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定语从句
教学目标：★★★★☆☆ 学生能够独立完成定语从句相关练习
问题层级图
目标层级图
一、定语从句的特征
例：
一朵漂亮的花a beautiful flower
一个聪明的男孩a clever boy
一个大房子a big house
上面三组名词短语中的修饰语是______ ______ ______
KEYS：beautiful; clever; big
我们把像beautiful, clever, big这种修饰语叫做定语。翻译成“…的”
那么：
那个站在树下的女孩
他迟到的原因
从第八中学毕业的那个学生
这些句子当中的定语部分很长，一个词是无法表达出来的，这时候我们就要用到一个句子来表达，这个句子就是定语从句。
例：
那个站在树下的女孩是我的姐姐。
= 那个女孩是我的姐姐。她站在树下。
= The girl is my sister. She is standing under the tree.
= The girl who is standing under the tree is my sister.
相当于我们在用定语从句的时候用who代替了she (the girl)将两句话整合成了一句话。而这里的the girl就是我们定语从句要修饰的对象，叫先行词（名词或代词）。who在这个句子当中起了一个连接的作用，叫连接词或关系词。
所以，含定语从句的句子结构为：_____+ _____+ _____
KEYS：先行词+关系词+定语从句
总结
什么是定语从句？
定语从句是在句子中做_____，修饰主句中某一个_____或者_____的从句。其中被定语从句所修饰的词叫做_____，连接定语从句和先行词的词叫做_____。
KEYS：定语; 名词; 代词; 先行词; 关系词
练习
判断下列句子哪些是定语从句，并划分出句子结构。
1. This is the book which I am looking for.
2. Kate was ill so she didn’t go to school.
3. I like to eat apples because it’s good for my health.
4. I don’t know who he is.
5. They haven’t got any dictionaries that we need.
6. I still remember the college and the teachers that I visited in London years ago.
KEYS:1; 5; 6
第一个：the book+ which+ 定从（I am looking for）
第二个：any dictionaries+ that+ 定从(we need)
第三个：the college and the teachers+ that+ 定从(I visited in London years ago)
二、系代词和关系副词的区别
例：
Do you know the girl who is standing under the tree
The man whom you met just now is called Jim.
She got a computer which her parents bought for her.
The boy whose father is a doctor studies hard.
I don’t like the bag whose color is red.
He told me to take anything that I wanted.
Who is the boy that is talking with our teacher
I still remember the year when you graduated from No. 8 Middle School.
That is the school where I studied three years ago.
We don’t know the reason why he was late for school.
由以上得出，定语从句的关系词都有______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______
KEYS: who; whom; which; whose; that; when; where; why.
找出先行词是人的例句：
Do you know the girl who is standing under the tree
The man whom you met just now is called Jim.
The boy whose father is a doctor studies hard.
Who is the boy that is talking with our teacher
发现关系词是：who, whom, whose, that.
同样，找出先行词是物的例句，发现关系词是：which, that, whose.
而且，先行词指时间用when, 指地点用where, 指原因用why.
所以，先行词决定了关系词的选取。
练习
将下列句子合并成带有定语从句的复合句。
1. He is the young writer. He wrote the book.
2. Do you know the doctor He comes here once a month and examines the workers.
3. The foreign guest is Mr. Green. You saw him at the school gate.
4. He is the new head. I was talking about him this morning.
5. I’ve received the book. Father sent it to me.
6. The factory has got one success after another. We visited the factory last week.
KEYS:
1. He is the young writer who/that wrote the book.
2. Do you know the doctor who/that comes here once a month and examines the workers
3. The foreign guest who/whom/that you saw at the school gate is Mr. Green.
4. The boy who/whom/that I was talking about this morning is the new head.
5. I’ve received the book which/that father sent to me.
6. The factory which/that/省略 we visited last week has got one success after another.
填空对比：
Do you still remember the days ______we spent in Chengdu
Do you still remember the days ______ we spent our summer holidays in Chengdu
KEYS: that; when
所以，要对关系词进行分类。
关系词分为_____和_____两类，在句子中起连接作用。
KEYS：关系代词; 关系副词
关系代词有：_____ _____ _____ _____ _____
关系副词有：_____ _____ _____
KEYS: who; whom; which; whose; that; when; where; why.
找出关系代词引导的定语从句，发现从句部分都不完整，缺少成分；而关系副词引导的定语从句都是完整的，不缺主干成分。
所以，当从句不完整时选用关系代词，反之，选择关系副词。
代替先行词 从句中成分 （拓展）
作人 作物
关系代词 who √ 主语&宾语
whom √ 宾语
which √ 主语&宾语
that √ √ 主语&宾语&表语
whose √ √ 定语
代替先行词 从句中成分（拓展）
关系副词 when 时间 作 状 语
where 地点
why 原因
练习
判断下列关系词是否使用正确，如果错误请改正。
1. A person who steals things is called a thief.
2. The house which roof is brown is mine.
3. The pen which he is using is made in Japan.
4. This is the best film which I have ever seen.
5. I will never forget the day that we met for the first time.
KEYS:正确; 错误，whose; 正确; 错误，that; 错误，when
用适当的关系词填空
A.
1. I want to know the date ______ you were born.
2. I have forgotten the date ______ you told me.
3. Do you know the reason ______ he is absent today
4. That is the reason ______ I want to know.
5. This is the factory ______ his father works.
6. This is the factory ______ his father built.
B.
1. The baby _____ trousers are blue are Jack.
2. These are the trees _____ were planted last year.
3. Is this the library _____ you borrow books from
4. Luckily, none of the people _____ I know were killed in the earthquake.
5. This is the reason _____ we must go earlier.
KEYS:
A. 1. when; 2. that/which; 3. why; 4. that/ which; 5. where; 6. that/ which
B. 1. whose; 2. which/that; 3. that/which; 4. whom; 5. why
练习
1.I like the teacher__________ classes are very interesting and creative.
A. which B. who C. what D. whose
2. I don’t know the teacher______ is talking with Miss Wang.
A. what B. whom C, which D. who
3.Sorry, we don’t have the coat ______ you need.
A. what B. who C. whom D. which
4.It’s time to say goodbye to my school. I’ll always remember the people __ have helped me.
A. who B. what C. which D. where
5.The woman ______ I just talked with is Ben’s mother.
A. whom B. which C. she
6. This is the place _____ I lived 5 years ago.
A. who B. which C. where
KEYS: DDDAAC
三、关系词的选取
例：
A doctor is a person who looks after people’s health.
He is the man who I want to make friends with.
小结
关系代词who可以在定语从句中做_____ _____ 这两种成分。
KEYS：主语; 宾语
例：
The man whom you met just now is called Jim.
He is the man whom I saw yesterday.
小结
关系代词whom可以在定语从句中做_____这一种成分
KEYS：宾语
例：
She got a computer which her parents bought for her.
A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.
小结
关系代词which可以在定语从句中做_____ _____这两种成分
KEYS：宾语; 主语
例：
Who is the man that is reading a book over there？
This is the cleanest park you can imagine.
It is no longer the city that it used to be.
小结
关系代词that可以在定语从句中做_____ _____ _____这三种成分
KEYS：主语; 宾语; 表语
例：
The boy whose father is a doctor studies hard.
I don’t like the bag whose color is red.
小结
关系代词whose可以在定语从句中做_____这一种成分
KEYS：定语
注意
常见的只用that的几种情况：
a.先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything 等时或被few, no, the only, the very, any, all, every, each等修饰.
b.先行词被形容词最高级修饰
c.先行词被序数词修饰
d.当先行词既指人又指物
e.避免重复，当主语是疑问词who或which时
由上面关系代词的用法和总结可知，关系代词在句中可以做主语，宾语，表语和定语四种成分，那关系副词呢？
例：
I still remember the year when you graduated from No. 8 Middle School.
I grew up in the small village where I was born.
We don’t know the reason why he was late for school.
小结
关系副词在引导定语从句时都是做_____ 成分，其中when做_____, where做_____, why做_____. 我们也可以看做它们在从句中不做成分。
KEYS：状语; 时间状语; 地点状语; 原因状语。
总结
在选取具体的关系代词时主要结合从句所缺成分以及先行词是人还是物来判定。
在选取具体的关系副词时主要看先行词是时间、地点还是原因，再来判定。
缺主语，关系代词指人用who/that;指物用which/that
缺宾语，关系代词指人用who/whom/that;指物用which/that
缺表语，关系代词指人指物都用that
缺定语，关系代词指人指物都用whose
缺状语，用关系副词（when做时间状语，where做地点状语，why做原因状语）
拓展
1. 关系副词和冠词代词之间的转化
关系副词=介词+关系代词：（但能跟在介词后的关系代词转化成关系副词的只有which）
我们一般根据从句中动词形容词搭配习惯定介词
when= (in/at/ on/ during等) + which
where= (in/ at/ on/ under等) +which
why = for+ which
除此之外：
whose= of+ which/whom
所以上面的例句中第一空也可填in which.
2. 在定语从句中做宾语成分的关系代词是可以省略的。所以上面的例句中第二空也可不填。
3. 当先行词是the way的时候，关系词用that/in which/省略。
例：
I don’t like the way that/in which/省略 you do things.
4. which也可以做表语.
例：
After 10 years of hard time, the young lady has turned movie star, which she dreamed of becoming in her childhood.
练习
具体指出下列关系词在句中充当什么成分？
1. That’s the girl whom I teach.
2. Is he the man that sells eggs
3. Here is the car that I had told you about.
4. He is not the same boy that he was.
5. This is the hour when the place is full of people.
6. The reason why he is late is that his car went wrong.
7. The room whose window is open is mine.
8. I have some things that I must do today.
KEYS:1（宾语）;2（主语）;3（宾语）;4（表语）;5（时间状语）;6（原因状语）;7（定语）;8（宾语）
从that, whose, who, whom, which, when, where, why这些关系词中选择合适的填空：
1. The schoolbag _____ my father bought for me is very beautiful.
2. He is the boy _____ always makes me laugh.
3. I don’t think the window _____is expensive was broken by Li Lei.
4. The thing _____I have told you is very important.
5. The girl _____ I have talked with is my sister.
6. I still remember the year ______ you graduated from No. 8 Middle School.
7. That is the factory ______ I worked three years ago.
8. We don’t know the reason ______ he was angry.
KEYS: 1. that/which; 2. who/; 3. that/which; 4. which/that; 5. whom; 6. when; 7. where; 8. why
四、独立完成定语从句的练习并会运用
例：
The English –Chinese dictionary _____ my father bought for me many years ago is still of great value.
A. whose B. when C. who D. that
首先，我们不难找到先行词the English –Chinese dictionary，继而判断划分出从横线前到many years为止是定语从句的部分，然后进一步会发现该句缺宾语成分, 因为buy sth. for sb. 而sth. 在此句中是没有的，所以这时候我们就可以断定该句需要选一个做宾语成分的关系代词，又结合先行词是the English –Chinese dictionary指物，所以此时结合两者就可以确定选that（D选项）了。
从以上例题我们可以得出做定语从句练习的解题步骤：
1. 找到先行词，划分定语从句部分
2. 分析从句中成分是否完整，缺什么成分
3. 结合关系词指人指物的区别以及可以做的成分决定最终选取的具体关系词。

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