资源简介

(共44张PPT)
Extended Reading
Unit 2
Understanding each other
By the end of this period, you will be able to:
understand why and how words are borrowed from other languages;
analyse different attitudes towards borrowed words;
use examples to explain their own attitudes towards borrowed words.
Do you know some Chinese words that come from other languages
— English
— Japanese
— French
克隆、台风、巧克力
干部、哲学、理事
牛轧糖、香槟、芭蕾舞
Chinese words English words 扑克 poker Kung fu 功夫
基因 gene dim sum 点心
克隆 clone yin 阴
模特 model yang 阳
休克 shock taichi 太极
Pre-reading
Borrowed words
Complete the chart below with the information
from the magazine article.
Find the key words or topic sentence of each paragraph.
Fast reading
Chart
Para1
Para 2
Para 3
Para 4
Para 5
Para 6
The phenomenon of word borrowing
The process of borrowing words from other languages
Avoiding borrowed words
Welcoming borrowed words
“The restaurant’s fried tofu is delicious.” Is there anything special about this sentence Well, all the words except “the” and “is” are borrowed from other languages! This comes as no surprise, given that English has borrowed words from more than 300 different languages, including Latin, Greek, French and Chinese. However, English is not alone in borrowing words from other languages- borrowed words can be found in almost all languages. For example, English words that are borrowed into the Chinese language include “bacon”, “tank” and “golf”.
The restaurant’s fried tofu is delicious.（这家餐厅的炸豆腐真美味。）这句话有什么特别之处吗？好吧，除了 the 和 is 之外，所有的单词都是从其他语言中借来的！这并不奇怪，因为英语已从 300 多种不同的语言中借用了词汇，包括拉丁语、希腊语、法语和汉语。然而，英语并不是唯一一种从其他语言引入外来词的语言——几乎所有语言中都可以找到外来词。例如，被借用到汉语中的英语词汇包括“培根（bacon）”、“坦克（tank）”和“高尔夫（golf）”。
Borrowed words
para.1
Para. 1
Why does the author say “this comes as no surprise” in Line 3
Because English has borrowed words from more than 300 different languages, including Latin, Greek, French and Chinese.
Why does the author take the example of “tofu”
To present his topic in a vivid way and draw listeners’ attention.
Careful reading
This comes as no surprise, given that English has borrowed words from more than 300 different languages, including Latin, Greek, French and Chinese.
1
句意：考虑到英语从300多种语言(包括拉丁语、希腊
语、法语和汉语)中借用词汇，这并不令人意外。
Given that there was so little time, I think they have done a good job.
考虑到时间紧迫，我认为他们干得不错。
本句中given是过去分词的形式，用作介词，或者连词，经常和that等连用，引导条件状语从句，表示“考虑到；鉴于”。
Given how hard the test was, I’m not surprised she failed.
考虑到考试有多难，她不及格我一点也不惊讶。
（1）__________________________________, I’m sure
teaching is the right career for her.
考虑到她对孩子感兴趣，我相信教书对她来说是
正确的职业。
（2）_________________________________________
________, we still try to enable the survivors to be
as independent as possible.
考虑到地震已造成严重破坏，我们仍然努力使幸
存者尽可能独立。
【即学活用】
Given that she is interested in children
Given that the earthquake has caused severe
damage
Word borrowing comes about when two cultures with different languages interact. This tends to happen when there is no suitable word for an object or idea in the native tongue. This phenomenon has been occurring for thousands of years. In the current age of globalization, when communications technology brings different cultures closer together, words are even more likely to be borrowed straight from the source language at a faster pace than ever before, especially those related to technological developments, such as “email” and “Internet”.
当不同语言的两种文化相互交流时，外来词就产生了。这种情况往往发生在当母语中没有合适的词来表达某个物体或某种想法时。这一现象已经延续数千年。在如今的全球化时代中，当通讯技术使得不同文化更加紧密地联系在一起时，词汇甚至更有可能会以前所未有的速度直接从原语言中被借用，特别是那些与技术发展相关的词汇，如“电子邮件（email）”和“互联网（Internet）”。
para.2
Para. 2
When does word borrowing usually occur
It occurs when two cultures with different languages
interact, and there is no suitable word for an object or idea in the native tongue.
Careful reading
1. Word borrowing comes about when two cultures with different languages interact. (line 8)
come about 产生，发生
1) 他们的相遇纯属偶然。(come about)
2) 我不知道她是如何偷听到我们谈话的。(come about)
2) I don’t know how it came about that she overheard our conversation.
1) Their meeting came about by accident/chance.
In the current age of globalization, when communications technology brings different cultures closer together, words are even more likely to be borrowed straight from the source language at a faster pace than ever before, especially those related to technological developments, such as “email” and “Internet”.
2 长句子分析
状语
时间状语
后置定语
主句主语Words；even more likely to be borrowed是谓语；straight from the source language at a faster pace than ever before 作状语。
Though borrowing words has become faster, the process is still complex, and it takes time before new words are integrated into everyday speech. At first, the borrowed word is only used by bilingual speakers. It then spreads to people who do not know the original language, and they will change the pronunciation to fit the way they speak, almost unknowingly.
尽管借用外来词的速度已变得更快了，这个过程仍然是复杂的，而且新的词汇需要一段时间才能融入日常用语中。起初，外来词只被双语者所使用，然后这个词会传播到不懂原语言的人那里，并且他们会在几乎不知不觉中改变外来词的发音，使之适应自己的语言习惯。
para.3
An example of this is the word“kung fu”, which refers to Chinese martial arts. This word comes from Chinese gongfu. Over time, the sounds that are difficult to pronounce have been replaced with more familiar ones. The longer a borrowed word has been in use, the more it sounds and even looks like the native language.
这一过程的一个例子就是“功夫（kung fu）”这个词，它指的是中国武术。这个词来源于汉语词汇“功夫（gongfu）”。随着时间的推移，难以发音的部分被更为熟悉的发音所取代了。一个外来词使用的时间越长，它听起来甚至看起来就越像本土语言。
para.3
Para. 3
Is it easy for a borrowed word to be integrated into the other language
No, it isn’t.
What is the process of borrowing words
At first
Then
Over time
The borrowed word is only used by bilingual speakers.
It spreads to people who do not know the original language, and they will change the pronunciation to fit the way they speak, almost unknowingly.
The sounds that are difficult to pronounce have been replaced with more … native language.
Careful reading
What makes it possible to borrow words directly from the source language faster than ever before
A.The rapid development of communication technology.
B.The rapid development of culture.
C.The rapid development of languages.
D.The rapid development of human beings.
√
Read Paragraphs 2-3 and answer the following questions.
Who was the first to use borrowed words
A.The native speakers.
B.The bilingual speakers.
C.The people who do not know the original language.
D.The government officials.
√
Read Paragraph 3
What can we infer from the third paragraph _____
A. The pronunciation of “kung fu” is difficult to understand.
B. The course of borrowing words is slow and simple.
C. The original language is seldom filled with borrowed words.
D. The borrowed words sound like native languages over time.
D
Borrowed words are an outcome of language development that can hardly be avoided, but some language communities oppose adopting words from other cultures. There are countries that make interventions to keep their native language pure in order to defend their identity. The French specifically have an
official organization that creates new words in order to avoid borrowed words.
外来词是语言发展中几乎难以避免的结果，但一些语言群体反对从其他文化引入词汇。有些国家为了捍卫自己的身份，对外来词采取干预措施以保持自己母语的纯正。法国人专门有一个创造新词的官方组织，以避免外来词。
para.4
Some languages have an extremely small number of speakers, such as the Native American Navajo language, used only by the members of the tribe. Under this circumstance, it becomes a matter of survival for the native language to reject outside influences.
有些语言的使用者数量非常少，例如美洲印地安人的纳瓦霍语，只有这个部落的成员使用。在这种情况下，拒绝外来影响就关系着母语的生存问题。
para.4
6. Under this circumstance, it becomes a matter of survival for the native language to reject outside influences. (lines 30-32)
reject vt. 拒绝；排斥；驳回；丢弃 n. 次品；被拒之人
1) Her __________(reject) of him seems to have made him go back into his shell.
2) If people are unkind to him, he feels ___________(reject).
3) The check shirt is a ________ (reject).
rejection
rejected
reject
in any circumstance 任何情况下
in/under no circumstances 无论如何；绝不
financial/domestic/personal circumstances 家庭/个人经济状况
While some communities are pessimistic about the exchange between languages, there are also other communities that readily welcome borrowed words. English, especially, is based on a mix of Latin, Greek and Germanic languages.The English-speaking community does not hesitate about absorbing foreign words into its daily vocabulary.
虽然有些群体对语言之间的互借持悲观态度，但也有其他一些群体欣然欢迎外来词。尤其是英语，它是基于拉丁语、希腊语和日耳曼语的混合体。英语群体毫不犹豫地将外语词汇吸收到自己的日常词汇中。
para.5
In fact, there have never been any formal academic restrictions on new borrowed words. Borrowing words allows the language to continue to develop, enabling the community to have a more efficient language which makes it possible for them to share their experiences with new-found ease. It is also through those words that novel ideas are spread and different beliefs are exchanged more conveniently and quickly.
事实上，他们对新的外来词从来没有任何正式的学术限制。借用外来词使英语得以继续发展，使得其群体拥有一种更为有效的语言，让他们能够以新发现的轻松状态分享他们的经历。也正是通过那些外来词，新思想的传播以及不同观念的交流得以更加便捷、迅速。
para.5
Listen to the audio and complete the table below.
Attitudes Reasons Examples Results
__________ (Para. 4) French Native American Navajo
Optimistic (Para. 5)
Defending their own identity
________________________________________
Accepting the fact that English _____________
___________________
The English-speaking community
Keeping their native language _____
________ outside influences
__________________
__________________
Ensuring a more ________ language
__________________
__________________
Rejecting
Ensuring the survival of their native language
Allowing for continuous development
Facilitating exchange of novel ideas and beliefs
is based on a mix
Paras. 4-5
Pessimistic
pure
of various languages
efficient
Detailed reading
According to the linguist Edward Sapir, “It would be
difficult to point to a completely isolated language ...” For better or for worse, the tendency to borrow words has never gone out of style. The more international and globalized the world becomes, the more language characteristics will be shared between nations and cultures.
语言学家爱德华 萨丕尔认为：“很难指出一种完全孤立的语言……”。不管是好是坏，借用外来词的趋势从未过时。世界越是变得国际化和全球化，不同民族和文化之间就会共享更多语言特征。
para.6
Read the last paragraph and answer the following question.
What is the author’s attitude towards word borrowing
A.Negative. B.Positive.
C.Indifferent. D.Critical.
√
Read Paragraph 6
What can we infer from the last paragraph
The phenomenon of borrowing words will
________________.
continue existing
What’s your attitude towards borrowed words
2. In the current age of globalization, when communications technology brings different cultures closer together.(lines 10-11)
The more international and globalized the world becomes, the more language characteristics will be shared between nations and cultures. (lines 45-47)
globalization n. 全球化 v. _____________
信息全球化势不可挡。(globalization)
_______________________________________________
The globalization of information is unstoppable.
globalize
1) 沙漠化 _____________________
2) 现代化 _____________________
3) 盐碱化 _____________________
4) 毁林，采伐森林 ______________
desertification
modernization
salinization
deforestation
Practice
Discussion
Why do languages borrow words
English Chinese
given that
tend to do
at a faster pace than ever before
unknowingly
be replaced with
absorbing foreign words into its daily vocabulary
Practice makes perfect:Translate the following phrases.
考虑到，假定
倾向于，趋向于
以前所未有的更快的速度
不知不觉中
被...所取代
把外来词汇吸收到日常词汇中
English Chinese
new-found ease
novel ideas
isolated language
for better or for worse
go out of style
Practice makes perfect:Translate the following phrases.
新发现的轻松状态
新思想
孤立的语言
不管是好是坏
过时
Text Review
1. In the current age of _____________ (globe), when communications technology brings different cultures closer together, ...
2. _______ borrowing words has become faster, the process is still complex, and it takes time before new words ________________ (integrate) into everyday speech.
3. Borrowed words are an outcome of language development that can hardly ___________(avoid), but some language communities oppose __________ (adopt) words from other culture.
4. There are countries that make _____________ (intervene) to keep their native language pure in order to defend their identity.
globalization
adopting
are integrated
interventions
Though
be avoided
Text Review
5. __________ this circumstances, it becomes a matter of _________ (survive) for the native language to reject outside influences.
6. __________ (Borrow) words allows the language to continue to develop, __________(enable) the community to have a more efficient language which makes ___ possible for them to share their experiences _______ new-found ease.
7. It is also through those words ______ novel ideas are spread and different beliefs _____________(exchange) more conveniently and quickly.
Under
survival
Borrowing
with
enabling
it
that
are exchanged
Group discussion
What is your attitude towards borrowed words
(Support your ideas with at least one point.)
Group 1: Favourable
Prevent misunderstandings
Ensure the dynamics and evolution
Demonstrate a country’s power
Group 2: Disapproving
Ruin the purity of a language
Cause confusion for learners
Invite the loss of cultural identity
Conclusion
According to the linguist Edward Sapir, “It would be difficult to point to a completely isolated language...” For better or for worse, the tendency to borrow words has never gone out of style. The more international and globalized the world becomes, the more language characteristics will be shared between nations and cultures.
Edward Sapir
linguist & anthropologist
Word borrowing is inevitable.
Para. 6
Critical thinking
Do you think it is important to learn and continue using local dialects in today’s increasingly connected society Why or why not
It is essential to retain local dialects in that __________________.
I don’t think it necessary to stick to local dialects in that ________.
Wu dialect
Hakka
Cantonese
Critical thinking
Do you think it is important to learn and continue using local dialects in today’s increasingly connected society Why or why not
It is essential to retain local dialects in that __________________.
I don’t think it necessary to stick to local dialects in that ________.
Dialects serve as an intangible heritage in a country, which connect people with their history. Sometimes, they even embody a region’s unique culture, say, Kunqu Opera. Therefore, local dialects help maintain a diverse society and offer many life-enriching experiences.
Should dialects die out, it would be a great loss of culture for us and future generations, so we should endeavour to conserve and treasure dialects.
Just ___ linguist Sapir said, it would be difficult to point to a completely isolated language or dialect, least of all among the primitive peoples.
While we’re encouraged to embrace the new, we should also be attentive ____ the old, especially the one that determines who we are.
After all, language is inseparable ______ culture. Only when we’re knowledgeable ______ culture are we likely to become an effective communicator.
as
to
from
about
Summary

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