资源简介 专题十三 非谓语动词(知识精炼)考点讲解非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词,主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)。非谓语动词主要包含动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词及动名词等内容。考点一、不定式1. 不定式(短语)作主语不定式作主语时既可位于句首,又可用先行词 it 作形式主语。To improve our teaching method is very important.改进我们的教学方法是非常重要的。It would be a waste of time to look up every new word as it comes along.碰到生词就查词典是很浪费时间的。It would take some 100 workers a year's time to complete the project.完成这项工程大约需要一百名工人一年的时间。2. 不定式(短语)作表语His ambition is to become a successful scientist.他的抱负是要成为一名成功的科学家。The primary reason why the Constitution requires a census every ten years is to provide a basis for the apportionment of representatives among the states.宪法要求每10年进行一次人口普查,其主要原因是为各州之间众议院议员的比例分配提供一个基础。3. 不定式(短语)作动词宾语(1) 有些及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语。这些动词有:afford 担负得起 agree 同意 arrange 安排 ask 要求 attempt 试图beg 乞求 begin 开始 care 介意 choose 愿意 claim 声称consent同意 continue继续 contrive发明 dare 敢 decide决定decline谢绝 demand要求 deserve 值得 desire希望 determine决心endeavor尽力 expect期望 fail未能 fear害怕 forget忘记guarantee 保证 happen 碰巧 help 帮助 hesitate犹豫 hope希望They decided to change their mind.他们决定改变主意。I can't afford to live in a detached house.我住不起独门独院的房子。(2) 疑问词+动词不定式作宾语的动词有:ask 询问 consider 考虑 decide 决定 discover 发现discuss 讨论 explain 解释 find out 查明 forget 忘记inquire 打听 know 知道 learn 学会 remember 记得show 演示 tell 说出 think 考虑 understand 懂得I don't know what to do next.我不知道下一步该干什么。He found out where to buy fruit cheaply.他打听出在哪儿买水果便宜。(3) 不定式(短语)作复合宾语中的宾语:不定式(短语)在consider,find,make,regard,think等动词后作复合宾语中的宾语时,通常用先行词it作形式宾语:I find it interesting to study English.我觉得学英语很有趣。The boy feels it difficult to answer the question.那男孩感到回答这个问题很困难。4.不定式(短语)作介词宾语不定式(短语)作介词宾语主要用于作介词except和but的宾语。The old man's son did nothing but play games.老人的儿子除了玩游戏之外,什么都不干。He wanted nothing but to stay there.他只想待在那儿,别的什么都不想。但要注意:如果句中的 except 或 but 之前有实义动词 do 的限定形式或非限定形式,其宾语为不带 to 的不定式,否则,其宾语为带 to 的不定式。5. 不定式(短语)作宾语补足语(1) 动词不定式可用作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。常跟不定式作宾补的动词有:advise 劝告 allow 允许 ask 要求 beg 请求cause 促使 compel 强迫 convince 使信服 command 指挥direct 指导 enable 使能够 encourage 鼓励 expect 期望feel 觉得 force 迫使 get 使得 hate 不喜欢have 使 hear 听见 help 帮助 hire 雇请inspire 鼓舞 intend 打算要 invite 邀请 instruct 指示My English teacher advised me to buy a better dictionary.我的英语老师建议我买本好一点的词典。I'd prefer you to stay out of the dispute.我宁愿你不要介入这场争论。(2) 在feel, have, hear, let, listen to, look at, make, notice, observe, see, watch等动词后面,复合宾语中动词不定式的标记 to 通常被省略。动词 help 后的不定式的 to 可以省去,也可以保留。I saw her enter the cinema.我看见她进了电影院。A conductor uses signals and gestures to let the musicians know when to play carious parts of a composition.乐队指挥使用信号和手势让音乐家们知道乐曲的各个部分何时演奏。6. 不定式(短语)作主语补足语(1) 要求不定式作宾语补足语的大部分动词(have,let,notice,watch 等除外)都可以作被动句中的谓语。The room was found to be empty.那个房间被发现是空的。(to be 是主语补语)The young man was considered to have great promise.这个青年被认为大有前途。(to have是主语补语)值得注意的是,作宾语补足语的不带to的不定式在被动句中作主语补足语时须带to。如:They were made to wait for hours.他们被迫等了好几个小时。(2) 不定式(短语)在“主—动—that从句”的被动句中作主语补足语。It is reported to be true.据报导那是真的。(to be是主语补语)He is said to be from New Zealand.据说他是新西兰人。(to be是主语补语)7. 不定式(短语)作形容词补语有不少形容词(包括已变成形容词的分词)可后接不定式。I am very glad to see you.我见到您很高兴。The students are sorry to leave.学生为离去而难过。He is sure to come.他一定会来的。Are we likely to arrive in time 我们能够及时到达吗?但要注意:这样的形容词多是表示思想感情的。除上述形容词外,还有able, afraid, anxious,careful,content, foolish, inclined, prepared, ready, slow, willing等。考点二、现在分词1. 现在分词独立结构现在分词可有其独立的逻辑主语。现在分词独立结构常用作状语,置于句首或句末,偶尔也置于句中。(1) 表时间。如:The bell ringing, the children all stopped talking.铃声一响,孩子们都不说话了。The dark clouds having dispersed, the sun shone again.乌云已散去,太阳又普照大地了。The question being settled, we went home.问题解决之后,我们就回家了。(2) 表原因。如:It being a holiday, I went fishing.那天放假,我钓鱼去了。The night being dark, she was afraid to go there.天黑,她不敢去那儿。The river having risen in the night, the crossing was impossible.夜里河水上涨,渡河不可能了。(3) 表条件。如:Weather permitting, we'll have an outing tomorrow.要是天气许可的话,我们明天就去郊游。Other things being equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one.其他方面若都相同,我将买那件黑的衣服,不买那件白的。(4) 表方式或伴随情况。如:The teacher came in, his hand carrying a book.老师手中拿着书进来了。Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the sports ground.他们的房间在三层楼上,窗户俯视着操场。He guiding her, they stumbled through the street.他引着她,两个人蹒跚着穿过那条街。(5) 现在分词独立结构有时可由介词with或without引导。如:She came without anyone accompanying her.她来了,没有任何人陪着她。3. 现在分词的一般式(1) 现在分词的一般式通常表示其动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。如:She sat there reading a novel.她坐在那里看小说。A little child learning to walk often falls.学走路的小孩常常跌跤。(2) 现在分词的一般式所表示的动作有时在谓语动词的动作之前发生。如:Going into the room, he shut the door.走进房间,他就关上了门。4. 现在分词(短语)作状语(1) 现在分词(短语)作时间状语Walking along the street one day, she saw a little girl running up to her.(=when she was walking along the street one day .)有一天当她正沿着大街向前走时,她看见一个小女孩朝她跑了过来。While crossing the street, you must be careful.当你横过马路时,一定要小心。(=while you cross the street.)现在分词(短语)强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生时,前面可带 when, while, after, before, since 等从属连词。如:When visiting a strange city,I like to have a guide-book with me.游览陌生城市时,我喜欢随身带着导游手册。While flying over the Channel,the pilot saw what he thought to be a meteorite.飞过英吉利海峡时,驾驶员认为他看见了一颗陨星。(2) 现在分词(短语)作原因状语Having no place to go to, the man wandered about in the street.由于没有要去的地方,那个男人只好在街上徘徊。Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday.(=because he was ill)他由于病了,昨天就没有去上学。Living in the country, we had few social engagements.(=Because we were living in the country)我们住在乡村,交际的机会很少。Seeing that it was raining,George put on his mackintosh.鉴于下雨,乔治穿上了雨衣。(seeing that 是一个原因的固定说法)(3) 现在分词(短语)作结果状语Jane fell off the bike, cutting her leg.简从自行车上摔下,划破了腿。It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in that country.大雨滂沱,造成了那个国家洪水泛滥。(4) 现在分词(短语)作条件状语Working hard, you will succeed.努力工作,你就会成功。Standing on the building, you can see the whole city.站在那座楼上,你会看到整个城市。考点三、过去分词1. 过去分词(短语)作表语The travellers were completely exhausted.游客完全筋疲力尽了。The scientists were excited about the result of the experiment.科学家们对实验结果感到很兴奋。Never touch an electric wire when it is broken.绝不要动断了的电线。We are determined to build a reservoir here in the shortest possible time.我们决心尽快地在这里建一水库。I am convinced of his honesty.我深信他的诚实。Are you satisfied that I am telling the truth 你相信我说的是实话吗?2.过去分词(短语)作定语(1) 单个的过去分词作定语时通常前置。及物动词的过去分词具有被动和完成意义。如:the unexpected loss 意外损失 planned economy 计划经济a complicated problem 复杂问题 changed conditions 改变了的情况armed forces 武装部队 canned food 罐装食品stricken area 灾区 a delighted look 高兴的神色(2) 不及物动词的过去分词具有主动和完成意义。如:fallen leaves 落叶 faded flowers 凋谢的花newly arrived goods 新到的商品 the exploded bomb 已爆炸了的炸弹the risen sun 升起的太阳 departed friends 离去的朋友an escaped prisoners 逃犯 a retired teacher 退休教师retured students 归国留学生 an expired passports 过期护照(3) 过去分词短语作定语时通常后置,其意义相当于一个定语从句,但比从句简洁,多用于书面语。如:The concert given by the symphony was a great success.该交响乐团举行的音乐会大为成功。A drop of water seen through microscope is filled with living things.通过显微镜能看到一滴水里充满了各种生物。(4) 以“名词+过去分词”或“副词+过去分词”组成的复合形容词作前置定语。如:state-owned enterprises 国有企业a poverty-stricken place 贫穷的地方quick-frozen food 速冻食品a much-needed reform 急需进行的改革3. 过去分词(短语)作状语(1) 过去分词(短语)作时间状语Seen under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate six-pointed shape.在显微镜下观察,刚飘下的雪花呈精巧的六角形。(=when it is seen under the microscope)When heated, ice will be changed into water.当冰受热时,它就会变成水。(=when it is heated)(2) 过去分词(短语)作原因状语Many of us, being so excited, could not go to sleep that night.我们很多人是那样的激动,那天晚上都没有睡着。(=because we were so excited)Born and bred in the countryside, sister Carrie was bewildered by the big city.嘉莉妹妹生长在乡下,对这座大城市感到迷惑。Gone from home so long, they joyously embraced their mates of boyhood.他们久离家乡,高兴地拥抱他们的儿时伙伴。Raised in an atmosphere of love, Shaw is always willing to help others.肖在充满了爱的环境中长大,所以他总是愿意帮助别人。(3) 过去分词(短语)作条件状语Some metropolitan newspapers would make sizable volumes if printed in book form.如果印成书的形式,有些大城市的报纸的销量会相当可观。Seen in this light, the matter is not as serious as people generally suppose.从这个角度看,问题并不像人们一般料想的那样严重。Given better attention, the cabbages could grow even faster.白菜照管得好会生长得更快。Considered from this point, the question is of great importance.从这一点看,这个问题很重要。(4) 过去分词(短语)作让步状语Mocked at by everybody, he had my sympathy.人人都嘲笑他,但我却同情他。Left to his own devices, Charles did not relax his efforts.查尔斯虽孤立无援,但他并没有放松自己的努力。Although exhausted by the climb, he continued his journey.他虽然爬得很累,但他仍继续前进。(5) 过去分词(短语)作方式状语I finished the work as requested.我按要求完成了工作。As scheduled, the two friends met on May 10.根据安排,两个朋友于5月10日见了面。That fellow was walking with a limp as if injured.那家伙一瘸一拐地走着,似乎受了伤。但要注意:过去分词(短语)作方式状语时,前面通常带有 as, as if 等从属连词,此时可视为省略的让步状语从句。(6) 过去分词(短语)作伴随状语Found in all parts of the state, pines are the most common trees in Georgia.松树在佐治亚州随处可见,是该州最普通的树木。He went to work, burdened with worries.他心事重重地上班去了。The headmaster went into the lab, followed by the foreign guests.校长走进了实验室,后面跟着外宾。考点四、动名词1. 作主语(1) 直接作主语:动名词作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式。例如:Swimming is a good sport.游泳是一项很好的运动。(2) 形式主语 it:为了避免句子头重脚轻,有时会用 it 作形式主语,而将真正的主语动名词后置。例如:It is no use crying over spilt milk.(覆水难收。)真正的主语是 crying over spilt milk。2. 作宾语(1) 动词宾语:有些动词后面只能接动名词作宾语,常见的这类动词有 enjoy(喜欢)、finish(完成)、mind(介意)、practice(练习)、suggest(建议)等。例如:I enjoy reading novels in my free time. 我空闲时喜欢读小说。Would you mind opening the window 你介意打开窗户吗?(2) 介词宾语:动名词常放在介词后面作宾语。例如:Thanks for helping me. 感谢你帮助我。;He is good at playing the piano. 他擅长弹钢琴。3. 作表语动名词作表语时,用来表示主语的内容、性质或特征,位于系动词之后。例如:My hobby is collecting stamps.(我的爱好是集邮。)这里 “collecting stamps” 作表语,说明 “hobby” 的具体内容。4. 作定语动名词作定语时,通常放在被修饰的名词前面,说明该名词的用途或性质。例如:a reading room(阅览室,说明 room 的用途是用于阅读);a swimming pool(游泳池,说明 pool 的用途是用于游泳)。5. 常见搭配can't help doing sth.:意为 “忍不住做某事”。例如:When she heard the funny story, she couldn't help laughing.当她听到这个有趣的故事时,忍不住笑了起来。)feel like doing sth.:表示 “想要做某事”。例如:I feel like having a cup of coffee. 我想喝杯咖啡。be worth doing sth.:意思是 “值得做某事”。例如:This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。6. 动名词的复合结构动名词的复合结构由 “物主代词 / 名词所有格 + 动名词” 构成,在句中可作主语、宾语等。在口语和非正式文体中,当动名词复合结构作宾语时,也可用人称代词宾格或名词普通格代替物主代词或名词所有格。作主语:Your coming to help us made us very happy.你过来帮助我们让我们非常高兴。作宾语:I don't mind his/him smoking here.我不介意他在这里抽烟。【动名词与不定式的区别】1. 意义区别(1) remember/forget/stop:remember/forget to do sth. 表示 “记得 / 忘记去做某事(事情未做)”;remember/forget doing sth. 表示 “记得 / 忘记做过某事(事情已做)”。例如:Remember to lock the door when you leave.离开时记得去锁门。I remember seeing him somewhere before.我记得以前在某个地方见过他。(2) stop to do sth. 表示 “停下来去做另一件事”;stop doing sth. 表示 “停止做某事”。例如:He stopped to have a rest.他停下来去休息一下。He stopped smoking.他停止抽烟了。(3) try:try to do sth. 表示 “努力做某事”;try doing sth. 表示 “尝试做某事”。例如:He tried to solve the problem. 他努力去解决这个问题。You can try using this method. 你可以尝试用这种方法。2. 用法倾向区别有些动词后面习惯上接动名词,有些则习惯接不定式,需要分别记忆。如上述提到的 enjoy、finish 等后接动名词,而 want、hope 等后接不定式。考点五、其他用法1. 省 to 的不定式在感官动词 see, hear, watch 等和使役动词 make, let, have 等后作宾语补足语时,不定式省略 to,但在被动语态中要加上 to。如:I saw him enter the room. → He was seen to enter the room.在 had better, would rather 等短语后,不定式省略 to。如:You'd better stay at home.2. 动名词和现在分词的区别动名词主要起名词的作用,在句中作主语、宾语等;现在分词主要起形容词和副词的作用,在句中作定语、状语等。3. 现在分词和过去分词的区别现在分词表示主动、进行;过去分词表示被动、完成。如:The exciting news made us excited.(exciting 表示消息令人兴奋,主动;excited 表示我们感到兴奋,被动)4. 非谓语动词的固定搭配只接动名词作宾语的动词或短语:admit, avoid, consider, keep, look forward to 等。如:I look forward to hearing from you.只接不定式作宾语的动词:agree, choose, expect, fail 等。如:He failed to pass the exam.既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语的动词:remember, forget, stop 等,但意义有区别。如:remember to do sth.(记得去做某事,还未做);remember doing sth.(记得做过某事,已做)解题方法题型:语法填空方法1:句子已有谓语一个句子中如果已经有了谓语动词,且没有连词连接其他动词,那么其他表示动作的词通常要用非谓语动词形式。例题:I heard her ____ (sing) in the next room just now.解析:句子中已有谓语 heard,her 与 sing 之间是主动关系,这里用非谓语动词作宾语补足语,故填 singing。方法2:看逻辑关系分析非谓语动词与句子主语或相关名词之间的逻辑关系。若为主动关系,常使用现在分词;若为被动关系,常使用过去分词。例题:____ (see) from the top of the mountain, the city looks very beautiful.解析:句子主语是 the city,与 see 之间是被动关系,即 “城市被从山顶看”,所以用过去分词作状语,填 Seen。方法3:根据动作发生时间若非谓语动词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,或与谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生,可用现在分词的一般式或过去分词;若非谓语动词表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作发生,要用现在分词的完成式或过去分词(过去分词本身可表完成和被动)。例题:____ (finish) his homework, he went out to play football.解析:“完成作业” 这个动作先于 “出去踢足球” 发生,且 he 与 finish 是主动关系,所以用现在分词的完成式 Having finished。方法4:固定搭配与句型英语中有许多固定搭配和句型会使用非谓语动词,如 “enjoy doing”“decide to do”“It's + adj. + to do” 等,需牢记这些搭配来判断非谓语的形式。例题:She enjoys ____ (read) books in her free time.解析:根据 enjoy doing 这个固定搭配,可知应填 reading。方法5:作特定句子成分非谓语动词可作主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等。当需要作主语时,常用动名词或不定式;作宾语时,有些动词后只能接动名词作宾语,有些只能接不定式,还有些两者都可以接但意义有差别;作定语时,现在分词表示主动或进行,过去分词表示被动或完成;作状语时,可根据与句子主语的关系及表达的逻辑意义选择合适的非谓语形式;作补语时,要根据与宾语的关系来确定。例题:The man ____ (stand) there is my father.解析:这里需要一个词作定语修饰 the man,the man 与 stand 是主动关系,且表示正在进行的动作,所以用现在分词 standing。 展开更多...... 收起↑ 资源预览