbolizing strength，vitality and China’s emergence as a significant player in international finance.
4．What is special about the HSBC Headquarters Building
A．It was designed by several architect teams.
B．It was funded by countries across the world.
C．Its style was considered to be the most creative.
D．Its design was a winning work of a competition.
5.Which building combines technology with nature
A．HSBC Headquarters Building.
B．The Henderson.
C．Two International Finance Centre.
D．Bank of China Tower.
6．What do the BOC Tower and 2IFC have in common
A．They are known for being eco-friendly.
B．They were completed in the same century.
C．They used to be the tallest in Hong Kong.
D．They were designed by the same architect.
语境猜词
①high-rise(合)＝high＋rise____________________
②headquarters(合)＝head＋quarters____________________
③visionary(派)＝vision＋ary____________________
④multi-story(派)＝multi＋story____________________
C
(2024·广东大亚湾区一模)
Critics’ Choice: The Year’s Best Novels...
1．The Love Songs of W．E.B.Du Bois by Honorée Fanonne Jeffers (Harper，$29)
The novel from a celebrated poet，this 800-page work is many things at once: a moving coming-of-age story，an examination of race，and an exploration of American history.Out of curiosity about the secrets in her family，Ailey ①uncovers stories that trace back to her Native American，Scottish，and ②enslaved African-American ancestors.
2．Matrix by Lauren Groff (Knopf，$28)
If Matrix were written by anyone else，it would be a hard sell.But Lauren Groff has reimagined the life of 12th-century poet Marie de France so that we can’t help but stay with this royal ③castoff as she’s sent away，at 17，to run a poor building，which she eventually changes into a shelter for women and a challenge to the male-dominated world.
3．Klara and the Sun by Kazuo Ishiguro (Knopf，$28)
A robot that has been programmed to be a sickly teenager’s “Artificial Friend”，Klara serves as our eyes on a troubling near future in which technological progress is pushing moral boundaries.But her outsider view allows the author of Remains of the Day，now a Nobel Prize winner，to explore what makes people irreplaceable.
4．Cloud Cuckoo Land by Anthony Doerr (Scribner，$30)
Doerr’s first novel since 2014 covers several hundred years—from 1453 Constantinople to a 22nd-century spaceship escaping from Earth.The book runs 640 pages，but without a wasted word.As engaging as a great bedtime story and as ④readable as Harry Potter，it’s above all a celebration of the human spirit and its power to dream impossible dreams.
7．Which book is written by a poet
A．The Love Songs of W．E.B.Du Bois. B．Matrix.
C．Klara and the Sun. D．Cloud Cuckoo Land.
8.What is the central theme explored in Klara and the Sun
A．Historical events.
B．Pursuit of dreams.
C．Human irreplaceability.
D．Teenagers’ friendship.
9．What do the four novels have in common
A．They all cover hundreds of years.
B．They are all chosen by critics.
C．They are all the author’s first novel.
D．The main characters are all humans.
语境猜词
①uncover(派)＝un＋cover____________________
②enslaved(派)＝en＋slave＋ed____________________
③castoff(合)＝cast＋off____________________
④readable(派)＝read＋able____________________
语境猜词答案 A．①赞美；颂扬　②同代人　③再入场 B．①高层的　②总部　③有远见卓识的人　④多层的 C．①揭露　②被奴役的　③被弃者　④可读的
答案精析
语篇解读　本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了为纪念苏格兰最受欢迎的画家亨利·雷伯恩爵士举行的展览和讲座的相关情况。
1．B　[细节理解题。根据Lecture Series部分表格中的“Raeburn’s English Contemporaries Thursday 30 Oct.”可知，在10月30日星期四可以去听Raeburn’s English Contemporaries讲座。故选B。]
2．B　[数字计算题。根据Admission部分中“￡4.Children under 12 years accompanied by an adult are admitted free.”可知，一对夫妇应付4＋4＝8(英镑)，两个12岁以下的儿童在成人陪同下免费，即入场费为8英镑。故选B。]
3．C　[细节理解题。根据最后一段“A special low entrance charge of ￡2 per person is available to all in full-time education，up to and including those at first degree level，in organised groups with teachers.”可知，全日制学生要获得团体折扣必须由老师带领。故选C。]
4．D　[细节理解题。根据HSBC Headquarters Building部分中“In 1979，the Hong Kong...an out-of-the-box idea.1979年，汇丰银行(HSBC)为其新总部发起了一项国际设计竞赛。以建筑师诺曼·福斯特爵士为首的福斯特建筑事务所以一个新颖的想法赢得了比赛”可知，汇丰总部大楼的特别之处在于它的设计是一项竞赛的获奖作品。故选D。]
5．B　[细节理解题。根据The Henderson部分中“Like so many of ZHA’s visionary...the office tower...integrates technology with natural environments.”可知，The Henderson结合了科技与自然。故选B。]
6．C　[细节理解题。根据Two International Finance Centre部分中“Designed by...the 1,352-foot tower was the tallest...upon its completion.”以及Bank of China Tower部分中“The 1,205-foot tower，...broke records at the time...North America.”可知，中银大厦和国际金融中心二期的共同之处是它们曾经都是香港最高的建筑。故选C。]
7．A　[细节理解题。根据题干中的“written by a poet”定位到The Love Songs of W．E.B.Du Bois部分第一句“The novel from a celebrated poet”可知，这部作品是由诗人创作的。故选A。]
8．C　[细节理解题。根据Klara and the Sun中“But her outsider...irreplaceable.”可知，这部作品探讨的核心主题是人的不可替代性。故选C。]
9．B　[细节理解题。根据文章标题“Critics’ Choice: The Year’s Best Novels...”可知，这四部作品都是由评论家挑选的。故选B。]作业4　活动举办信息类应用文
A
(2021·新课标Ⅱ)
Things to Do in Yorkshire This Summer
Harrogate Music Festival
Since its birth，Harrogate Music Festival has ①gone from strength to strength.This year，we are celebrating our 50th anniversary.We begin on 1st June with Manchester Camerata and Nicola Benedetti，presenting an amazing programme of Mozart pieces.
Dates：1 June－31 July
Tickets：￡12－￡96
Jodie’s Fitness Summer Classes
As the summer months ②roll in，our Georgian country estate makes the perfect setting for an outdoor fitness session.Come and work out with our qualified personal trainer，Jodie McGregor，on the grounds of the Middleton Lodge estate.
We will be holding a free taster session on 23rd May，at 10 a．m.，to demonstrate the variety of effective and active exercises.There are eight spaces available for the taster session.Advance bookings are required(info@middletonlodge.co.uk.)．
Dates：23 May－11 July
Tickets：￡7.50 per session
Felt Picture Making
Working from an ③inspirational picture，this workshop at Helmsley Arts Centre will teach you the techniques you will need to recreate your picture in wool.
We will also discuss the origins of felt(毛毡)，what enables wool fibres to become felt and how the processes we use work.
Dates：12 June－12 July
Tickets：￡40 including materials
Figure It Out！—Playing with Math
A new exhibition in Halifax uses everyday activities to explain the hidden math principles we all use on a regular basis.Pack a bag，cut a cake，guess which juice container holds the most liquid，and much more.Discover how architects，product designers and scientists use similar skills in their work.
Dates：7 May－10 June
Tickets：Free
1．What should you do if you want to attend the taster session of Jodie’s fitness classes
A．Join a fitness club. B．Pay a registration fee.
C．Make a booking. D．Hire a personal trainer.
2.How much is the ticket for Felt Picture Making
A．￡7.50. B．￡12.
C．￡40. D．￡96.
3．Which of the following starts earliest
A．Harrogate Music Festival.
B．Jodie’s Fitness Summer Classes.
C．Felt Picture Making.
D．Figure It Out！—Playing with Math.
语境猜词
①go from strength to strength____________________
②roll in____________________
③inspirational(派)＝inspire＋ation＋al____________________
B
(2024·江苏南京、盐城一模)
Strawberry picking is a popular and enjoyable activity in Pennsylvania.The state’s favorable weather and long growing season make it a favorite ①pastime for both locals and tourists.
Bricker’s Strawberries
It is a family-owned farm in Carlisle，PA，offering ②pre-picked and pick-your-own berries throughout the year.Prices range from $2/pound for pick-your-own berries to $4.25/quart for pre-picked berries.Opening hours may vary depending on the weather，so it’s best to check their website before heading out to the farm.
Oak Grove Farms
Oak Grove Farms in Mechanicsburg，PA，has been a family-owned farm since the 1960s.They offer a variety of fruits，and delicious baked goods，with strawberries being their ③specialty.Prices start at $15 for a 4-quart container.The farm store is open Monday to Saturday from 8：00 a．m.to 6：00 p．m.for visitors to make a purchase.
Honey Bear Orchards
Located in Lebanon，PA，it is a family-owned orchard providing fresh fruits to the community since 1980.With their fun and safe atmosphere，you can pick your quality fruit with your friends.U-pick strawberries cost $2/pound.They also offer pre-picked strawberries for a slightly higher cost.You can pay through cash or check only in their shop.
Brecknock Orchard
Brecknock Orchard in Mohnton，PA，is a family-friendly farm where you can pick strawberries and enjoy other activities on the farm.Wagon(马车) ride orchard tours cost $8 per person and include beautiful toys for kids.The cost of strawberry picking starts at $4/pound，and they accept cash and credit cards.
4．What deserves your special attention if you are going to Bricker’s Strawberries
A．Its opening hours. B．Its location.
C．Its fruit prices. D．Its berry types.
5．What do Oak Grove Farms and Honey Bear Orchards have in common
A．Providing shopping services.
B．Sharing an equally long history.
C．Being owned by the same family.
D．Having the same business hours.
6．Which is most suitable for a family with young children
A．Bricker’s Strawberries.
B．Oak Grove Farms.
C．Honey Bear Orchards.
D．Brecknock Orchard.
语境猜词
①pastime(合)＝pas(t)＋time____________________
②pre-picked(派)＝pre＋pick＋ed____________________
③specialty(派)＝special＋ty____________________
C
(2024·重庆二模)
Paint and Sip Class “Pink Lake”
Discover a different time out，enter your happy and relaxing place for some ①me-time or with your friends，family or workmates by your side.
About this Event
WHAT YOU’LL GET
All painting materials are provided such as canvas，paints，and brushes
We provide all ②glassware，and bottle ③openers
Take home your own finished artwork on a 30×40 inches stretched canvas
An afternoon full of fun and enthusiasm along with great music while you gain artistic instruction from a professional artist!
WHAT TO BRING
A thirst for painting and trying something new
Your favorite drink and snack
The studio’s door opens 15 minutes before and closes 15 minutes after the starting time.Arriving later would be considered a ④no-show-up！Unless you inform us before the starting time by calling(03) 9852 8772.
Date & Time: Sun.June 16,2024，at 02：00 pm to 04：00 pm
Location：Ladder Art Space,4/81 Denmark St，Kew，Australia
Ticket: AU$59.00
Age Policy
Individuals under 18 years old must be accompanied by a paying adult.We recommend ages 7 and older for “Paint Your Pet” and Family Day classes.NO INFANTS(婴幼儿) PLEASE.
Event Photos & Videos
We take a lot of photos and videos of our classes for Facebook and other forms of social media.If you do not want to be included in such photos，please advise a staff member upon arrival.
Booking Policy
Notice period for a refund
1－3 seats: More than 72 hours
4－9 seats: More than 7 days
Please note that there is a $A4.33 EventBrite fee per person，taken away from the total refund amount.Classes require a certain number of enrolment(报名) to proceed.Courses that do not meet minimum enrolment levels may be canceled.
7．What can a participant gain after the event
A．A 30×40 inches unpainted canvas.
B．Event photos and teaching videos.
C．The artwork of a professional artist.
D．The finished painting of one’s own.
8．Who is the event mainly intended for
A．Residents with some free time.
B．Families without pets or infants.
C．Teenagers majoring in modern art.
D．Adults thirsty for making friends.
9．How much can you get back if you want a refund for two persons 3 days in advance
A．AU$118. B．AU$113.67.
C．AU$109.34. D．AU$ 8.66.
语境猜词
①me-time(合)＝me＋time____________________
②glassware(合)＝glass＋ware____________________
③opener(派)＝open＋er____________________
④no-show-up(合)＝no＋show＋up____________________
语境猜词答案 A.①不断取得成功　②姗姗来迟　③鼓舞人心的 B.①娱乐，消遣　②预先采摘的　③特色食品，特产 C.①私人专属时间　②玻璃器皿　③开启工具　④没出现，未露面
答案精析
1．C　[细节理解题。根据Jodie’s Fitness Summer Classes部分中的“Advance bookings are required”可知，如果你想参加Jodie的健身课程，你应该预约。故选C。]
2．C　[细节理解题。根据Felt Picture Making部分中的“Tickets：￡40 including materials”可知，Felt Picture Making的票需要40英镑。故选C。]
3．D　[细节理解题。根据文章内容可知，Harrogate Music Festival从6月1日到7月31日；Jodie’s Fitness Summer Classes从5月23日到7月11日；Felt Picture Making从6月12日到7月12日；Figure It Out！—Playing with Math从5月7日到6月10日。故Figure It Out！—Playing with Math最早开始。故选D。]
4．A　[细节理解题。根据第二段中“Opening hours may vary...so it’s best to check their website before heading out to the farm.”可知，如果你要去布里克草莓农场，开放时间值得你特别注意。故选A。]
5．A　[细节理解题。根据第三段中“The farm store is open Monday...make a purchase.”以及第四段中“You can pay through...only in their shop.”可知，橡树林农场和蜜熊果园的共同之处是都提供购物服务。故选A。]
6．D　[细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Brecknock Orchard in Mohnton, PA, is a family-friendly farm...for kids.”可知，布雷克诺克果园最适合有小孩的家庭。故选D。]
7．D　[细节理解题。根据 WHAT YOU’LL GET部分中的“Take home your own finished artwork on a 30×40 inches stretched canvas”可知，活动结束后，参加者可以把自己完成的画作带回家。故选D。]
8．A　[细节理解题。根据文章首段“Discover a different time out，...for some me-time or with...by your side.”，WHAT TO BRING部分的“A thirsty for painting and...new”以及 Age Policy 部分“Individuals under 18 years old must be accompanied by a paying adult.”可知，这个活动主要是为了让参与者轻松快乐，与家人，朋友或同事一起度过一段快乐时光，主要针对的是有闲暇时间的居民。故选A。]
9．C　[细节理解题。根据价格信息“Ticket: AU$59.00”和最后一段中退票原则“Please note that there is a $A4.33 EventBrite fee per person，taken away from the total refund amount.”可知，票价是每人59.00澳元，退票每人须扣除4.33澳元的手续费，故两人退票会退回59×2－4.33×2＝109.34(澳元)。故选C。]作业5　生活与学习类记叙文
记叙文阅读文体解读
文体结构 记叙文通常遵循清晰的叙述线索，按照时间顺序或事件发展的逻辑顺序来组织内容。这样的结构有助于读者更好地理解和把握故事情节的发展。
语言风格 记叙文的语言通常较为生动、形象，通过具体的描写和叙述来展现人物、场景和事件。同时，记叙文的语言也注重情感表达，通过细腻的描绘来传达作者的情感和态度。
内容表达 记叙文往往围绕一个中心事件或主题展开，通过具体的故事情节来反映人物的性格特点、情感变化以及社会现象等。这些内容通常具有现实意义和教育意义，能够引发读者的共鸣和思考。
题目设置 记叙文的阅读题目通常涉及对故事情节、人物形象、主题思想等方面的理解和分析。这些题目旨在检验学生对记叙文阅读理解和分析的能力，要求学生能够准确把握文章的主旨大意，理解作者的写作意图和情感表达。
记叙文阅读解题技法
策略指导 技法解读
通读全文，抓住中心 快速浏览全文，把握文章的整体结构和主要信息。特别注意首段和每段的段首、段尾句，这些地方通常包含文章的中心思想和关键信息。
仔细审题，明确问题 在解题前，要仔细阅读题目，明确题目要求。确定题目类型，如细节理解题、推理判断题等，以便针对性地运用解题策略。
定位关键信息 根据题目要求，在文中定位关键信息。可以使用关键词定位法，如人名、地名、时间等，帮助快速找到相关段落或句子。
注意上下文联系 在阅读和解题过程中，要注重上下文之间的联系。理解作者在叙述中的逻辑关系和情感变化，有助于更准确地把握文章的主旨和细节。
理解作者意图和态度 通过分析文章的语言、结构和内容，理解作者的写作意图和态度。这有助于把握文章的整体氛围，从而更准确地回答问题。
排除干扰项 在选择题中，注意排除与文章内容不符或与问题无关的干扰项。对比各选项，选择最符合文章内容和问题要求的答案。
复查答案 完成题目后，复查答案，确保答案与文章内容相符，没有逻辑错误或语言错误。
A
(2023·新课标Ⅱ)
Turning soil，pulling weeds，and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids.And at first it is，says Abby Jaramillo，who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts，a school garden program at four low-income schools.The program aims to help students develop science skills，environmental awareness，and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants ①outnumber grocery stores.“The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks，” she says.“They come to us thinking vegetables are awful，dirt is awful，insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt，most are eager to try something new.
Urban Sprouts’ classes，at two middle schools and two high schools，include hands-on experiments such as soil testing，flower-and-seed dissection，tastings of fresh or dried produce，and work in the garden.Several times a year，students cook the vegetables they grow，and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools.
Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes.“We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently，” Jaramillo says.
She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition.Some students get so interested in ②gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens.Besides，working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students，many of whom have emotional control issues.“They get outside，” she says，“and they feel successful.”
1．What do we know about Abby Jaramillo
A．She used to be a health worker.
B．She grew up in a low-income family.
C．She owns a fast food restaurant.
D．She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts.
2．What was a problem facing Jaramillo at the start of the program
A．The kids’ parents distrusted her.
B．Students had little time for her classes.
C．Some kids disliked garden work.
D．There was no space for school gardens.
3．Which of the following best describes the impact of the program
A．③Far-reaching. B．Predictable.
C．Short-lived. D．④Unidentifiable.
4．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Rescuing School Gardens
B．Experiencing Country Life
C．Growing Vegetable Lovers
D．Changing Local Landscape
语境猜词
①outnumber(合)＝out＋number____________________
②garden 熟义：n.花园
生义(文义)：v.____________________
③far-reaching(合)＝far＋reaching____________________
④unidentifiable(派)＝un＋identif(y)＋iable____________________
B
(2023·全国甲)
Terri Bolton is a_dab_hand when it comes to DIY(do-it-yourself)．Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture，she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.
She credits these skills to her late grandfather and builder Derek Lloyd.From the age of six，Terri，now 26，accompanied Derek to work during her school holidays.A day’s work was rewarded with ￡5 in pocket money.She says，“I’m sure I wasn’t much of a help to start with.But when Derek built our family house about eight years ago，I was heavily involved(参与)，painting the rooms and putting down the flooring throughout the house.It took weeks and it was ①backbreaking work，but I know he was proud of my skills.”
Terri，who now rents a house with friends in Wandsworth，South West London，says DIY also saves her from losing any deposit when a tenancy(租期) comes to an end.She adds，“I’ve moved house many times and I always like to ②personalise my room and put up pictures.So，it’s been useful to know how to cover up holes and repaint a room to avoid any charges when I’ve moved out.”
With millions of people likely to take on DIY projects over that coming weeks，new research shows that more than half of people are planning to make the most of the long，warm summer days to get jobs done.The average spend per project will be around ￡ 823.A third of people aim to improve their comfort while at home.③Two fifths wish to increase the value of their houses.Though DIY has traditionally been seen as male hobby，the research shows it is women now leading the charge.
5．Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1
A．An artist. B．A winner.
C．A specialist. D．A pioneer.
6．Why did Terri’s grandfather give her ￡5 a day
A．For a birthday gift.
B．As a treat for her work.
C．To support her DIY projects.
D．To encourage her to take up a hobby.
7．How did Terri avoid losing the deposit on the house she rented
A．By making it look like before.
B．By furnishing it herself.
C．By splitting the rent with a roommate.
D．By cancelling the rental agreement.
8．What trend in DIY does the research show
A．It is becoming more costly.
B．It is getting more ④time-consuming.
C．It is turning into a seasonal industry.
D．It is gaining popularity among females.
语境猜词
①backbreaking(合)＝back＋breaking________________________________________________
②personalise(派)＝person＋al＋ise____________________
③two fifths ____________________
④time-consuming(合)＝time＋consuming____________________
C
(2024·江苏宿迁一模)
I was surprised to find the congestion(拥塞) outside Layla’s primary school was unusually absent—I’d driven right into a parking space，and I was on time，for once.The school bell rang，and in a moment a stream of children made their way through the gate.But something was different—the kids were piling into vehicles ①in threes and fours.
Before I could enquire my daughter Layla，Mr Trent，the deputy head，approached.“Mrs Pavis，didn’t you read our letter？” Letter What letter I had a history of not looking out for them，and not reading them in most cases.“The letter Of course.It must have just slipped my mind—I’ve been busy with work.”
Now I was digging around in Layla’s messy schoolbag at home.Eventually，I found several letters，all addressing the same topic—parking outside the school gates.Apparently with some parents parking illegally，the police were about to get involved.“Why didn’t you give me these letters？” I demanded.Layla shrugged，“I forgot.” I was about to launch into a severe lecture when it occurred to me that I had always forgotten—I had forgotten to give Layla her money for cookery that morning and forgotten to hang out the kids’ washed clothes.
I contained myself and figured out that they wanted the parents to car-pool(拼车)．I spent the next half hour ringing round Layla’s friends’ parents，enquiring if they would like to car-pool with us.Unfortunately，they were all sorted.It was my own fault—I should have read those letters ages ago.“Er...I overheard others talking about it，”
Layla said.“They said they didn’t know who would car-pool with us，because we’re always late.” I flushed instantly.We were a ②disorganised family，and I was the one to blame.
I resolved to change.With responsibility for my kids，I find I am never late.It’s good for Layla and for her older brothers，and it’s good for me，because now I never leave the house ③unprepared.I’ve even started checking the kids’ schoolbags for notes from school.
9．What did the author notice when the school was over
A．It was hard to find a parking space.
B．Children were picked up in groups.
C．Her daughter was absent from class.
D．She arrived much earlier than others.
10．What stopped the author criticizing her daughter
A．The reflection of her daily routine.
B．The realization of her carelessness.
C．The knowledge of her kid’s character.
D．The awareness of her kid’s depression.
11．Why did others refuse to car-pool with them according to Layla
A．Because they contacted them late.
B．Because they failed to keep the house tidy.
C．Because they couldn’t be on time.
D．Because they ignored the school’s request.
12．What can we learn from the passage
A．Action creates motivation.
B．Mother’s love never changes.
C．It’s never too late to mend.
D．Patience is the key to success.
语境猜词
①in threes and fours____________________
②disorganised(派)＝dis＋organise＋d ____________________
③unprepared(派)＝un＋prepare＋d ____________________
语境猜词答案 A．①数目超过；比……多　②做园艺工作；种植花木　③影响深远的　④无法辨认的 B．①非常辛劳的　②使个性化　③五分之二　④耗时的 C．①三五成群　②缺乏组织的，杂乱无章的 ③无准备的
答案精析
语篇解读　本文是记叙文。文章主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo等老师在低收入学校发起的Urban Sprouts项目，让学生爱上蔬菜种植，对学生影响深远。
1．D　[细节理解题。根据第一段的“And at first it is，says Abby Jaramillo，who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts”可知，Abby Jaramillo是Urban Sprouts项目的发起者。故选D。]
2．C　[推理判断题。根据第二段的“They come to us thinking vegetables are awful，dirt is awful，insects are awful.”可知，项目之初，一些学生不喜欢园艺工作。故选C。]
3．A　[推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知，这个项目不仅给学生提供了有营养的食物，而且许多学生回家开创了自己的菜园，对有情绪控制问题的学生也起到了镇静作用，从而推知，该项目的影响是深远的。故选A。]
4．C　[标题归纳题。根据第一段以及下文内容可知，文章主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo等老师在低收入学校发起的学校园艺项目Urban Sprouts对学生影响深远，让越来越多的学生爱上蔬菜种植，并开始种植自己的菜园。故选C。]
5．C　[词义猜测题。根据画线短语后文“Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together...”可推知，此处指Terri Bolton是一位DIY高手。C项最接近画线短语的意思。故选C。]
6．B　[推理判断题。根据第二段前三句以及最后一句可推知，Terri的祖父每天给她5英镑是作为对她工作的奖励。故选B。]
7．A　[推理判断题。根据第三段第一句和最后一句可推知，Terri通过粉饰房间，让它看起来像以前一样，以此来避免被扣除租房的押金。故选A。]
8．D　[细节理解题。通过最后一段中的“the research shows it is women now leading the charge”可知，研究表明，DIY将在女性中越来越受欢迎。故选D。]
语篇解读　这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者在参与孩子的学校生活时发现自己的粗心大意，并且因为迟到，其他家长拒绝和自己拼车，于是作者决心改变，承担起对孩子的责任，再也没有迟到过。
9．B　[细节理解题。根据第一段中“The school bell rang...into vehicles in threes and fours.”可知，放学后作者注意到孩子们被成群地接走。故选B。]
10．B　[细节理解题。根据第三段末句“I was about to...forgotten to hang out the kids’ washed clothes.”可知，作者正准备严厉地训斥女儿一顿，却突然想到自己经常忘记去做一些事，意识到自己的粗心大意阻止了作者批评她的女儿。故选B。]
11．C　[细节理解题。根据倒数第二段莱拉说的话“They said they didn’t know who would car-pool with us，because we’re always late.”可知，其他人拒绝与她们拼车是因为她们不能准时。故选C。]
12．C　[推理判断题。文章主要讲述了作者在参与孩子的学校生活时发现自己的粗心大意，并且因为迟到，其他家长拒绝和自己拼车，于是作者决心改变，承担起对孩子的责任，再也没有迟到过。由此可推知，文章告诉我们“亡羊补牢，未为晚也”的道理。故选C。]作业6　做人与做事类记叙文
A
(2021·新课标Ⅰ)
By day，Robert Titterman is a lawyer.In his spare time though he goes on stage beside pianist Maria Raspopova—not as a musician but as her page turner.“I’m not a trained musician，but I’ve learnt to read music so I can help Maria in her performance.”
Mr Titterman is chairman of the Omega Ensemble but has been the group’s official page turner for the past four years.His job is to sit beside the pianist and turn the pages of the score so the musician doesn’t have to break the flow of sound by doing it themselves.He said he became just as nervous as those playing instruments on stage.
“A lot of skills are needed for the job.You have to make sure you don’t turn two pages at once and make sure you find the repeats in the music when you have to go back to the right spot，” Mr Titterman explained.
Being a page turner requires plenty of practice.Some pieces of music can go for 40 minutes and require up to 50 page turns，including back turns for repeat passages.Silent ①onstage communication is key，and each pianist has their own style of “nodding” to indicate a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner.
But like all performances，there are moments when things go wrong.“I was turning the page to get ready for the next page，but the draft wind from the turn caused the spare pages to fall off the stand，” Mr Titterman said.“Luckily I was able to catch them and put them back.”
Most page turners are piano students or ②up-and-coming concert pianists，although Ms Raspopova has once asked her husband to help her out on stage.
“My husband is the worst page turner，” she laughed.“He’s absorbed in the music，feeling every note，and I have to say：‘Turn，turn！’ Robert is the best page turner I’ve had in my entire life.”
1．What should Titterman be able to do to be a page turner
A．Read music. B．Play the piano.
C．Sing songs. D．Fix the instruments.
2．Which of the following best describes Titterman’s job on stage
A．Boring. B．Well-paid. C．Demanding. D．Dangerous.
3．What does Titterman need to practise
A．Counting the pages. B．Recognizing the “nodding”．
C．Catching falling objects. D．Performing in his own style.
4.Why is Ms Raspopova’s husband “the worst page turner”？
A．He has very poor eyesight.
B．He ignores the audience.
C．He has no interest in music.
D．He forgets to do his job.
语境猜词
①onstage(合)＝on＋stage___________________________________________________
②up-and-coming(合)＝up＋and＋coming____________________
B
(2024·山东青岛一模)
The Music Educator Award，this year，went to Annie Ray，an orchestra(管弦乐队) director at Annandale High School.She was recognized for her efforts to make music accessible to all students，particularly those with disabilities.Ray got to attend the awards ceremony in Los Angeles and bring home a $10,000 prize.
Ray created the Crescendo Orchestra for students with severe intellectual and developmental disabilities，as well as a parent orchestra that teaches nearly 200 caregivers a year to play the same instrument as their child.Ray also works with a local charity to give damaged instruments a second life in her classroom.
The orchestra is about much more than just making music.The most important is to give students a chance to develop their cooperation skills，make mistakes and learn the art of refining something.Ray pushes her students to be brave，go outside their comfort zone and realize they have to learn how to make bad sounds before learning how to make good sounds.And they teach her a lot in return.“They changed my educational philosophy.I understand what it truly means to meet a student where they’re at and apply that elsewhere，” she said.
The warm reception on the ceremony was meaningful.Actually，not many people understand what exactly music educators do or how much their work matters.While her ①administration is ②supportive，that lack of understanding is a problem facing the profession in general.Another is resources.She says her school “desperately” needs new instruments.She will use some of her prize money to buy more.
Ray also plans to put some of the money towards an ③ongoing scholarship for students who want to pursue music when they graduate.She knows of several，those particularly interested in music，and aims to offer financial support needed to realize their musical dreams.“It is hard but truly satisfying，” Ray said.“And there’s nothing else like it for them.”
5．What can we learn about Ray from the first two paragraphs
A．She hosted the award ceremony.
B．She brought music to more people.
C．She gave away instruments to the poor.
D．She founded a local charity for children.
6．What do students benefit most from the orchestra
A．They acquire ④in-depth musical knowledge.
B．They make friends with the ⑤like-minded.
C．They gain personal growth from playing music.
D．They improve their connections with educators.
7．What is paragraph 4 of the text mainly about
A．The reception on the ceremony.
B．Importance of music education.
C．Challenges for music educators.
D．Plans to obtain resources.
8．What does Ray find satisfying according to the last paragraph
A．Winning a scholarship.
B．Developing interest in music.
C．Making musical achievements.
D．Transforming dreams into reality.
语境猜词
①administration(派)＝ad＋ministr(y)＋ation____________________
②supportive(派)＝support＋ive____________________
③ongoing(合)＝on＋going____________________________________________________
④in-depth(合)＝in＋depth_____________________________________________________
⑤like-minded(合)＝like＋minded____________________
C
(2024·湖南常德一模)
One day as I drove toward my home，I passed the local bus depot.I ①pulled up as a group of people crossed the road in front of me.As I watched，I noticed a thin，shabbily dressed older lady struggling with a large suitcase.
Witnessing this lady and remembering similar struggles I had experienced in the past when traveling，I pulled up alongside her and leaned over to call out through the open passenger window.“I’m going right into the town，” I said.“I can drop you off.That suitcase looks awfully heavy.” “Well，all right，” she answered.When we got there，she thanked me，“Well，bless you，lady.No one has ever done me a kindness like that before.I hope someone will do a good turn for you one day.”
Shortly after the encounter with the suitcase lady，I decided to spend a day in the mountains alone.I set off with my dog in my ②pickup，which was elderly but still ③serviceable.After driving for nearly two hours，I heard a sudden loud noise and my truck came to a full stop.I found its axle was broken and needed to be towed.In a remote area，with no hope of finding another person，I knew I was in big trouble.Over and over，I blamed my own ④stupidity for being in a deserted area with no possible chance of help.I hoped that no wandering bear would come to investigate，or a hungry mountain lion—with babies.My imagination ran riot.I started to panic.
Then faintly，in the distance，came the roar of motorbikes.As they drew nearer，I could see that they were a group of motorcycle riders.“Do you need help，ma’am？” I heard a concerned voice say.The rest is history.My pickup，my dog and I were all transported back to safety.I shall never forget the kindness of the motorcycle riders who stopped.Some people may think it was a happy coincidence，but personally I like to say，it was someone that really did a good turn for me，just as the suitcase lady said.
9．How did the author help the old lady
A．She ⑤gave her a lift to the town.
B．She helped her cross the road.
C．She carried the suitcase for her.
D．She took her to a nearby hotel.
10．What happened to the author’s pickup on the way to the mountains
A．It ran out of gas.
B．It crashed into a tree.
C．It broke down.
D．It was attacked by animals.
11.What was the author’s reaction to the incident in paragraph 3
A．She blamed it on the old road.
B．She lost her temper with the dog.
C．She stayed calm and asked for help.
D．She felt very uneasy and frightened.
12．Which of the following is the best title for the story
A．Do as You Would Be Done by
B．A Friend in Need Is a Friend Indeed
C．What Goes Around，Comes Around
D．A Good Beginning Is Half Done
语境猜词
①pull up____________________
②pickup(合)＝pick＋up n．____________________
③serviceable(派)＝service＋able____________________
④stupidity(派)＝stupid＋ity____________________
⑤give sb a lift____________________
语境猜词答案 A.①舞台上的，演出的　②有前途的 B.①管理　②给予帮助的，支持的　③持续存在的，不断发展的　④彻底的，深入的　⑤志趣相投的 C.①停车　②小卡车　③可供使用的　④愚蠢，糊涂　⑤让某人搭便车
答案精析
语篇解读　本文主要讲述了律师Robert Titterman利用自己的业余时间去帮钢琴师翻乐谱的故事。翻乐谱看似是一份简单的工作，但是也需要进行很多练习，尤其要与每位钢琴师默契配合。
1．A　[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“I’m not a trained musician，but I’ve learnt to read music so I can help Maria in her performance.”可知，Robert Titterman认识乐谱，这使得他可以做好翻乐谱的工作，故A项正确。]
2．C　[推理判断题。根据第三段和第四段第一句“Being a page turner requires plenty of practice.”可以推断，Titterman的工作要求很高，故C项正确。]
3．B　[细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Silent onstage communication is key，and each pianist has their own style of ‘nodding’ to indicate a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner.”可知，Titterman需要在领会钢琴师的“点头示意”上多加练习，故B项正确。]
4．D　[细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“He’s absorbed in the music，feeling every note，and I have to say：‘Turn，turn！’”可知，Raspopova女士的丈夫沉浸在音乐中以至于忘了自己的本职工作，所以Raspopova女士称其为“最糟糕的翻乐谱工作者”，故D项正确。]
语篇解读　本文是记叙文。文章讲述了音乐教育工作者雷 Ray 把音乐带给更多的人，并因此获得音乐教育工作者奖。
5．B　[细节理解题。根据第一段第二句和第二段内容可知，雷为有严重智力和发育障碍的学生创建了一支管弦乐队，同时还成立了一支家长管弦乐队，每年教近200名照顾者演奏和他们的孩子一样的乐器，由此得出她把音乐带给了更多人。故选B。]
6．C　[细节理解题。根据第三段第二、三句“The most important is to ...learning how to make good sounds.”可知，这给了学生一个完善自我的机会，并鼓励他们走出舒适区，因此学生从弹奏音乐中获得最大的益处是个人成长。故选C。]
7．C　[段落大意题。根据第四段内容“Actually，not many people understand...prize money to buy more.”可知，音乐教育工作者缺乏他人的理解，也缺少乐器等教学资源。故本段主要讲述了音乐教育工作者面临的困难和挑战。故选C。]
8．D　[细节理解题。根据最后一段最后三句可知，帮助对音乐特别感兴趣的人实现音乐梦想令雷感到满意。故选D。]
语篇解读　这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者某天让一个拿着行李的老太太搭了便车，后来某次自己的车在行驶途中坏了，也遇到了好心人帮助，作者认为这是善有善报。
9．A　[细节理解题。根据第二段可知，作者看到这位女士，想起自己过去在旅行中经历过的类似的挣扎，所以就把车停在她旁边让她上车，带她去镇上。故选A。]
10．C　[细节理解题。根据第三段的“After driving for nearly two hours，...needed to be towed.”可知，作者的车在开往山里的途中坏了。故选C。]
11．D　[细节理解题。根据第三段最后四句“Over and over...I started to panic.”可知，作者开始恐慌起来，她感到非常不安和害怕。故选D。]
12．C　[标题归纳题。根据最后一段末句“Some people may think...as the suitcase lady said.”并结合文章可知，作者某天让一个拿着行李的老太太搭了便车，后来某次自己的车在行驶途中坏了，也遇到了好心人帮助，作者认为这是善有善报。由此可知，C选项“善有善报”最符合文章标题。故选C。]作业7　社会服务类记叙文
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
A
(2021·北京)
I remember the day during our first week of class when we were informed about our semester(学期) project of volunteering at a ①non-profit organization.When the teacher introduced us to the different organizations that needed our help，my last choice was Operation Iraqi Children(OIC)．My first impression of the organization was that it was not going to make enough of a difference with the plans I had in mind.
Then，an OIC ②representative gave us some details，which somewhat interested me.After doing some research，I believed that we could really do something for those kids.When I went online to the OIC website，I saw pictures of the Iraqi children.Their faces were so powerful in sending a message of their despair(绝望) and need that I joined this project without hesitation.We decided to collect as many school supplies as possible，and make them into kits—one kit，one child.
The most ③rewarding day for our group was project day，when all the efforts we put into collecting the items finally came together.When I saw the various supplies we had collected，it hit me that every kit we were to build that day would eventually be in the hands of an Iraqi child.Over the past four months，I had never imagined how I would feel once our project was completed.While making the kits，I realized that I had lost sight of the true meaning behind it.I had only focused on the fact that it was another school project and one I wanted to get a good grade on.When the kits were completed，and ready to be sent overseas，the warm feeling I had was one I would never forget.
In the beginning，I dared myself to make a difference in the life of another person.Now that our project is over，I realize that I have affected not only one life，but ten.With our efforts，ten young boys and girls will now be able to further their education.
1．How did the author feel about joining the OIC project in the beginning
A．It would affect his/her initial plans.
B．It would involve traveling overseas.
C．It would not bring him/her a good grade.
D．It would not live up to his/her expectations.
2．What mainly helped the author change his/her attitude toward the project
A．Images of Iraqi children.
B．Research by his/her classmates.
C．A teacher’s introduction.
D．A representative’s comments.
3．The author’s OIC project group would help ten Iraqi children to ________.
A．become OIC volunteers
B．further their education
C．study in foreign countries
D．influence other children
4．What can we conclude from this passage
A．One’s potential cannot always be underrated.
B．First impression cannot always be trusted.
C．Actions speak louder than words.
D．He who hesitates is lost.
语境猜词
①non-profit(派)＝non＋profit____________________
②representative(派)＝represent＋ative____________________
③rewarding(派)＝reward＋ing____________________
B
(2024·广东韶关二模)
For nearly two decades，a thin，①sun-burnt ②postal worker could frequently be seen carrying packages along a dangerous mountain trail in the Taihang Mountains.
The 10-kilometer-long route，which is between 20 centimeters and 1 meter wide，is known as the “cat road” by locals，meaning that it is so dangerous that only cats could walk on it.③Whereas，ZhaoYuefang，a postal worker in Ewu Township in Huguan County，Shanxi Province，had to walk the route every day to deliver mail.
Every day at the crack of dawn，he would start his journey along the “cat road”．From picking up the day’s post to delivering it to villagers and returning along the same route，it took Zhao four days.During rainy and snowy seasons，the mountain road，part of which hugs the cliffs，would become slippery and dangerous.One day in the winter of 2003，the “cat road” was covered in thick snow and he slipped off the trail.Fortunately，he was able to stop his sharp descent by grabbing a tree branch and slowly managed to climb to safety.
By 2012，Zhao had walked more than 300,000 km and delivered over 800,000 pieces of mail.Born and raised in the deep mountains，Zhao truly understands the significance of mail deliveries to villagers.“They depend on the mail to keep in touch with the outside world，” he said.“Their sheer joy written on their face while receiving any post struck me，” he added.
In 2012，a 67-km-long tourist highway was built and gone were those days when Zhao risked his life to walk on the “cat road”．But Zhao was even busier than before.“The number of packages I handle daily now ④exceeds the number I used to deal with in the past，” said Zhao，adding that villagers are turning to online shopping and ordering more and more goods by post.
5．Why is the mountain trail referred to as “cat road”？
A．It’s shaped like a cat. B．It’s intended for cats.
C．It is too narrow and risky. D．⑤It rains cats and dogs there.
6．What does the word “descent” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Fall. B．Pain. C．Turn. D．Landing.
7．According to the passage，which words can best describe Zhao
A．Persistent and dedicated.
B.Diligent and ambitious.
C．Considerate and confident.
D．Courageous and generous.
8．What has always motivated Zhao’s enthusiasm for his job
A．The villagers’ respect for him.
B．His being born and raised there.
C．Today’s huge number of the packages.
D．The value of the deliveries to the locals.
语境猜词
①sun-burnt(合)＝sun＋burnt ____________________
②postal(派)＝post＋al ____________________
③whereas ____________________
④exceed(派)＝ex＋ceed ____________________
⑤It rains cats and dogs.(俚)_______________________________________________
C
(2024·四川攀枝花二模)
In spring 2015，after 39 years with Columbia Pictures，I retired and found myself with lots of free time to spare.
I decided to use that time to volunteer.While tutoring with the adult literacy program at my local library，an advertising ①flyer for a neighborhood group called Westchester Villages caught my eye.Its main job is about matching ②aging neighbors with local volunteers who help them in a number of different ways: Making short visits，being a walking partner，or driving to doctors’ appointments and the like.
I am happy to offer myself as a responsible person and a comfort to someone who is nervous about their appointment and concerned about getting there safely on time.I’m usually available to stay with the person I’m driving during their visit and accompany them back to my car for the ride home.These drives also can be ideal times for relaxing conversation.I’ve had many discussions with them，discovered many common interests，and heard numerous extended stories of past travels and family histories.
I often begin rides by comforting a nervous neighbor by calmly saying，“I know where we’re going，the most direct route，and the best place to park.You’re in good hands with me.” These driving experiences also have afforded me opportunities for reflection.I’ve come to feel united with the neighbors I have come to know，and a more eager awareness of the aging process we all share.In living through so much time with them，I realize I’m going through the same stages.
A final irony(讽刺) for this movie lover is that I no longer need to go to a ③darkened theatre and gaze at a big screen in search of high drama.Whether it’s a World War Ⅱ-era family story or anxiety about current events or good news from a doctor，I experience all from a definitely front row seat.
9．What did the author decide to do during his free time
A．Work as a librarian.
B．Give rides for elderly people.
C．Making short visits to sick people.
D．Play matches with aging neighbors.
10．Which of the following can best describe the author
A．Creative and competent.
B．Talented and warm-hearted.
C．Devoted and considerate.
D．Ambitious and hard-working.
11．What might the author’s driving experiences remind him of
A．His own aging process.
B．A driver’s responsibility.
C．The value of conversations.
D．Passengers’ words of comfort.
12.What can we infer from the last paragraph
A．The author has been anxious about his health.
B．The author has no interest in dramas anymore.
C．The author prefers watching movies from a front row.
D．The author has found a new way of experiencing life.
语境猜词
①flyer(派)＝fly＋er____________________
②aging(派)＝age＋ing____________________
③darkened(派)＝dark＋en＋ed____________________
语境猜词答案 A．①非营利的　②代表　③值得做的，有意义的 B．①晒黑的　②邮政的，邮递的　③但是，然而　④超过，超出　⑤下倾盆大雨。 C．①传单　②变老的，变旧的　③变黑的，漆黑的，没有灯光的
答案精析
语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。作者在网站上看到伊拉克儿童的面孔后感受到了他们的绝望和需求。于是，作者和其他志愿者决定为伊拉克儿童尽可能多地收集学习用品，这使得十名伊拉克儿童得以继续接受教育。
1．D　[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“my last choice was Operation Iraqi Children(OIC)”和本段尾句“My first impression...I had in mind.”可知，作者一开始认为该组织与心中的期望不符，故D项正确。]
2．A　[细节理解题。根据第二段第四句“Their faces were so...without hesitation.”可知，伊拉克儿童的面孔有力地传达了他们的绝望和需要，所以作者毫不犹豫地加入了这个项目。据此可知，伊拉克儿童的形象是作者改变对这一项目的态度的主要原因，故A项正确。]
3．B　[细节理解题。根据本文尾句“With our efforts...further their education.”可知，在作者和其他志愿者的努力下，十名伊拉克儿童得以继续接受教育，故B项正确。]
4．B　[推理判断题。根据第一段尾句“My first impression...in mind.”可知，作者对伊拉克儿童行动组织的第一印象并不好，认为该组织与自己的期望不符；根据第二段第四句“Their faces were...without hesitation.”可知，当看到伊拉克儿童的面孔有力地传达了他们的绝望和需要时，作者决定加入这一组织；再根据尾段可知，通过加入这一组织，作者影响了十名伊拉克儿童。据此可以推知，第一印象并不可信。故B项正确。]
语篇解读　本文是记叙文。文章讲述了一位名叫赵月芳的邮政工作人员往返于太行山的危险山路上致力于邮件投递的故事，通过描述他的工作经历和所面临的挑战，展现了其坚持不懈和甘于奉献的精神。
5．C　[细节理解题。根据第二段内容可知，这条路非常危险，只有猫才能在上面走，所以被称为“猫路”。故选C。]
6．A　[词义猜测题。根据前文“One day in the winter of 2003，the ‘cat road’ was covered in thick snow and he slipped off the trail.”再结合后文“grabbing a tree branch”可知，他滑下了小路，但是他抓住了一根树枝，这应是阻止了急剧的下滑，可推知descent意为“下降”，和A项意思相近。故选A。]
7．A　[推理判断题。根据第一、三段内容可知，赵月芳20年来一直往返于太行山一条被称为“猫路”的危险山路上致力于投递邮件，他坚持不懈、有奉献精神，即使路途危险也不放弃。故选A。]
8．D　[推理判断题。根据第四段内容可知，他出生并成长于深山，真切理解邮件派送对于村民的重要性，所以邮件对于当地人的意义一直是他工作的动力。故选D。]
语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者作为志愿者帮助老人的经历，这让他找到了一种新的生活体验方式。
9．B　[细节理解题。根据第三段可知，作者退休后决定在他的空闲时间给年迈的邻居提供免费搭车服务。故选B。]
10．C　[推理判断题。根据第三段内容可知，作者在退休后致力于给年迈的邻居提供免费搭车服务。第四段前两句提到：有我在，你会得到很好的照顾。由此可知，作者是全身心投入到志愿者工作中，同时对老人非常体贴。故选C。]
11．A　[细节理解题。根据第四段最后三句“I’ve come to feel...In living through so much time with them，I realize I’m going through the same stages.”可知，作者的这段给年迈邻居提供免费搭车服务的经历让他想到自己的衰老过程。故选A。]
12．D　[推理判断题。根据最后一段“A final irony(讽刺) for this movie lover is that...I experience all from a definitely front row seat.”可知，作者通过倾听发生在客人身上的故事，找到一种新的体验生活的方式。故选D。]作业8　环境保护类记叙文
A
(2023·新课标Ⅰ)
When John Todd was a child，he loved to explore the woods around his house，observing how nature solved problems.A dirty stream，for example，often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived.When he got older，John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture，medicine，and ①fisheries in college，John went back to observing nature and asking questions.Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria(细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat ②cancer-causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants，he figured，maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did.He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge(污泥)．First，he constructed a series of clear ③fiberglass tanks connected to each other.Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals.He placed them in the tanks and waited.Little by little，these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ④ecosystem.After a few weeks，John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results.The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks，it had all been digested，and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years，John has taken on many big jobs.He developed a ⑤greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage(污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington.He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou，a city in southeast China.
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does.“Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor，” he says.“You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening.Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
1.What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
A．He was fond of traveling.
B．He enjoyed being alone.
C．He had an inquiring mind.
D．He longed to be a doctor.
2．Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
A．To feed the animals.
B．To build an ecosystem.
C．To protect the plants.
D．To test the eco-machine.
3．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A．To review John’s research plans.
B．To show an application of John’s idea.
C．To compare John’s different jobs.
D．To erase doubts about John’s invention.
4．What is the basis for John’s work
A．Nature can repair itself.
B．Organisms need water to survive.
C．Life on Earth is diverse.
D．Most tiny creatures live in groups.
语境猜词
①fishery(派)＝fish＋ery ______________________________________________
②cancer-causing(合)＝cancer＋causing ____________________
③fiberglass(合)＝fiber＋glass ____________________
④ecosystem(派)＝eco＋system ____________________
⑤greenhouse-like(合)＝greenhouse＋like ____________________
B
(2024·山东临沂高三一模)
Watford and her family have lived in Curtis Bay，Baltimore for generations.Her community has faced environmental ①injustice.Heavy industries continued to move in her community.As a result，her neighbors have had to live with serious respiratory(呼吸的) problems.
When she knew a plan to build the nation’s largest trash-burning incinerator(焚化炉) less than a mile away from her high school，she realized she had to take action.The incinerator was being sold wrongly as clean，②renewable energy equipment but actually it would be a source of ③brain-damaging chemicals and would release 200 million tons of greenhouse gases per year，both worse than coal burning.Watford felt she had a responsibility to warn her community to work together to shut this plant down.
She co-founded Free Your Voice(FYV)，a 10-person student organization devoted to community rights and social justice.Together，they decided to start a campaign to take down Energy Answers，the incinerator’s developer.They went ④door-to-door talking to neighbors and organizing protests.
When it was discovered that Baltimore City Public Schools(BCPS) was going to be a customer of Energy Answers，the organization fought with the board and presented their case，urging BCPS to withdraw from the project.BCPS was convinced to cancel their contract，which in turn inspired 22 other customers to do the same.Without any financial gain，Energy Answers had no market to move forward with its plan.
Watford continues to work with Curtis Bay residents toward fair development.They have a vision for the future which includes building a zero-waste movement，a solar farm，and green jobs.She wants the entire human family to join the fight for environmental justice because survival as a species depends on our ability to take action.
5．What caused respiratory problems in Watford’s community
A．Poor medical care.
B．Terrible environmental conditions.
C．Constant bacterial infection.
D．Unbalanced distribution of resources.
6．What is Watford’s attitude to building the incinerator
A．Unfavourable. B．Doubtful. C．Unclear. D．Indifferent.
7.What was the result of their campaign
A．BCPS lost financial support.
B．Energy Answers stopped its plan.
C．The investors found a new market.
D．Many customers revised their contracts.
8．What would be the best title for the text
A．A Teenage Hero Against Urbanization
B．A Teenage Hero Fighting for an Advanced City
C．A Battle for Baltimore’s Sky by a Teenage Hero
D．The Social Justice Challenge for a Teenage Hero
语境猜词
①injustice(派)＝in＋justice ____________________
②renewable(派)＝re＋new＋able____________________
③brain-damaging(合)＝brain＋damaging____________________
④door-to-door(合)＝door＋to＋door____________________
C
(2024·广东江门一模)
Across the world，humans purchase around 1.3 billion ①single-use plastic water bottles a day.Because only about 9% of plastic is recycled，the vast majority of those bottles ②wind up in landfills，the ocean，or elsewhere in nature.
When beach-loving Madison noticed those plastic bottles during her family’s trips to California，the 12-year-old girl “just felt this needed to change，” she told Smithsonian Magazine.
So as she began thinking about what to do for her school science fair back in 2021，the idea of a project centered on reducing plastic pollution quickly came to her mind: she would design an ③eatable water bottle called the Eco-Hero.
“One of my biggest ambitions for my project was wanting to help the world，” the confident young inventor said in a video on the website.
To bring her idea to life，Madison built upon the already established method by experimenting with common food materials.She also took inspiration from previous versions of eatable water bottles，though she focused on making hers bigger and more durable.She found that the combination of water，lemon juice，natural gum，and Alginic acid(褐藻酸) resulted in a gel pouch that wouldn’t break，could hold up to 3/4 cup of water，and would last in the fridge for three weeks.
Though she’d like to improve the Eco-Hero by making it able to hold more water，she believes her current version would work well as a replacement for the paper cups used by runners in races.All one needs to do is bite a hole in the water ball，drink the water，and then eat the pouch or throw it away to biodegrade.
Madison hopes the Eco-Hero inspires others to take better care of the planet.“It doesn’t necessarily have to be in a big way，” she told Smithsonian.“People can still make a difference in the world，even if it’s just in a small way.”
9．What inspired Madison’s design of an eatable water bottle
A．Her school’s task.
B．Her family’s urge.
C．Her love for nature.
D．Her trips to the beach.
10．What can we know about the Eco-Hero
A．It is a copy of the previous versions.
B．It is made from ④unbreakable materials.
C．It is an improvement in size and ⑤durability.
D．It has a hole and should be disposed once used.
11.Which of the following words can best describe Madison
A．Ambitious and creative.
B．Talented and determined.
C．Courageous and confident.
D．Cooperative and committed.
12．Which sentence can describe the main idea of the text
A．A good beginning is half done.
B．Small people make big moves.
C．Where there is a will，there is a way.
D．Great minds think alike.
语境猜词
①single-use(合)＝single＋use____________________
②wind up____________________
③eatable(派)＝eat＋able ____________________
④unbreakable(派)＝un＋break＋able____________________
⑤durability(派)＝durable＋ity ____________________
语境猜词答案 A．①渔业；渔场；水产业　②致癌的　③玻璃纤维；玻璃丝　④生态系统　⑤类似温室的 B．①不公正，无道义　②可更新的，可再生的　③损伤大脑的　④挨家挨户地 C．①一次性的　②结束，终结　③可吃的，可食用的　④牢不可破的；不易破损的　⑤持久性，耐用性
答案精析
语篇解读　这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了约翰·托德从小就很爱思考且好学，他建造了一个生态机器，利用自然可以自我修复的原理来净化污水。
1．C　[细节理解题。根据第一段可知，当约翰·托德还是个孩子的时候，他喜欢探索他家周围的树林，观察大自然是如何解决问题的。长大后，约翰开始思考这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的混乱。根据第二段可知，在大学学习了农业、医学和渔业之后，约翰又回到了观察自然和提出问题的生活中。由此可知，约翰聪颖好学、好奇心很强。故选C。]
2．D　[细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“After a few weeks，John added the sludge.”以及第四段“He was amazed at the results.The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks，it had all been digested，and all that was left was pure water.”可知，约翰把污泥放进罐子里是为了测试生态机器。故选D。]
3．B　[推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Over the years，John has taken on many big jobs.He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage(污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington.He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou，a city in southeast China.”可推知，作者提到福州的目的是展示关于约翰想法的一项实际应用。故选B。]
4．A　[推理判断题。根据第一段及最后一段中的“You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening.Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”可知，约翰工作的基础是大自然可以自我修复。故选A。]
语篇解读　这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了恶劣的环境导致Watford所在社区的居民出现健康问题，Watford和另外9名学生成立Free Your Voice组织，发起反对建立垃圾焚化炉的运动，最终迫使该项目被叫停。
5．B　[细节理解题。根据第一段中“Her community has faced environmental injustice. Heavy industries continued to move in her community. As a result, her neighbors have had to live with serious respiratory(呼吸的) problems.”可知，恶劣的环境条件导致Watford所在社区的居民出现呼吸问题，故选B。]
6．A　[观点态度题。根据第二段末句“Watford felt she had a responsibility to warn her community to work together to shut this plant down.”可知，Watford反对建立垃圾焚化炉，故选A。]
7．B　[细节理解题。根据第四段最后两句“BCPS was convinced to...to move forward with its plan.”可知，Watford发起的运动迫使开发商Energy Answers停止了其计划。故选B。]
8．C　[标题归纳题。根据全文内容可知，文章主要讲述恶劣的环境导致Watford所在社区的居民出现健康问题，Watford和另外9名学生成立Free Your Voice组织，发起反对建立垃圾焚化炉的运动，最终迫使该项目被叫停，故C项“少年英雄为巴尔的摩的天空而战”为最佳标题，故选C。]
语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了12岁的女孩Madison为了解决塑料瓶污染的问题，发明了可食用的水瓶。
9．D　[细节理解题。根据第二段“When beach-loving...she told Smithsonian Magazine.”可知，Madison在旅行时发现海滩上有塑料瓶，这让她产生了设计可食用水瓶的想法。故选D。]
10．C　[细节理解题。根据第五段中的“She also...hers bigger and more durable.”可知，她从以前的可食用水瓶中获得灵感，并且让自己的水瓶更大、更耐用，也就是在体积和耐用性上有了改善。故选C。]
11．A　[推理判断题。根据第五段中的“To bring her idea to life...more durable.”可知，Madison根据已经建立的方法和从以前的可食用水瓶中获得的灵感，通过实验设计出了更大、更耐用的水瓶，由此可推测出，她是有创造力的(creative)。根据第四段可知，她有帮助世界的抱负，即她是有抱负的(ambitious)。故选A。]
12．B　[主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段中Madison的话“It doesn’t necessarily have to be in a big way”和“People can still make a difference in the world，even if it’s just in a small way.”可知，年仅12岁的女孩Madison设计出了可食用的水瓶，用自己的方式帮助保护环境，她认为人们不一定要做出非常大的成就，小事情也能有重要影响，所以B项“小人物也能有大成就”能概括本文大意。故选B。]作业9　新闻报道类记叙文
A
(2024·湖南株洲高三一模)
Sallows，the owner of a barbershop，designed a wheelchair-accessible barber chair，which was brought to reality by the engineers in the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.They have developed the device that will help individuals with physical disabilities have a more ①tailored，comfortable and safe experience at the barbershop.“It’s a barber chair—that was the first concept，” said Sallows.“But now we are in the process of creating，developing，and applying new technologies for applications in multiple settings such as dentist chairs or stadium seats.”
Sallows worked in a hospital as a certified therapist(治疗专家) for nearly 20 years.He enjoyed his career but decided to learn a trade.“I want something in the wheelhouse of therapists，” said Sallows.“I need something fulfilling，so I think barbering.” In one way，some may see it as a big career change，but Sallows says he is still a therapist.“I joke，I say I’ve gone from therapy to ‘hairapy’，” said Sallows.“Barbering gives me that ②therapeutic kind of environment that allows me to still talk.People know me as a therapist when they come in，not only as a barber，and so，just the conversations are really cool.”
Sallows learned that a barbershop proved complex for clients in wheelchairs.Having one’s hair washed or getting a close shave often means being physically lifted out of the wheelchair and into a barber chair—an experience that is both difficult and embarrassing.So Sallows，with the help of the UPMC，has created the barber chair that lifts and tips a wheelchair back safely and comfortably.The user rolls onto the barber chair and is raised one or two feet，much like what one would see in a car shop.Sallows hopes that the device will provide clients with the kind of service people have come to appreciate at a barbershop.
1．What is Sallows’s achievement
A．He was named as the best therapist.
B．He became an engineer of the UPMC.
C．He created tailored and comfortable dentist chairs.
D．He designed a barber chair for the ③wheelchair-bound.
2．Why did Sallows choose to work in barbering trade
A．He could talk to cool clients.
B．He was eager to make a fortune.
C．He could use his former experience.
D．He wanted to start a different career.
3．Which of the following best describes Sallows
A．Cooperative and generous.
B．Innovative and caring.
C．Talented and competitive.
D．Modest and competent.
4．Which can be a suitable title for the text
A．A Tailored Cut B．A Flexible Wheelchair
C．A Skilled Barber D．A Special Barbershop
语境猜词
①tailored(派)＝tailor＋ed____________________
②therapeutic(派)＝therap＋eu＋tic ____________________
③wheelchair-bound(合)＝wheelchair＋bound____________________
B
(2024·吉林一模)
Phebe Cox grew up in what might seem an unlikely mental health danger zone for a kid: tony Palo Alto，California.But behind its surface of family success and wealth，she said，is an environment of heavy pressure on students to perform.By 2016，when Cox was in middle school，Palo Alto had a teen suicide rate four times the national average.
Cox’s family lived by the railroad tracks where many of the suicides occurred.She got counseling(咨询)．But that choice is not always easily available to teens in crisis—and she and her peers regarded school mental health services as their last choice because of concerns about privacy.
A new program provides an alternative.Called Allcove，it offers ①unattached health and ②wellness sites to those ages 12 to 25.Although Allcove is built to support a wide range of physical，emotional and social needs，its main goal is to deal with mental health challenges before they develop into deeper problems.Cox said，“I felt pretty helpless as a young teenager，but Allcove is all about the students and the students’ needs.”
About half of all lifetime mental illness begins by age 14 and 75% before age 25，according to researchers.Yet access to mental health care in the U．S.is lacking.According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness, ③some 30 million adults and children with mental health conditions go without treatment，and 129 million people live in areas with shortages of mental health professionals.
Allcove provides fully staffed safe spaces for teens and young adults to discuss and deal with their health，both mental and physical.Dr.Steven Adelsheim，a psychiatrist，who created the Allcove in 2014，said，“There is a ④crying need in the U．S.to reach kids with early intervention and help.” Sometimes a kid may come in with a physical complaint，and only after a few visits is the mental suffering brought out into the open.When that happens，Allcove can make a “warm ⑤handoff” to a mental health specialist onsite.Success，say Adelsheim and Cox，would mean the establishment of hundreds of Allcove centers up and down the state and，eventually，around the country.
5．Why did Cox and her peers regard school mental health services as their last choice
A．They were indifferent to the program.
B．They were concerned about their health.
C．They were upset about the occurrence of the suicides.
D．They were worried about their personal information leak.
6．How does the author prove the lack of mental health care in the US
A．By giving examples.
B．By listing data.
C．By showing comparison.
D．By analyzing cause and effect.
7．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 5 mean
A．The sense of mental suffering.
B．Involvement of health experts.
C．Complaints about physical suffering.
D．The pressing call for assistance.
8．Which of the following best describes the impact of the program
A．Predictable. B．Short-lived.
C．Unidentifiable. D．Significant.
语境猜词
①unattached(派)＝un＋attach＋ed____________________
②wellness(派)＝well＋ness____________________
③some熟义：一些
生义(文义)：adv.____________________
④crying熟义：哭
生义(文义)：adj.____________________
⑤handoff(合)＝hand＋off____________________
C
(2024·山东德州一模)
With pet ownership becoming more popular，being ①saddened by the loss of a beloved pet is becoming a terrible headache.Li Peng，a woolen felt(毛毡) craftswoman，has found a unique way to preserve the memory of dead pets by creating realistic woolen images.
Li’s journey into this craft is ②accidental.During her college years，she majored in e-commerce and worked part-time at a pet store.One day，while visiting a website，she came upon a small fox made entirely of wool.Astonished at its delicacy，she set off on a self-taught journey in this art form.In late 2019，Li Peng made the firm decision to start her own business and pursue wool felting as a full-time profession.
While a video showcasing the work may only take a few minutes to watch，the actual process is far more intricate.The three-dimensional creations feature genuine fur，lifelike glass eyes and tiny whiskers(胡须)，each one individually secured by hand.To achieve a vivid effect，she repeatedly sticks layers of wool with a needle，winding the loose fibers together to create solid felted shapes.The key is massive patience.
The ③handcrafted creations satisfy her desire to convey love.The majority of her customers are pet owners who have experienced the loss of their beloved companions.They send Li photographs and even their pets’ hair，hoping to freeze the appearance of their furry friends through her wool felting models.Fascinated by the deep bond between people and their pets，she is committed to grabbing and investing these emotions in her artworks.And it turns out that the career is a success.Orders are often scheduled for one year later，and she has gained substantial attention through social media.
Reflecting on her work，Li expresses her desire to create meaningful pieces using the warm material，offering a heartfelt gift of warmth to the beautiful souls of this world.
9．What inspired Li Peng to take up wool felting as a career
A．A temporary job at a pet shop.
B．Her self-study art course.
C．A discovery of an alternative to fiber.
D．A woolen creation online.
10．What does the underlined word “intricate” mean in paragraph 3
A．Confusing. B．Efficient.
C．Complicated. D．Effortless.
11.Who are Li Peng’s primary clients
A．④Conservationists of animal rights.
B．Individuals fond of furry toys.
C．Distributors providing personalized service.
D．People suffering from pet loss.
12．What’s the crucial factor behind Li Peng’s success
A．Fair product pricing.
B．Human-pet attachment.
C．Smart network marketing.
D．Hunger for a fine reputation.
语境猜词
①sadden(派)＝sad＋den____________________
②accidental(派)＝accident＋al____________________
③handcrafted(合)＝hand＋crafted____________________
④conservationist(派)＝conserv(e)＋ation＋ist____________________
语境猜词答案 A．①量身定做的　②治疗的　③坐轮椅的 B．①独立的　②健康　③大约　④极大的，迫切的　⑤交接 C．①使悲伤，使难过　②意外的，偶然的　③手工制作的，手工艺的　④自然环境保护主义者
答案精析
语篇解读　本文是一篇新闻报道。文章讲述了萨洛斯是一位理发店老板，他设计了一款无障碍理发椅，以帮助身体残疾人士在理发店获得更加定制化、更舒适和更安全的体验。
1．D　[细节理解题。根据第一段中“Sallows...comfortable and safe experience at the barbershop.(萨洛斯是一家理发店的老板，他设计了一款无障碍理发椅，匹兹堡大学医学中心的工程师们将其变成了现实。他们开发的这款设备，可以帮助身体残疾的人在理发店获得更加定制化、更舒适和更安全的体验)”可知，萨洛斯的成就是为坐轮椅的人设计了一款理发椅，故选D。]
2．C　[细节理解题。根据第二段中“在某种程度上，有些人可能认为这是一个很大的职业改变，但萨洛斯说，他仍然是一名治疗师。萨洛斯说：我开玩笑说，我已经从治疗师变成了‘理发护理师’。理发给了我一种治疗的环境，让我仍然可以说话”可知，萨洛斯选择在理发行业工作是因为他能用得上之前的经验，故选C。]
3．B　[推理判断题。根据第一段可知萨洛斯设计了一款无障碍理发椅，由此可推理出萨洛斯有创新精神。最后一段说萨洛斯希望该设备能为客户提供人们在理发店所欣赏的那种服务，由此可知萨洛斯关心残疾人。故选B。]
4．A　[标题归纳题。本文主要讲的是萨洛斯设计了一款无障碍理发椅，以帮助身体残疾人士在理发店获得更加定制化、更舒适和更安全的体验，A项“A Tailored Cut(量身定制的理发)”适合作本文标题，故选A。]
语篇解读　本文是一篇新闻报道。本文介绍了一个名为Allcove的新项目，旨在为12至25岁的年轻人提供独立的健康和福祉空间。
5．D　[细节理解题。根据第二段中“she and her peers...concerns about privacy”可知，因为担心自己的个人信息泄露，所以Cox和她的同龄人把学校心理健康服务视为最后的选择。故选D。]
6．B　[推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“研究人员表示，约一半的终生心理疾病在14岁前开始，75%在25岁前开始。然而，在美国，获得心理健康治疗的途径很少。根据国家精神疾病联盟的数据，大约有3 000万成年人和儿童患有心理健康问题但没有接受治疗，还有1.29亿人生活在心理健康专业人员短缺的地区”可推知，作者通过列出数据证明美国缺乏精神卫生保健。故选B。]
7．A　[代词指代题。根据前文“Sometimes a kid...into the open.(有时候，一个孩子可能因身体上的不适而前来就医，但只有在几次就诊之后，精神上的痛苦才会暴露出来)”可推知，that应是指代前文提到的精神痛苦的感觉。故选A。]
8．D　[推理判断题。在最后一段阿德尔海姆和考克斯表示，成功意味着在整个州内以及最终在全国范围内建立数百个Allcove中心，由此推知，这个项目的影响是显著的。故选D。]
语篇解读　这是一篇新闻报道。养宠物越来越受欢迎，失去心爱宠物的痛苦正成为一件令人头疼的事。文章主要介绍了一位毛毡工匠找到了一种独特的方式，通过制作逼真的毛毡动物形象来保存对死去宠物的记忆。
9．D　[细节理解题。根据第二段中“One day，while visiting a website...as a full-time profession.(一天，她在访问一个网站时，发现了一只用全羊毛做成的小狐狸。惊讶于它的精致，她开始自学这种艺术形式。2019年年底，李鹏坚定地决定创业，把羊毛毡制作作为全职职业)”可知，是网上的羊毛毡作品激发了李鹏投身羊毛毡行业。故选D。]
10．C　[词义猜测题。第三段开头的While表示转折关系，故画线词所在句意为“虽然展示这项工作的视频可能只需要几分钟就可以观看，但实际的制作过程很复杂”，后文又具体介绍了复杂的情况。所以画线词intricate意为“复杂的”，与complicated同义。故选C。]
11．D　[细节理解题。根据第四段中“The majority of her customers are pet owners who have experienced the loss of their beloved companions.(她的大多数顾客都是宠物主人，他们经历了失去心爱伴侣的痛苦)”可知，她的大多数顾客都是饱受失去宠物之苦的人们。故选D。]
12．B　[推理判断题。根据第四段中“The majority of...the career is a success.(她的大多数顾客都是宠物主人，他们经历了失去心爱伴侣的痛苦。他们给李鹏寄来宠物的照片，甚至是宠物的毛发，希望通过她的毛毡模型来定格他们毛茸茸的朋友的样子。她被人与宠物之间的深厚联系所吸引，致力于抓住并将这些情感投入到她的艺术作品中，结果她的这份事业取得了成功)”可知，她成功的关键因素是人类对宠物的依恋。故选B。]作业10　科学研究与发现类说明文
说明文阅读解题技法
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
A
(2023·新课标Ⅰ)
On March 7,1907，the English ①statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect.The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases，the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect ②capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors，those errors aren’t always the same.Some people will tend to ③overestimate，and some to ③underestimate.When enough of these errors are averaged together，they cancel each other out，resulting in a more accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors，then their errors won’t cancel each other out.In more technical terms，the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons，people’s errors become correlated or dependent，the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist(转折) on this classic phenomenon.The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion，the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.For instance，the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a ④follow-up study with 100 university students，the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time，but it wasn’t the dominant response.Most frequently，the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow，these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain，the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
1．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A．The methods of estimation. B．The ⑤underlying logic of the effect.
C．The causes of people’s errors. D．The design of Galton’s experiment.
2.Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A．the crowds were relatively small
B．there were occasional underestimates
C．individuals did not communicate
D．estimates were not fully independent
3．What did the follow-up study focus on
A．The size of the groups.
B．The dominant members.
C．The discussion process.
D．The individual estimates.
4．What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A．Unclear. B．Dismissive.
C．Doubtful. D．Approving.
语境猜词
①statistician(派)＝statistic＋ian____________________
②capitalize on____________________
③overestimate(合)＝over＋estimate____________________
underestimate(合)＝under＋estimate____________________
④follow-up(合)＝follow＋up____________________
⑤underlying(合)＝under＋lying____________________
B
(2024·浙江台州二模)
When instant cake mixes first appeared in the 1950s，American housewives were doubtful.These mixes，promising easy cake-baking，felt too easy.The manufacturers discovered that requiring the addition of an egg in the baking process was just enough to make the housewives happy with their work.The greater sense of effort gained from a little extra labor is believed to have been essential to the later success of the cake mix.
This reflects the IKEA effect(宜家效应)，which is identified by psychologist Michael I．Norton and his colleagues，suggesting we place greater value on things we have worked to create.They conducted four studies in which they asked participants to fold paper cranes and frogs，assemble IKEA boxes，and build sets of Legos.They then asked the builders to bid(出价) for their creations，and compared the prices with bids from people who hadn’t built them.The builders consistently ①outbid the non-builders.
Interestingly，the IKEA effect works even when people have no opportunity to fully ②personalize their creations.While most participants’ folding skills left much to be desired，they loved their imperfectly personalized products all the more.Builders valued their wrinkled crane-like creations nearly five times as much as non-builders.Beauty，it_seems，is_in_the_eye_of_the_builder.
Today，as cities are suffering from severe housing crises，the IKEA effect can give us insight into the ③well-being benefits of a self-building approach to housing development.Projects like WikiHouse and the “half-a-house” approach ④pioneered by Alejandro Aravena’s architecture company Elemental are working to make housing more ⑤affordable and sustainable by making it easier for people to build and personalize their own homes.
“The moment people are involved with their built environment，they have a totally different relationship to it，” WikiHouse co-founder Alastair Parvin explained.“When the roof starts leaking or a door starts creaking，they have the power to fix it themselves.”
5．What brought customers the joy of cake-baking according to paragraph 1
A．A better taste. B．An easy approach.
C．A detailed recipe. D．An additional effort.
6．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 imply
A．Creations are based on skills. B．Extra labor increases perceived value.
C．Beauty is found through contrast. D．Strict management brings good quality.
7.What is Alastair Parvin’s attitude towards public involvement in housing
A．Critical. B．Objective.
C．Doubtful. D．Supportive.
8．What’s the purpose of this text
A．To promote a brand.
B．To make a proposal.
C．To explain a concept.
D．To introduce a study.
语境猜词
①outbid(合)＝out＋bid _________________________________________________
②personalize(派)＝person＋al＋ize ____________________
③well-being(合)＝well＋being ____________________
④pioneer 熟义：n.先驱
生义(文义)：v.____________________
⑤affordable(派)＝afford＋able ___________________________________________
C
(2024·河南新乡二模)
A sugar replacement called erythritol(赤藓糖醇) has been linked to blood clotting(血液凝固)，stroke，heart attack and death，according to a new study.
“The degree of risk was not modest，” said lead study author Dr.Stanley Hazen.People with existing risk factors for heart disease will be twice as likely to experience the risk if they have the highest levels of erythritol in their blood.Erythritol appears to be causing blood platelets(血小板) to clot more readily.Clots can break off and travel to the heart or the brain，causing a heart attack or a stroke.
Erythritol is a sugar alcohol，a carb found naturally in many fruits and vegetables.However，artificially manufactured in massive quantities，erythritol has become an extremely popular ①additive to ②low-carb products.
The discovery of the connection between erythritol and cardiovascular issues was purely accidental.Hazen’s research had a simple goal: find unknown chemicals or compounds in a person’s blood.To do so，the team analyzed 1,157 blood samples.“We found this substance that seemed to play a big role，but we didn’t know it was erythritol，a ③sweetener until later，” said Hazen.To confirm the findings，the team tested another two batches of blood samples and found that higher levels of erythritol were connected to a greater risk of heart attack，stroke or death within three years.
“This certainly sounds an alarm，” said Dr.Andrew Freeman，director of a hospital in Denver.“Science needs to take a deeper dive into erythritol and in a hurry，because this substance is widely available right now.If it’s harmful，we should know about it.”
Hazen agreed，“I normally don’t get up on a pedestal(崇高地位) and sound the alarm，but this is something that I think we need to be looking at carefully.”
9．About the risk，what do Hazen’s words in paragraph 2 mean
A．It is not worth considering. B．It is removed by erythritol.
C．It should not be underestimated. D．It is just present in people with disease.
10．What do we know about erythritol
A．Its quality is uncertain. B．It has been used widely in food.
C．It is manufactured by artists. D．It mainly exists in fruits.
11．What can be concluded from the last two paragraphs
A．Erythritol is not available to people.
B．Hazen likes warning people about potential dangers.
C．People have realized that erythritol is dangerous.
D．Further research should be done on erythritol.
12．What can be the best title for the text
A．The Accidental Discovery of a New Sweetener
B．The Potential Health Risks of Erythritol Uncovered
C．The Rise of Erythritol as a Popular Sugar Substitute
D．The Surprising Benefits of Erythritol in Diet Products
语境猜词
①additive(派)＝ add＋itive ____________________
②low-carb(合)＝ low＋carb ____________________
③sweetener(派)＝ sweet＋en＋er____________________
语境猜词答案 A．①统计学家，统计员　②充分利用　③高估　低估　④后续的　⑤隐含的，潜在的 B．①在开价上战胜；出价高于　②使个性化　③幸福，安康　④倡导；做先锋　⑤便宜的，付得起的 C．①添加剂，添加物　②低碳水化合物　③甜味剂
答案精析
语篇解读　本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
1．B　[段落大意题。根据第二段内容可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均值如何由于误差的消除而变得更准确。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。]
2．D　[细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms，the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.”和第三段可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在不完全独立的情况下做出估计，准确率也可以提高。故选D。]
3．C　[推理判断题。根据第四段前三句可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题可知，后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。]
4．D　[观点态度题。根据最后一段可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究持赞许的态度。故选D。]
语篇解读　本文是说明文。本文通过举例和实验研究解释什么是宜家效应，即人们更加珍视自己亲手创造的东西，并由此引发了对自我建造住房的好处的思考。
5．D　[细节理解题。根据第一段中“The manufacturers discovered that requiring the addition of an egg in the baking process was just enough to make the housewives happy with their work.”可知，额外的努力给顾客带来了蛋糕烘焙的乐趣。故选D。]
6．B　[句意理解题。根据前文“Builders valued their wrinkled crane-like creations nearly five times as much as non-builders.”可知，本段主要讲述额外的劳动会让参与者更喜欢和珍视自己的作品，所以画线句意为“额外的劳动增加了感知价值”。故选B。]
7．D　[观点态度题。根据最后一段“WikiHouse的联合创始人Alastair Parvin解释说：‘当人们参与到他们的建筑环境中时，他们与环境的关系就完全不同了。’‘当屋顶开始漏水或门开始吱吱作响时，他们有能力自己修理。’”可推知，Alastair Parvin对公众参与住房建设持支持的态度。故选D。]
8．C　[写作意图题。纵观全文可知，本文主要围绕概念——宜家效应(IKEA effect)展开，所以本文的目的是解释一个概念。故选C。]
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一项新的研究表明，一种名为赤藓糖醇的糖替代品与血液凝固、中风、心脏病发作和死亡有关。
9．C　[推理判断题。第二段后三句提到，如果血液中赤藓糖醇的含量达到最高水平，有心脏病风险因素的人患心脏病的可能性会增加一倍。赤藓糖醇似乎能使血小板更容易凝结。血块会脱落并进入心脏或大脑，导致心脏病发作或中风。由此可推知，哈森在第二段的话“这种风险并不小”是为了表明这种风险不应被低估。故选C。]
10．B　[细节理解题。根据第三段“赤藓糖醇是一种糖醇，是一种存在于许多水果和蔬菜中的天然碳水化合物。然而，大量人工制造的赤藓糖醇已经成为一种非常受欢迎的低碳水化合物产品添加剂”可知，赤藓糖醇被广泛应用于食品中。故选B。]
11．D　[推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Science needs to...we should know about it.(科学需要对赤藓糖醇进行更深入的研究，而且要抓紧时间，因为这种物质现在已经广泛存在。如果它有害，我们就应该知道)”以及最后一段中“but this is something that I think we need to be looking at carefully”可推知，应该对赤藓糖醇进行进一步的研究。故选D。]
12．B　[标题归纳题。根据文章大意尤其第一段“A sugar...according to a new study.”可知，文章主要讲的是一项新的研究表明，一种名为赤藓糖醇的糖替代品与血液凝固、中风、心脏病发作和死亡有关。故“发现赤藓糖醇的潜在健康风险”适合作文章标题。故选B。]作业11　科学发明与创新类说明文
A
(2022·全国乙)
Can a small group of drones(无人机) guarantee the safety and ①reliability of railways and，at the same time，help railway operators save billions of euros each year That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine ②high-tension electrical lines.They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points.The more regularly they can be inspected，the more railway safety，reliability and ③on-time performance will be improved.Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway ④personnel safety.It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance，including sending maintenance staff，often at night，to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
By using the latest technologies，drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways，detecting faults in the rail or switches，before they can cause any safety problems.To perform these tasks，drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead.Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future.They will be moving on the track ahead of the train，and programmed to run autonomously.Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot.With their ability to see ahead，they could signal any problem，so that ⑤fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
1．What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible
A．The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B．Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.
C．The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D．Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.
2.What does the underlined word “maintenance” in paragraph 3 refer to
A．Personnel safety.
B．Assistance from drones.
C．Inspection and repair.
D．Construction of infrastructure.
3．What function is expected of the rail drones
A．To provide early warning.
B．To make trains run automatically.
C．To earn profits for the crews.
D．To accelerate transportation.
4．Which is the most suitable title for the text
A．What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B．How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C．What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D．How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
语境猜词
①reliability(派)＝reliab(le)＋ility
②high-tension(合)＝high＋tension
③on-time(合)＝on＋time
④personnel(派)＝person＋n＋el
⑤fast-moving(合)＝fast＋moving
B
(2021·新课标Ⅱ)
An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle，a development that could bring big changes to a profession that’s relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage.
Salah Sukkarieh，a professor at the University of Sydney，sees robots as necessary given how ①cattlemen are aging.He is building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric power.It will use cameras and sensors to ②monitor the animals.A computer system will analyze the video to determine whether a cow is sick.Radio tags(标签) on the animals will measure temperature changes.The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape，color and texture(质地) of grass.That way，cattlemen will know whether they need to move their cattle to another field for nutrition purposes.
Machines have largely taken over planting，watering and harvesting crops such as corn and wheat，but the monitoring of cattle has gone through fewer changes.
For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds，it’s increasingly difficult to find workers interested in watching cattle.But Bonds doesn’t believe a robot is right for the job.Years of experience in the industry—and failed attempts to use technology—have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse.Bonds，who bought his first cattle almost 50 years ago，still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that an animal is getting sick.
Other cattlemen see more promise in robots.Michael Kelsey，vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen’s Association，said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft.Cattle tend to be kept in remote places and their value has risen，making them appealing targets.
5．What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry
A．Soil pollution. B．Lack of workers.
C．Aging machines. D．Low ③profitability.
6．What will Sukkarieh’s robot be able to do
A．Monitor the quality of grass. B．Cure the diseased cattle.
C．Move cattle to another field. D．Predict weather changes.
7．Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle
A．He wants to help them earn a living.
B．He thinks men can do the job better.
C．He is inexperienced in using robots.
D．He enjoys the traditional way of life.
8．How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey
A．Increase the value of cattle.
B．Bring down the cost of labor.
C．Make the job more appealing.
D．Keep cattle from being stolen.
语境猜词
①cattleman(合)＝cattle＋man
②monitor熟义：n.班长
生义(文义)：v.
③profitability(派)＝profit＋ab(le)＋ility
C
(2024·江西南昌一模)
Heman Bekele，a 14-year-old student from Annandale，Virginia，has created a bar soap to treat melanoma，the most common kind of skin cancer，which earned him the title of America’s Top Young Scientist and a $25,000 cash prize after his innovation won first place in the 3M Young Scientist Challenge.
“I made this soap by mixing regular medicinal soap with different cancer fighting chemicals.” Bekele said in an interview.Rather than a cure，Bekele’s soap aims to help the patient’s immune cells stay active while fighting melanoma.
While similar methods are available for skin cancer treatments，his solution is a more affordable alternative，especially for those in developing countries.Though the product is very ①promising on paper，studies would have to be carried out to test its efficiency in the real world.
For now，the young scientist said he has a five-year plan: At the end of it，he hopes to have created a nonprofit organization where he can provide fair and accessible skin cancer treatment to as many people as possible.But to accomplish his goal，he would have to get his treatment through clinical trials，obtain a temporary patent and have it licensed by the Food and Drug Administration，he said.
“I applied for the 3M Young Scientist Challenge because I believe that young minds can make a positive impact on the world，”Bekele said.“I have always been interested in biology and technology，and this challenge gave me the perfect platform to ②showcase my ideas.The opportunity to work with 3M mentors and show my project to judges was an exciting prospect.I am ③passionate about finding sustainable solutions to global problems，and I hope to inspire others to do the same.”
9．Why does Bekele invent the bar soap
A．To deal with a kind of skin cancer.
B．To reduce the cost of making soap.
C．To change people’s immune system.
D．To complete the task for 3M challenge.
10．What aspect of the soap does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A．Its making process. B．Its working method.
C．Its advantage. D．Its development.
11.What is Bekele’s next plan for his invention
A．To create a company.
B．To get approval by the authority.
C．To promote the soap in the market.
D．To work with a nonprofit organization.
12．Which of the following can best describe Bekele
A．Innovative and ambitious.
B．Inspiring and tolerant.
C．Honest and accessible.
D．Energetic and thoughtful.
语境猜词
①promising(派)＝promis(e)＋ing
②showcase(合)＝show＋case
③passionate(派)＝passion＋ate
语境猜词答案 A．①可靠性　②高(电)压的　③准时的　④全体人员，职员　⑤快速移动的 B．①牧畜者，养牛者　②监视　③盈利能力 C．①有希望的　②展示　③热诚的，狂热的
答案精析
语篇解读　本文是说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元，无人机将改变铁路的未来。
1.A　[细节理解题。根据第二段中“Drones are already being used...tracks and switching points.”可知，使用无人机检查电路使得无人机在铁路线上的应用成为可能。]
2．C　[词义猜测题。根据后文“It is calculated that European...the rail infrastructure.”可知，maintenance指的是后文中的“inspect and repair the rail infrastructure”，故选C。]
3．A　[细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Engineers are now working on...would be able to react in time.”可知，铁路无人机有望提前发出警报，使高速列车可以及时采取措施应对危险因素，避免事故发生。]
4．D　[标题归纳题。根据第一段第一句“Can a small group of...save billions of euros each year？”和下文对无人机在铁路领域的应用的介绍以及对未来无人机的发展展望可知，在未来，无人机将会保证铁路的安全性和可靠性，或许会成为铁路安全的新未来。故D项最适合作为本文的标题。]
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测牧场牛的健康状况。
5．B　[细节理解题。根据第一段中的“a profession that’s relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage”可知，养牛产业面临劳动力短缺的问题。故选B。]
6．A　[细节理解题。根据第二段倒数第二句“The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape，color and texture(质地) of grass.”可知，Sukkarieh的机器人可以监测草的质量。故选A。]
7．B　[推理判断题。根据第四段第二、三句“But Bonds doesn’t believe a robot is right for the job.Years of experience in the industry—and failed attempts to use technology—have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse.”可知，Pete Bonds仍然雇用牛仔看牛是因为他认为人能做得更好。故选B。]
8．D　[推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句“Michael Kelsey Paris，vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen’s Association，said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft.”可知，用机器人帮助照看牛，可以防止牛被偷。故选D。]
9．A　[细节理解题。根据第一段中“Heman Bekele...skin cancer.(来自弗吉尼亚州安纳代尔的14岁学生赫曼·贝克勒发明了一种治疗黑色素瘤的肥皂，这是一种最常见的皮肤癌)”可知，贝克勒发明条形肥皂是为了治疗一种皮肤癌症。故选A。]
10．C　[段落大意题。根据第三段“虽然也有类似的方法可用于皮肤癌治疗，但他的解决方案是一种费用更低的替代方案，特别是对发展中国家的人来说。虽然该产品在纸面上很有前景，但还需要进行研究以测试其在现实世界中的效果”可知，第三段主要谈论肥皂的优势。故选C。]
11．B　[细节理解题。根据第四段中“But to accomplish his goal...Food and Drug Administration，he said.(但他说，为了实现他的目标，他必须让他的治疗方法通过临床试验，获得临时专利，并获得美国食品和药物管理局的许可)”可知，贝克勒的下一个计划是得到当局的批准。故选B。]
12．A　[推理判断题。根据首段和最后一段中“I have always...to do the same.(我一直对生物和科技很感兴趣，这次挑战给了我一个展示我想法的完美平台。有机会与3M的导师一起工作，并向评委展示我的项目，这是一个令人兴奋的前景。我热衷于为全球问题寻找可持续的解决方案，我希望能激励其他人也这样做)”可知，贝克勒是一个勇于创新和雄心勃勃的人。故选A。]作业12　社会生活与身心健康类说明文
A
(2022·全国乙)
The Government’s sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it would generate，the first official data on the policy has shown.
First announced in April,2016，the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml，was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity.It is believed that today’s children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar，putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected to make ￡520m a year for the Treasury.However，data of the first six months showed it would make less than half this amount.At present it is expected to generate ￡240m for the year ending in April 2019，which will go to school sports.
It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by ①manufacturers so they can avoid paying the tax.Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers’ efforts to avoid the charge，according to Treasury figures.Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import，depending on the sugar content.
However，some high sugar brands，like Classic Coca Cola，have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers.Fruit juices，②milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax，as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Today’s figures，according to one government official，show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities and healthier eating in schools.Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance，and the industry is playing its part.
1．Why was the sugar tax introduced
A．To collect money for schools. B．To improve the quality of drinks.
C．To protect children’s health. D．To encourage research in education.
2．How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax
A．They turned to overseas markets.
B．They raised the prices of their products.
C．They cut down on their production.
D．They reduced their products’ sugar content.
3．From which of the following is the sugar tax collected
A．Most alcoholic drinks.
B．Milk-based drinks.
C．Fruit juices.
D．Classic Coke.
4．What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy
A．It is a ③short-sighted decision. B．It is a success story.
C．It benefits manufacturers. D．It upsets customers.
语境猜词
①manufacturer(派)＝manufacture＋(e)r
②milk-based(合)＝milk＋based
③short-sighted(合)＝short＋sighted
B
(2023·新课标Ⅱ)
As cities balloon with growth，access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find.If you’re lucky，there might be a pocket park near where you live，but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans，but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park.They surveyed several hundred ①park-goers，asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park.The researchers then examined these submissions，②coding experiences into different categories.For example，one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves”．
Across the 320 submissions，a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge.After the coding of all submissions，half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors.These include encountering wildlife，walking along the edge of water，and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a ③usable language，which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them.For example，the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park.Back downtown during a workday，they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the ④human-nature interactions back into our daily lives.And for that to happen，we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it，” said Peter Kahn，a senior author of the study.
5．What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text
A．Pocket parks are now popular. B．Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C．Many cities are ⑤overpopulated. D．People enjoy living close to nature.
6．Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories
A．To compare different types of park-goers.
B．To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C．To analyze the main features of the park.
D．To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
7.What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5
A．Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B．Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C．The same nature experience takes different forms.
D．The nature language enhances work performance.
8．What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn
A．Language study.
B．Environmental conservation.
C．Public education.
D．⑥Intercultural communication.
语境猜词
①park-goer(合)＝park＋goer
②code熟义：n.密码，暗码
生义(文义)：v.
③usable(派)＝us(e)＋able
④human-nature(合)＝human＋nature
⑤overpopulated(合)＝over＋populated
⑥intercultural(合)＝inter＋cultural
C
(2024·湖北七市州二模联考)
A new study involving nearly 50,000 people from four continents offers new insights into identifying the quantity of daily walking steps that will best improve adults’ health and longevity(长寿)，and whether the ideal number of steps differs across people of different ages.The study represents an effort to develop an ①evidence-based public health message about the benefits of physical activity.The often-repeated 10,000-step-a-day saying grew out of a decades-old marketing activity for a Japanese pedometer(计步器)，with no science to back it up.
Led by physical activity professor Amanda Paluch，an international group of scientists conducted an experiment among adults aged 18 and older.They ②grouped the nearly 50,000 participants into four ③comparative groups according to average steps per day.The lowest step group averaged 3,500 steps; the second,5,800; the third,7,800; and the fourth,10,900 steps per day.Among the three higher active groups，there was a 40—53% lower risk of death，compared to the lowest step group.
More specifically，for adults 60 and older，the risk of early death leveled off at about 6,000—8,000 steps per day，meaning that more steps than that provided no additional benefit for longevity，while for adults younger than 60，about 8,000—10,000 steps per day.
“So，what we saw was this continuing reduction in risk as the number of steps increases，until it levels off.Interestingly，the study found no definitive association with walking speed.” Paluch says.
The new study supports and expands findings from another study led by Paluch before，which found that walking at least 7,000 steps a day reduced middle-aged people’s risk of early death.“There’s a lot of evidence suggesting that moving even a little more is beneficial，particularly for those who are doing very little activity.” Paluch says.“More steps per day are better for your health.”
9．Why did the scientists carry out the new study
A．To know about people’s health condition.
B．To explain the pedometer’s working principles.
C．To determine the best physical activity for people.
D．To provide a scientific guideline on daily walking.
10．What do the underlined words “leveled off” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Turned higher. B．Became stable. C．Fell sharply. D．Changed rapidly.
11．What does the experiment find
A．The old should walk as much as possible.
B．Young people usually walk more than the old.
C．The most beneficial steps differ by age groups.
D．Walking pace is the key to avoiding early death.
12．What does Paluch advise people doing little activity to do
A．To walk more steps.
B．To control walking speed.
C．To limit walking distance.
D．To track the number of steps.
语境猜词
①evidence-based(合)＝evidence＋based
②group熟义：n.组，群
生义(文义)：v.
③comparative(派)＝compar(e)＋ative
语境猜词答案 A．①生产商，制造商　②以牛奶为基础的　③目光短浅的 B．①去公园消遣的人　②把……编码(或编号)　③能用的，适用的　④人与自然的　⑤人口过多的 ⑥不同文化间的 C．①基于证据的　②把……分组　③比较的，相比的
答案精析
语篇解读　本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了英国政府通过对软饮料征收糖税来解决儿童以及青少年的健康问题，同时该收入用于学校体育设施建设和健康饮食。
1．C　[细节理解题。根据第二段中的关键词“childhood obesity”和“a higher risk of the disease”可知，征收糖税的目的是保护儿童健康。]
2．D　[细节理解题。根据第四段首句“It comes after more than...they can avoid paying the tax.”可知，一些饮料公司通过降低产品的含糖量来避税。]
3．D　[推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“However，some high sugar brands...”可知，糖税税源主要来自经典可口可乐这些高糖品牌。果汁、奶类饮品和大多数含酒精饮品免征糖税。]
4．B　[推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Today’s figures...and healthier eating in schools.”可推断，糖税政策的实施是一个成功的举措。]
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。一项新研究发现城市中的自然景观对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。
5．B　[细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象：在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然环境。故选B。]
6．D　[推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“...a pattern of categories the researchers call a ‘nature language’ began to emerge.”和第五段第一句“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language，which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them.”可知，研究人员对参与者提交的重要经历编码分类是为了找到并总结人与自然互动的方式，有助于更好地了解游客们的体验，帮助提高人与自然的互动。]
7．C　[推理判断题。根据第五段内容可知，命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参与到对自己来说最满意最有意义的活动中，接下来以一个年轻的职场人士参与自然的方式举例，去公园时沿着水边散步让他感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们可以知道相同的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式。故选C。]
8．B　[推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可推断，彼得·卡恩认为在我们与大自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然。故选B。]
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了一项新研究对四大洲近5万人进行了分析，确定了能够最大程度改善健康、延长寿命的每日步数，同时调查了不同年龄段的人每日最佳步数是否有所不同。
9．D　[推理判断题。根据第一段中的“The study represents...a Japanese pedometer(计步器)，with no science to back it up.”可知，现有每天一万步的运动建议缺乏科学依据，而本项研究旨在为科学的走路步数提供证据，由此可推知本研究旨在为日常走路锻炼提供科学指导。故选D。]
10．B　[词义猜测题。根据画线短语后面的“meaning that more steps than that provided no additional benefit for longevity”可知，多余的步数并不会对长寿有额外的好处，由此可推知步数到达一定量之后降低死亡的风险趋于稳定，不再变化。leveled off意为“保持平稳”，与Became stable意思相近。故选B。]
11．C　[推理判断题。根据第三段“更具体地说，对于60岁及以上的成年人来说，降低过早死亡的风险，其步数稳定在每天6 000—8 000步左右，这意味着更多的步数对长寿没有额外的好处，而对于60岁以下的成年人来说大约是每天8 000—10 000步”可推知，年龄不同，最佳效果步数也不一样。故选C。]
12．A　[细节理解题。根据最后一段Paluch所说的“There’s a lot of...very little activity...are better for your health.”可知，Paluch建议很少运动的人应该增加走路步数。故选A。]作业13　人与动植物类说明文
A
(2020·全国Ⅰ)
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research.Recent studies have found positive effects.A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example，discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime.In another，employees were shown to be 15% more ①productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) have taken it a step further—changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse，even unusual functions.These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.“We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day，” explained Michael Strano，a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光) in experiments using some common vegetables.Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours.The light，about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by，is just a start.The technology，Strano said，could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.
In the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a ②one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime.The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off “switch” where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US.Since lighting is often far removed from the power source—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway—a lot of energy is lost during ③transmission.Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.
1．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．A new study of different plants.
B．A big fall in crime rates.
C．Employees from various workplaces.
D．Benefits from green plants.
2．What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineers
A．To detect plants’ lack of water.
B．To change compositions of plants.
C．To make the life of plants longer.
D．To test chemicals in plants.
3．What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future
A．They will speed up energy production.
B．They may transmit electricity to the home.
C．They might help reduce energy consumption.
D．They could take the place of power plants.
4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A．Can we grow more glowing plants
B．How do we live with glowing plants
C．Could glowing plants replace lamps
D．How are glowing plants made ④pollution-free
语境猜词
①productive(派)＝product＋ive
②one-off(合)＝one＋off
③transmission(派)＝transmi(t)＋ssion
④pollution-free(合)＝pollution＋free
B
(2023·全国甲)
Grizzly bears，which may grow to about 2.5m long and weigh over 400kg，occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche—we revere(敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams.Ask the tourists from around the world that ①flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see，and their answer is often the same：a grizzly bear.
“Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range，” says bear biologist Chris Servheen.As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a century or more，they’re increasingly being sighted by humans.
The western half of the U．S.was full of grizzlies when Europeans came，with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans.By the early 1970s，after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers,600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies.In 1975，grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Today，there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U．S.Their recovery has been so successful that the U．S.Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to ②de-list grizzlies，which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted.Both efforts were ③overturned due to ④lawsuits from conservation groups.For now，grizzlies remain listed.
Obviously，if precautions(预防) aren’t taken，grizzlies can become troublesome，sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food.If people remove food and ⑤attractants from their yards and campsites，grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble.Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away.“Our hope is to have a clean，attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits，” says James Jonkel，longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.
5．How do Americans look at grizzlies
A．They cause mixed feelings in people.
B．They should be kept in national parks.
C．They are of high scientific value.
D．They are a symbol of American culture.
6．What has helped the increase of the grizzly population
A．The European settlers’ behavior.
B．The expansion of bears’ range.
C．The protection by law since 1975.
D．The support of Native Americans.
7.What has stopped the U．S.Fish and Wildlife Service from de-listing grizzlies
A．The opposition of conservation groups.
B．The successful comeback of grizzlies.
C．The voice of the biologists.
D．The local farmers’ advocates.
8．What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A．Food should be provided for grizzlies.
B．People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C．A special path should be built for grizzlies.
D．Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
语境猜词
①flood熟义：n.洪水，水灾
生义(文义)：v.
②de-list(派)＝de＋list
③overturn(合)＝over＋turn
④lawsuit(合)＝law＋suit
⑤attractant(派)＝attract＋ant
C
(2024·江苏连云港高三二模)
The science of why insects gather around lights at night has never been nailed down.Popular theories propose that moths and other insects navigate(确定方向) by the moon and mistake lamps for moonlight，or that the insects fly towards light to escape coming danger.Now researchers believe they have a more convincing answer: contrary to current theories，insects are not attracted to light from far away，but become trapped if they fly close to an artificial light source.
According to Dr Sam Fabian，study co-author and Imperial College London ①entomologist，moths and many other insects that fly at night evolved to tilt(倾斜) their backs to wherever is brightest.For hundreds of millions of years，this was the sky rather than the ground.The trick told insects which way was up and ensured they flew level.But then came artificial lighting.Moths found themselves tilting their backs to street lamps.This caused them to circle around the lamps endlessly，the insects trapped by their evolution.
Fabian and his colleagues ②filmed insect flight paths around lights in the lab.The videos reveal that time and again，moths and dragonflies turned their backs to artificial lights，which appeared to greatly change their flight paths.“If the light is above them，they might start orbiting it，but if it’s behind them，they start tilting backwards and may climb up and up until they fall，” Fabian said.
Researchers have long warned that light pollution is a big driving force in the dramatic decline in insect populations.Moths and other insects that become trapped around lamps become easily caught by bats.The artificial lighting can also fool them into thinking it is daytime，causing them to bed down and skip a night’s feeding.
There are，Fabian believes，helpful lessons from the research.“What this tells us is that the direction of artificial light matters.Could we change lighting environments to not trap insects For we’re facing a massive decline in insects around the world，and artificial light at night is one of the factors that could potentially be leading to this decline，” Fabian said.
9．What do the underlined phrase “nailed down” in paragraph 1 mean
A．③Popularized widely. B．Discussed openly.
C．Defined accurately. D．Explored academically.
10．Why do moths circle around the lamps endlessly according to Fabian’s study
A．Because they can’t keep their balance.
B．Because they use improper flight attitude.
C．Because they lose track of which way is up.
D．Because they are attracted to lights from far away.
11．What is the significance of the research finding
A．It may lead to better conservation of insects.
B．Natural enemies of insects will be got rid of.
C．Artificial lighting will be greatly reduced at night.
D．It may raise concerns for insects’ eating behavior.
12．What is the text mainly about
A．Why insects lose their ability to fly at night.
B．Why artificial light and evolution trap insects.
C．How artificial light impacts insect populations.
D．How insects evolved distinct strategies of flight.
语境猜词
①entomologist(派)＝entomolog(y)＋ist
②film熟义：n.电影，影片
生义(文义)：v.
③popularize(派)＝popular＋ize
语境猜词答案 A．①多产的，高效的　②一次性的　③传输，传送　④无污染的 B．①大量涌入　②除名　③推翻，撤销　④诉讼，起诉　⑤引诱物，引诱剂 C．①昆虫学者　②录制，拍摄　③宣传，推广；使普及
答案精析
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了绿色植物的积极作用，因此麻省理工学院的工程师们研发了一种发光植物。文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。
1．D　[段落大意题。根据第一段的主题句(第二句)“Recent studies have found positive effects.”并结合下文“A study...with houseplants.”可知，最近的研究发现了植物的积极作用。故选D。]
2．A　[细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water...”可知，叶子上的传感器用来显示植物什么时候缺水。故选A。]
3．C　[推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“The technology，Strano said，could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.”可知，有朝一日新技术能够让植物为房间提供照明，甚至使街道两旁的树木变为自我供电的路灯。又根据最后一段最后一句“Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.”可知，发光植物可以避免远距离输电带来的损耗，从而节省能源。综上可知，发光植物可以降低能源消耗。故选C。]
4．C　[标题归纳题。本文重点介绍了发光植物对生活照明的影响，预测发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的效果。故C项“发光植物会取代灯吗”是本文的最佳标题。故选C。]
语篇解读　本文是说明文，讲述了美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到了2 000多头，但也带来了一些问题。
5．A　[细节理解题。根据第一段第一句可知，美国人对灰熊既害怕又敬畏。故选A。]
6．C　[推理判断题。根据第三段最后两句以及第四段第一句可推知，自1975年起，有了法律的保护，灰熊的数量有了增长。故选C。]
7．A　[细节理解题。根据第四段倒数第二句可知，是保护组织的反对阻止了美国鱼类和野生动物管理局将灰熊从濒危物种名单上除名。故选A。]
8．B　[推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可推知，灰熊数量增长虽然会带来一些麻烦，但是如果采取一些预防措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。故选B。]
9．C　[词义猜测题。根据画线短语下文可知，对于昆虫为何会在夜间聚集在灯光周围这一问题没有标准答案，只有一些理论猜想，而且科学家仍在探索这一现象，故可推知画线短语所在句意为“关于为什么昆虫在夜间会围绕着灯这一科学问题从未得到准确解释”，由此推测画线短语意为“准确解释”，与C项意义相近。故选C。]
10．B　[细节理解题。根据第二段可知，正常情况下飞蛾将背向最亮处即天空倾斜，以此保持水平飞行，而当飞蛾背向路灯倾斜，由于路灯的光源是散射的，而它飞行的角度仍然采用与在月光下的飞行相同的角度，这就使它围着路灯散射的光源打转，故是不正确的飞行姿势导致飞蛾无休止地绕着灯转。故选B。]
11．A　[推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，这项研究结果的意义是告诉我们可以改变人造光的方向，使昆虫不被困住，从而更好地保护昆虫。故选A。]
12．B　[主旨大意题。根据全文内容尤其第二段可知，文章主要介绍了研究发现昆虫因进化而在夜间无休止地围绕人造光转，这启示我们可以改变人造光的方向，更好地保护昆虫，所以B项“为什么人造光和进化会困住昆虫？”符合题意。故选B。]作业14　人与环境类说明文
A
(2021·全国乙)
You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans—between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year.But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does.He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage，forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year，the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse，” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves，frozen mid-crash.Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups，the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City，Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled.Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source of plastic pollution，but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and，because of their small size and weight，they cannot be recycled.Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes.Once the drink is gone，the straw will take centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018，Von Wong wanted to illustrate a specific statistic：Every 60 seconds，a ①truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean.For this work，titled “Truckload of Plastic，” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic，which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped(倾倒) from a truck ②all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
1．What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for
A．Beautifying the city he lives in.
B．Introducing eco-friendly products.
C．Drawing public attention to plastic waste.
D．Reducing garbage on the beach.
2．Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3
A．To show the difficulty of their recycling.
B．To explain why they are useful.
C．To voice his views on modern art.
D．To find a substitute for them.
3．What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers
A．Calming. B．Disturbing. C．Refreshing. D．Challenging.
4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A．Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety
B．Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C．Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D．Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
语境猜词
①truckload(合)＝truck＋load
②all at once
B
(2024·安徽皖南八校联考)
Drought is an increasing problem in our warming world.All continents have been experiencing more extended periods without rain，leading to forest fires and poor crop growth.Consequently，people are looking at cloud seeding to solve the problem—a method of encouraging precipitation(降水) by sending small particles of certain chemicals into clouds.
Cloud-seeding expert Arlen Huggins has been studying its ①effectiveness.“My earliest experience was to use cloud seeding to reduce the amount of hail(冰雹) in northeast Colorado.We didn’t have any luck with that，but we had success later on in increasing snowfall in Utah.Now，the focus is shifting towards increasing rainfall from summer clouds，which is far more ②unpredictable，” said he.
The problem is that it’s pretty hard to know whether precipitation resulted directly from cloud seeding.It might have rained or snowed anyway.Even if you practice cloud seeding in one place and don’t in another，it’s impossible to know for sure what caused the precipitation.“As cloud seeding is expensive and its effectiveness uncertain，its usefulness is still a matter of opinion，” says Katja Friedrich，a researcher of University of Colorado.
Additionally，it’s not during foggy and snowy conditions that people think of increasing the chance of rainfall.When a country is hit by drought，then cloud seeding isn’t an option due to the lack of clouds.During drought，skies tend to be clear with few clouds.The best option to prevent drought is to seed at times of the year when rainfall levels are normal or higher.
There are also environmental issues regarding the impact of cloud seeding.At high levels，the chemicals sent into the clouds can harm humans and other animals，and some studies have found them slightly poisonous.Apart from that，some environmentalists are concerned about the ③long-term impacts，as there isn’t data on how much those chemicals accumulate in the environment over 10 years.
5．What is the purpose of cloud seeding
A．To increase grain output.
B．To slow down global warming.
C．To reduce chemicals in the air.
D．To deal with dry and rain-free weather.
6．How is Arlen Huggins’ earliest experience in paragraph 2
A．It’s effective. B．It’s unsuccessful.
C．It’s satisfying. D．It’s ④fruitful.
7.What is Katja Friedrich’s attitude towards cloud seeding
A．Favourable. B．Opposed.
C．Unclear. D．Doubtful.
8．What can be inferred from the text
A．Drought currently ⑤poses the only threat to forests and crops.
B．Rainmaking in any weather will come true in the near future.
C．Researchers now can not tell if rainfall is brought by cloud seeding.
D．Chemicals sent into the clouds will become less poisonous over time.
语境猜词
①effectiveness(派)＝effect＋ive＋ness
②unpredictable(派)＝un＋predict＋able
③long-term(合)＝long＋term
④fruitful(派)＝ fruit＋ful
⑤pose熟义：n.姿势
生义(文义)：v.
C
(2024·湖南长沙二模)
The Yellow River is the cradle of Chinese civilization.And flood control and prevention have always been key to the well-being of the people living along it.Now，scientists can better work on these issues by giving the river a digital twin.
The digital twin of the Yellow River uses various technologies，including big data，artificial intelligence，and the Internet of things.Devices set up along the river collect and transmit information to the center.Based on the information，a 3D model of the river is presented on the computer screen.It’s like the Yellow River has a twin that reflects its real conditions.
One big ①breakthrough in the river’s digital ②governance is “smart stones”．According to Wang Qin，a lead researcher at the Information Center of Yellow River Henan Bureau，a smart stone is a water-proof stone-shaped device with chips，a battery，and a signal transmitter.They are buried in important dike(堤坝) locations to record and report the movement of dike stones.“Upon feeling movement of the dike stones，the smart stone sends an alarm to the center for quick response，” Wang said.
“In the past，researchers had to learn the conditions of the dike on the spot by themselves，putting their lives at risk，” said Zhao Xiaoxiong from the bureau.“Now the smart stones can do this for us，more safely，quickly，and accurately.”
And in the sky，drones(无人机) are flying.On the routes designed by engineers，the drones become expert patrollers(巡逻员) of the river，looking at its dikes and flood prevention projects.According to Shen Lin from the Yellow River Conservancy Commission，thanks to the drones，researchers at the command center can get first-hand photos and information.“Researchers then update the 3D model according to the changes the drones reported.The newly updated model helps us test our floodwater release plans in case we ever need to ③batten down the hatches(未雨绸缪)，” said Shen.
Under the water and up in the sky，intelligence systems are helping to protect the Yellow River Basin on all fronts.According to the Ministry of Water Resources，in the future，we can expect to see the construction of an even more comprehensive digital system for this important river.
9．What is the main purpose of creating a digital twin of the Yellow River
A．To conduct historical research.
B．To create a virtual tourist attraction.
C．To raise public awareness of river protection.
D．To improve flood control and prevention efforts.
10．How do the smart stones contribute to the river’s digital governance
A．They record water quality.
B．They improve the river’s beauty.
C．They monitor and report the status of the dike.
D．They serve as markers for important locations.
11.What is one of the functions of drones in the digital governance of the Yellow River
A．Entertaining tourists.
B．Collecting information on dike conditions.
C．Patrolling and taking wildlife photos.
D．Testing water quality.
12．What does the underlined word “comprehensive” in the last paragraph probably mean
A．Complete. B．Basic. C．Beautiful. D．Natural.
语境猜词
①breakthrough(合)＝break＋through
②governance(派)＝govern＋ance
③batten down
语境猜词答案 A．①一卡车(的量)　②突然地；同时 B．①有效性，效力　②无法预测的　③长期的　④成果丰硕的　⑤造成，引起 C．①突破，重大进展　②管理，治理　③准备应对可能的麻烦或困难
答案精析
语篇解读　艺术家Benjamin Von Wong非常关注塑料污染的问题，他用回收的废旧塑料垃圾创作巨型雕塑，以唤醒和提高人们的环保意识。
1．C　[推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage，forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.”可知，艺术家Von Wong制作雕塑的目的是迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料制品的关系，即关注塑料垃圾造成的问题。故选C。]
2．A　[细节理解题。根据第三段的内容，尤其是其中的“Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled.Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source of plastic pollution...because of their small size and weight，they cannot be recycled.”可知，全球仅有9%的塑料废弃物被回收利用，而且作者特别说明了塑料吸管因为体积小和重量轻而无法被回收。由此可知，作者在第三段讨论塑料吸管的问题是为了说明塑料吸管回收的困难。故选A。]
3．B　[推理判断题。根据第四段的内容可知，Truckload of Plastic这一作品直观展现了塑料污染的严重性，会令人不安，故选B。]
4．D　[标题归纳题。通览全文可知，作者主要讲述了艺术家Von Wong用塑料垃圾制作雕塑以唤起人们对环保问题的关注，故选D。]
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。本文主要讲了虽然人工增雨被认为是解决干旱问题的一种方法，但是人工增雨的效果难以确定，并且存在环境问题和受气候条件的制约。因此，虽然人工增雨可能会在一些条件下对缓解干旱有一定益处，但其实用性和可行性仍有待讨论。
5．D　[细节理解题。根据第一段“Drought is an increasing problem...encouraging precipitation(降水)．..chemicals into clouds.(在我们日益变暖的世界里，干旱是一个日益严重的问题。所有大陆都经历了更多的长时间无雨期，导致森林火灾和作物生长不良。因此，人们正在研究人工增雨来解决这个问题——一种通过将某些化学物质的小颗粒送入云层来促进降水的方法)”可知，人工增雨是为了应对干旱无雨的天气。故选D。]
6．B　[推理判断题。根据第二段中“My earliest experience...luck with that(我最早的实践是在科罗拉多州东北部使用人工增雨来减少冰雹的数量。我们运气不好)”可知，Arlen Huggins 最初的实践没有成功。故选B。]
7．D　[观点态度题。根据第三段中Katja Friedrich的话“As cloud seeding is expensive and its effectiveness uncertain，its usefulness is still a matter of opinion(由于人工增雨成本高昂，其有效性也不确定，因此其实用性仍有待讨论)”可知，Katja Friedrich对人工增雨的做法持怀疑态度。故选D。]
8．C　[推理判断题。根据第三段中“The problem is that it’s pretty hard to know whether precipitation resulted directly from cloud seeding.(问题是，很难知道降水是否直接来自人工增雨)”可知，研究人员现在无法判断降雨是否是由人工增雨带来的。故选C。]
9．D　[细节理解题。根据第一段“The Yellow River is...And flood control and prevention...by giving the river a digital twin.(黄河是中华文明的摇篮。洪水的控制和预防一直是保障黄河沿岸人民幸福生活的关键。现在，科学家们可以通过给黄河创建一个数字孪生体来更好地解决这些问题)”可知，创建黄河数字孪生体的主要目的是加强洪水的控制和预防工作。故选D。]
10．C　[细节理解题。根据第三段中“They are buried in...of dike stones.(它们被埋在重要的堤坝上，以记录和报告堤坝石块的活动)”以及第四段“‘过去，研究人员必须冒着生命危险，亲自到现场了解堤坝的情况，’来自该局的赵潇雄说道。‘现在智能石头可以帮我们更安全、更快速且更精确地完成这项工作。’”可知，智能石头监测和报告堤坝的状况。故选C。]
11．B　[细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“On the routes designed...flood prevention projects.(在工程师设计的路线上，无人机成为河流的专业巡逻员，监视河堤和防洪工程)”可知，无人机在黄河数字化治理中的作用之一是收集堤防状况信息。故选B。]
12．A　[词义猜测题。根据最后一段内容可知，在水下和空中，智能系统正在帮助保护黄河流域的各个方面，据水利部表示，在未来，我们可以期待为这条重要河流建设一个更全面的数字系统。由此猜测，画线词意为“全面的”。故选A。]作业15　书籍作品介绍及书评类说明文
A
(2023·新课标Ⅱ)
Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book，represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world.The image of the reader appears throughout history，in art made long before books as we now know them came into being.In artists’ representations of books and reading，we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this “book of books”，artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures.We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school，with the book as a focus for relations between the generations.Adults are portrayed(描绘) alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume，deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure.These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago，but they record moments we can all relate to.
Books themselves may be used ①symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect(才智)，wealth or faith of the subject.Before the wide use of the printing press，books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right.More recently，as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway，artists have used them as the raw material for artworks—transforming covers，pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page ②outdated.From a 21st-century point of view，the printed book is certainly ancient，but it remains as interactive as any ③battery-powered e-reader.To serve its function，a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened，the pages parted，the contents reviewed，perhaps notes written down or words underlined.And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked，a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private，“off-line” activity.
1．Where is the text most probably taken from
A．An introduction to a book. B．An essay on the art of writing.
C．A guidebook to a museum. D．A review of modern paintings.
2.What are the selected artworks about
A．Wealth and intellect.
B．Home and school.
C．Books and reading.
D．Work and leisure.
3．What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Understand. B．Paint.
C．Seize. D．Transform.
4．What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader
A．The printed book is not totally out of date.
B．Technology has changed the way we read.
C．Our lives in the 21st century are networked.
D．People now rarely have the patience to read.
语境猜词
①symbolically(派)＝symbol＋ic＋ally
②outdated(合)＝out＋dated
③battery-powered(合)＝battery＋powered
B
(2022·全国乙)
In 1916，two girls of wealthy families，best friends from Auburn，N.Y.—Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood—traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse.The girls had gone to Smith College.They wore expensive clothes.So for them to move to Elkhead，Colo.to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise.Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted：The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden，who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff’s granddaughter.
Why did they go then Well，they wanted to do something useful.Soon，however，they realized what they had undertaken.
They moved in with a local family，the Harrisons，and，like them，had little privacy，rare baths，and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning.Some mornings，Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold.In spring，the snow was replaced by mud over ice.
In Wickenden’s book，she ①expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism，which of course influenced the girls’ decision to go to Elkhead.A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads，which entailed(牵涉) drilling through the Rockies，often in blinding snowstorms.The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy’s return to Auburn.
Wickenden is a very good storyteller.The sweep of the land and the stoicism(坚忍) of the people move her to some beautiful writing.Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff，on her horse，looking down from a hill top: “When the sun slipped behind the mountains，it ②shed a rosy glow all around them.Then a full moon rose.The snow was marked only by small animals: foxes，coyotes，mice，and varying hares，which turned white in the winter.”
5．Why did Dorothy and Rosamond go to the Rocky Mountains
A．To teach in a school. B．To study American history.
C．To write a book. D．To do sightseeing.
6．What can we learn about the girls from paragraph 3
A．They enjoyed much respect. B．They had a room with a bathtub.
C．They lived with the local kids. D．They suffered severe hardships.
7.Which part of Wickenden’s writing is hair-raising
A．The extreme climate of Auburn.
B．The living conditions in Elkhead.
C．The railroad building in the Rockies.
D．The natural beauty of the West.
8．What is the text
A．A news report. B．A book review.
C．A children’s story. D．A diary entry.
语境猜词
①expand on
②shed熟义：n.棚
生义(文义)：v.
C
(2024·四川攀枝花二模)
Recently I’ve been drawn to books which motivate me to look at myself，and hopefully make me a better “me”．The Courage to Be Disliked，by Ichiro Kishimi and Fumitake Koga，has a title I just can’t go past.
The book has taken Japan by storm，using the theories of philosopher Alfred Adler to create conversations between a fictional philosopher and a young man.The conversations cover many broad，interesting and sensitive topics.The philosopher character sticks by the theories of Adler，and explains how we are competent to determine our own lives，and be free of the influence of past experiences and others’ expectations.It’s a way of thinking that allows us to develop the courage to change and to ignore the limitations placed on us.
These often complex topics are played out in a conversational style between the two men.While it’s easy to follow the conversations，the topics will knock around in your own head as you work out whether you sit on the side of the philosopher，the young man，or somewhere ①in between.The book is ②well-received by readers primarily owing to the fact that it presents two well-balanced viewpoints in the arguments.You’ll find yourself doing household chores，or at your keyboard，unpacking all the information in your mind and coming to your own conclusions.
You will ③wholeheartedly agree on some points and want to throw the book at the wall at others.Its content is polarizing(两极分化) and I certainly don’t agree with everything the philosopher or the young man says，but I think that’s the point.The Courage to Be Disliked is there to start a conversation with yourself and do some slightly uncomfortable soul-searching.
9．Which category does The Courage to Be Disliked belong to
A．Self-improvement. B．④Philosophic theory.
C．Collection of experiences. D．Biography of Alfred Adler.
10．Which statement might the fictional philosopher agree with
A．People are free of their past influence.
B．People can take charge of their life course.
C．People should ⑤live up to others’ expectations.
D．People ought to take their limitations seriously.
11.How does The Courage to Be Disliked develop
A．By listing sufficient data.
B．By making comparisons.
C．By following the time line.
D．By presenting dialogues.
12．Why is the book popular with readers
A．It shows ideas in plain language.
B．It displays the scientific statistics.
C．It offers balanced sides to the topics.
D．It avoids the use of philosophic terms.
语境猜词
①in between
②well-received(合)＝well＋received
③wholeheartedly(合＋派)＝whole＋hearted＋ly
④philosophic(派)＝philosoph(y)＋ic
⑤live up to
语境猜词答案 A．①象征性地；象征意义地　②过时的，陈旧的　③靠电池供电的 B．①详细阐述　②把光洒下 C．①在中间　②受到欢迎的　③全心全意地　④哲学的　⑤不辜负
答案精析
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了收录近三百件来自博物馆和世界各地的收藏品的一本书——Reading Art：Art for Book Lovers。书中以艺术作品的形式记录了不同时期人们阅读的场景，论述了在通信技术发达的现在，纸质书仍然具有互动性，并没有过时。
1．A　[文章出处题。根据第一段第一句“Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book，represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world.”以及第二段第一句“In this ‘book of books’，artworks are selected and arranged...”可知，本文围绕Reading Art：Art for Book Lovers这本书展开介绍，可推测本文最有可能出自该书的序言。故选A。]
2．C　[细节理解题。根据第一段末句“In artists’ representations of books and reading，we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.”及第二段关于不同人物和阅读场景的描述可知，选定的艺术作品是关于书籍和阅读的。故选C。]
3．A　[词义猜测题。根据画线词上文及画线词所在句可推知，艺术作品里的场景可能是在几百年前画的，但这些瞬间我们现在都能感同身受，故与画线短语“relate to”意思最相近的为A项“理解、认识到”。故选A。]
4．A　[推理判断题。通过最后一段中的“the printed book is...but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader”以及“a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private，‘off-line’ activity”可推知，本文作者提到电子阅读器想表达的是印刷书籍并没有完全过时。故选A。]
5．A　[细节理解题。根据第一段首句“In 1916，two girls of wealthy families...to teach in a one-room schoolhouse.”可知，Dorothy和Rosamond去落基山脉是为了去一所学校教书。故选A。]
6．D　[推理判断题。根据第三段中“They moved in with a local family...woke up in the morning.”以及“In spring，the snow was replaced by mud over ice.”可知，女孩们的生活条件非常艰苦，即她们饱受磨难。故选D。]
7．C　[细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“A hair-raising section concerns...often in blinding snowstorms.”可知，Wickenden的作品中涉及落基山脉的铁路建设这一部分是令人毛骨悚然的。故选C。]
8．B　[文章类型题。通读全文尤其根据第一段最后一句和倒数第二段首句“In Wickenden’s book，she expanded on...”以及末句“The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy’s return to Auburn.”以及最后一段前两句可推知，本文简要介绍了Wickenden写的一部书的内容，并对其进行了评价，所以是一篇书评。故选B。]
9．A　[推理判断题。根据第一段“Recently I’ve been drawn to books which motivate me to look at myself...make me a better ‘me’．The Courage to Be Disliked...has a title I just can’t go past.”，第二段后两句以及最后一段中“The Courage to Be Disliked...uncomfortable soul-searching.”可推知，《被讨厌的勇气》属于自我提升类书籍。故选A。]
10．B　[推理判断题。根据第二段中“The philosopher character...and others’ expectations.(哲学家的角色信守Adler的理论，并解释了我们如何有能力决定自己的生活，不受过去经历和他人期望的影响)”可知，书中的哲学家认为人有能力决定自己的生活。因此，他应该会赞同的观点是“人们可以主导自己的人生道路”。故选B。]
11．D　[细节理解题。根据第三段中“These often complex topics are played out in a conversational style between the two men.(这些通常很复杂的话题在两人之间以对话的方式展开)”可知，《被讨厌的勇气》这本书是通过呈现对话的方式展开的。故选D。]
12．C　[细节理解题。根据第三段中“The book is well-received by readers primarily owing to the fact that it presents two well-balanced viewpoints in the arguments.(这本书受到读者的广泛欢迎，主要是因为它在论证中呈现了两个平衡的观点)”可知，这本书受欢迎是因为它为话题提供了平衡的观点。故选C。]作业16　社会现象与社会热点类议论文
议论文阅读解题技法
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
A
(2023·全国乙)
If you want to tell the history of the whole world，a history that does not privilege one part of ①humanity，you cannot do it through texts alone，because only some of the world has ever had texts，while most of the world，for most of the time，has not.Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements，and until fairly recently even many literate(有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects，and some chapters of this book are able to do just that，but in many cases we simply can’t.The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict，at Botany Bay，between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals.From the English side，we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day.From the Australian side，we have only a wooden shield(盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot.If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day，the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of ②miscomprehension from both sides，there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted，especially when only the victors know how to write.Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories.The Caribbean Taino，the Australian Aboriginals，the African people of Benin and the Incas，all of whom appear in this book，can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice.When we consider contact between literate and non-literate societies such as these，all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted，only one half of a dialogue.If we are to find the other half of that conversation，we have to read not just the texts，but the objects.
1．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．How past events should be presented.
B．What humanity is concerned about.
C．Whether facts speak louder than words.
D．Why written language is reliable.
2．What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A．His report was scientific.
B．He represented the local people.
C．He ruled over Botany Bay.
D．His record was ③one-sided.
3．What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A．Problem. B．History. C．Voice. D．Society.
4.Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A．How Maps Tell Stories of the World
B．A Short History of Australia
C．A History of the World in 100 Objects
D．How Art Works Tell Stories
语境猜词
①humanity(派)＝human＋ity
②miscomprehension(派)＝mis＋comprehen(d)＋sion
③one-sided(合)＝one＋sided
B
(2024·广东韶关二模)
Is life a story or a game Answers may vary from one to another.Over the course of life，we find things to love and commit to—a job，a partner or a community.At times，we struggle to learn from our misfortunes to grow in wisdom，kindness and grace.
Will Storr，a writer whose work I admire，says this story version of life is a misunderstanding.In his book The Status Game，he argues that human beings are deeply driven by status.Rather than about being liked or accepted，he writes，it’s about being better than others.“When people are obedient to us，offer respect，admiration or praise，that’s status.It feels good.”
Life is a series of games，he adds.There’s the high school game of competing to be the popular kid.The lawyer game to make partner.The finance game to make the most money.The academic game for fame.The sports game to show that our team is the best.Even when we are trying to do good，Storr claims，we’re playing the “virtue game” to show we are morally superior to others.
I think Storr is in danger of becoming one of those guys who ignore the noble desires of the human heart and the caring element in every friendship and family.The ①status-mad world that Storr describes is so loveless.In fact，gaming as a way of life is ②immature.Maturity means rising above the shallow desire—for status—that doesn’t really nourish us.It’s about cultivating the higher desires: the love of truth and learning; the inner pleasure the craftsman gets in his work，which is not about popularity，and the desire for a good and meaningful life that inspires people to practise daily acts of generosity.
How do people gradually learn to cultivate these higher motivations To answer that，I’d have to tell you a story.
5．What lies in the core of Will Storr’s opinion about life
A．The pride in one’s virtue. B．The pursuit of ③superiority.
C．The desire for acceptance. D．The motivation by wealth.
6．What can be viewed as higher motivations in the text
A．Love and superiority. B．Maturity and desire.
C．Commitment and kindness. D．Friendship and popularity.
7.What’s the main purpose of the passage
A．To correct an attitude.
B．To tell a story.
C．To explain two arguments.
D．To criticize a viewpoint.
8．What story do you think the author will tell next
A．A king’s-comeback story.
B．A ④rags-to-riches story.
C．A Yuan Longping-style story.
D．An overnight-success story.
语境猜词
①status-mad(合)＝status＋mad
②immature(派)＝im＋mature
③superiority(派)＝superior＋ity
④rags-to-riches(合)＝rags＋to＋riches
C
(2024·河南鹤壁二模)
Saying farewell to someone you love，even for a night，can be difficult，①much less saying goodbye for a lifetime or forever in death.Juliet bid Romeo adieu(再见) for the evening with the words，“Parting is such sweet sorrow.” Sweet sorrow is an oxymoron.But this seeming contradiction is true in the context of relationships.
Relationships are based on feelings，emotions，and passion.Deep friendships and loving relationships are measured by the level of emotional ②attachment.Emotions ③intensify over time.People spend time with the people they like.The more one person likes another person，the closer the relationship becomes.Each person in the relationship receives an emotional benefit from knowing the other person.
Saying goodbye means separating from the people who make up a significant part of your emotional identity.Separation，even a temporary absence，from the people you have a deep emotional connection with can cause sorrow because you will no longer be able to enjoy their company.
The sweet side of saying goodbye is the emotional fulfillment of being in a close relationship.The time spent together is emotionally rewarding，especially if that person is seen as a ④soulmate.Humans are social beings.We seek the love and comfort of other people.Loneliness devastates the human condition and leads to sadness.Sad people will do anything they can to find fulfilling relationships.⑤Likewise，happy people will do anything they can to maintain or enhance relationships.Here in lies the essential point of the emotional problem.
The more intense relationships become，the more devastating the emotional loss that is felt upon separation.The exhilaration of relationships cannot be truly measured without experiencing the overwhelming loss of a deep emotional connection.
Enjoy the company of the person you are with as long as you can; knowing the pain you will feel at the end of the relationship is the true measure of the relationship.If it doesn’t hurt to say goodbye，perhaps it wasn’t worth saying hello.
9．Which of the following can create the same effect as “sweet sorrow”？
A．Icy cold. B．Clicking sound. C．⑥Deafening silence. D．Endless speech.
10．What can we learn from paragraph 3
A．Saying goodbye is unavoidable in our daily life.
B．The companion of close friends can lessen sorrow.
C．A person’s identity is connected with relationship.
D．Separation is the sorrowful part of saying goodbye.
11．How can a person get emotional satisfaction in social life according to the passage
A．By making more comments on others’ work.
B．By building deep emotional connections with others.
C．By comforting friends with love and intense feelings.
D．By being a thoughtful person by standing in others’ shoes.
12．What is the main idea of the passage
A．Sweet sorrow is very common in close relationships.
B．The pain of separation is the measure of relationships.
C．Human beings are eager to get emotional fulfillment.
D．Happiness is meaningless without sadness to compare it.
语境猜词
①much less
②attachment(派)＝attach＋ment
③intensify(派)＝intens(e)＋ify
④soulmate(合)＝soul＋mate
⑤likewise(合)＝like＋wise
⑥deafening(派)＝deaf＋en＋ing
语境猜词答案 A．①人类(总称)　②误解　③片面的，单方面的 B．①为地位而疯狂的　②不成熟的　③优越感　④贫穷到富裕的 C．①更不用说　②喜欢，依恋　③增强，加剧　④灵魂伴侣　⑤同样地，类似地　⑥震耳欲聋的
答案精析
语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。
1．A　[段落大意题。根据第一段的内容可知，不能仅通过文本讲述世界历史，因为物品也记录了人们关心的事情，即第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。]
2．D　[推理判断题。根据第二段首句可推断，作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“From the English side，we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day.From the Australian side，we have only a wooden shield(盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot.”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。]
3．B　[词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“...there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted，especially when only the victors know how to write...can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made...a voice.”可知，物品同样能讲述历史，文字描述只能说明一半的历史。故画线词所在句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation，we have to read not just the texts，but the objects.”强调解读物品来了解历史的另一半。所以conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。]
4．C　[文章出处题。根据第一段、第二段最后一句以及最后一段第二、三句和最后一句可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好地了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。]
语篇解读　这是一篇议论文。生活是一个故事还是一场游戏？作家Will Storr认为生活就是一系列的游戏，人类深受地位的驱使，作者指出这种生活态度是不成熟的，成熟意味着追求更高的愿望。
5．B　[细节理解题。根据第二段中关键句“In his book...it’s about being better than others.”以及第三段中“There’s the high school game of competing...to show we are morally superior to others.”可知，Will Storr对于生活的观点的核心在于要比别人更好，B项“追求优越感”符合题意，故选B。]
6．C　[推理判断题。根据第四段中“It’s about...of generosity.(它是关于培养更高的愿望：对真理和学习的热爱；工匠从他的作品中获得内心的愉悦，这与受欢迎与否无关，以及对美好而有意义的生活的渴望，激励着人们践行慷慨的日常行为)”可知，C项“全心投入和善良”可以被视为更高的动机，故选C。]
7．A　[写作意图题。本文首先提出问题：生活是一个故事还是一场游戏？接着提到了作家Will Storr对此问题的回答——他认为生活就是一系列的游戏，人类深受地位的驱使，然后作者指出这种生活态度是不成熟的，并提出了自己的观点，故本文目的是纠正一种态度，故选A。]
8．C　[推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“It’s about cultivating...generosity.”和最后一段“How do people...I’d have to tell you a story.”可知，更高的愿望是对真理和学习的热爱和对美好而有意义的生活的渴望，作者接下来要讲述关于如何培养这些更高动机的故事，C项“一个袁隆平式的故事”符合更高动机的内涵，故选C。]
语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。文章通过著名戏剧台词“Parting is such sweet sorrow”引出对人际关系的讨论，阐述了分离的痛苦是衡量感情的尺度
9.C　[推理判断题。根据第一段中“Sweet sorrow is an oxymoron. But this seeming contradiction is true in the context of relationships.(甜蜜的悲伤是一种矛盾修辞法。但这种看似矛盾的现象在人际关系中却是真实存在的)”可知，本句中sweet sorrow是一种矛盾的修辞方法。故C选项“Deafening silence.(震耳欲聋的沉默)”符合题意。故选C。]
10．D　[推理判断题。根据第三段“告别意味着你要跟那些在你的情感认同中占据重要地位的人分开。与和你有深厚情感联系的人分离，即使是短暂的缺席，都会带来悲伤，因为你将无法再享受他们的陪伴”可知，分离是告别时悲伤的部分。故选D。]
11．B　[推理判断题。根据第二段中“Deep friendships...intensify over time.(深厚的友谊和恋爱关系是由情感依恋的程度来衡量的。情感会随着时间的推移而增强)”以及第四段中“The time spent together...of other people.(一起度过的时光在情感上是有益的，尤其是如果那个人被视为灵魂伴侣。人类是社会生物。我们从他人身上汲取爱与安慰)” 可推知，一个人可以通过与他人建立深厚的情感联系在社交生活中获得情感上的满足。故选B。]
12．B　[主旨大意题。 通读全文以及根据最后两段可知，文章通过“告别”带给人看似矛盾的情感体验这一现象，深入分析了分离痛苦这种情感体验在衡量人际关系疏密中的作用。B选项“The pain of separation is the measure of relationships.(分离的痛苦是衡量感情的尺度)”可概括文章的主旨。故选B。]

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