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高中英语阅读理解--主旨类 层级图
问题层级图
目标层级图
【一】 识别和判断主旨题分类及命题方式 ★
1. .常考类
The best title/headline for this passage is _______
The main idea/key point of this passage is that _______
The passage is mainly about ______
The topic /subject discussed in the passage is that ______
From the passage we can learn/conclude that _____
The last paragraph is chiefly concerned with ______
Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage？
Which of the following best states the theme of the passage？
The purpose/intention of this passage is that ______
2. 段落文章结构类
which of the following shows the organization of the passage？
How is the passage mainly developed？
练习题
请判断下列是否为主旨题，是的请写T，不是的请写F。
What is the main idea of this passage （ ）
An employee may have a feeling of fear in the work place when ________. （ ）
The author develops the passage mainly by______ . ( )
What does the underlined word “offend” in the last paragraph mean
The writer strongly believes that we should ________. ( )
Which is the best title for the passage ( )
Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage ( )
What can be inferred from the text ( )
What is the main idea of paragraph 1 ( )
From the passage we can conclude that_____. ( )
What is Paragraph 5 mainly about ( )
Some people feel guilty when taking time to rest because they _______.（ ）
The "alarm" in the first paragraph refers to "_______".（ ）
14. How is Paragraph I mainly developed ( )
15. What might be the best title for the story ( )
16. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage
17. What does the author mainly discuss in the passage ( )
18. What is the test mainly about ( )
19. What can be the best title for the passage ( )
20. In Paragraph 3, the author points out that.( )
【二】 阅读题材为：议论、科普、广告、新闻的主旨题的解题方式 ★★★
在阅读理解的主旨大意题中，大部分体裁的文章的主旨都出现在比较明显的位置，可以将之归纳为一目了然型。主要包括以下几类体裁的文章：议论文，科普文，广告指南，新闻等。对于这类题目的解题方法为非常5+1法则。
非常5+1法则即：通过文章的【标题、首段、尾段、段落首句、段落尾句】及【高频词】。
例题分析讲解:
A
Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced still swim as well as ever since. A man when he gets back who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star". Remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
What is the main idea of paragraph 1
A. People remember well what they learned in childhood.
B. Children have a better memory than grown-ups.
C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words.
D. Stories for children are easy to remember.
B
Two friends have an argument that breaks up their friendship forever, even though neither one can remember how the whole thing got started. Such sad events happen over and over in high schools across the country. In fact, according to an official report on youth violence, "In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terrible reality of violence". Given that this is the case, why aren't students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit
First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. A report on violence among middle school and high school students indicates that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult (侮辱). For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence. The problem isn't in the sandwich, but in the way students deal with the conflict.
Once students recognize that conflict is unavoidable, they can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution (解决) stay calm. Once the student feels calmer, he or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well. Rude words, name-calling, and accusation only add fuel to the emotional fir On the other hand, soft words spoken at a normal sound level can put out the fire before it explodes out of control.
After both sides have calmed down, they can use another key strategy for conflict resolution; listening. Listening allows the two sides to understand each other. One person should describe his or her side, and the other person should listen without interrupting. Afterward, the listener can ask non-threatening questions to clarify the speaker's position. Then the two people should change roles.
Finally, students need to consider what they are hearing. This doesn't mean trying to figure out what's wrong with the other person. It means understanding what the real issue is and what both sides are trying to accomplish. For example, a shouting match over a peanut butter sandwich might happen because one person thinks the other person is unwilling to try new things. Students need to ask themselves questions such as these: How did this start What do I really want What am I afraid off As the issue becomes clearer, the conflict often simply becomes smaller. Even if it doesn't, careful thought helps both sides figure out a mutual solution.
There will always be conflict in schools, but that doesn't mean there needs to be violence. After students in Atlanta started a conflict resolution program, according to Educators for Social Responsibility, "64 percent of the teachers reported less physical violence in the classroom; 75 percent of the teachers reported an increase in student cooperation; and 92 percent of the students felt better about themselves". Learning to resolve conflicts can help students deal with friends, teachers, parents, bosses, and coworkers. In that way, conflict resolution is a basic life skill that should be taught in schools across the country.
This article is mainly about ______.
A. the lives of school children B. the cause of arguments in schools
C. how to analyze youth violence D. how to deal with school conflicts
C
A recent study of ancient and modern elephant has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct (不同的 )species
The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard University when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephants—the Asian elephant, African forest elephant, and African savanna elephant.
Once they obtained DNA sequences（序列）from two fossils（化石）, mammoths and mastodons, the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants. They found their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.
The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years. The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths. This result amazed all the scientists.
There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species, but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species.
Previously, many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species, despite the elephants’ significant size differences. The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height of 3.5 metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5 metres , the savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons, roughly double the weight of the forest elephant, but the fact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are different species, however the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA.
Alfried Roca, assistant professor in the Department of Animal Sciences at the University of Illinois, said, “We now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two difficult units for conservation purpose. Since 1950, all African elephants have been conserved as one species. Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants have been distinct animals, the forest elephant should become a bigger priority（优先）for conservation purposes.”
Which of the following can be the best title for the passage
A. Naturalist’ Beliefs about Elephants B. Amazing Experiments about Elephants
C. An Unexpected Finding about Elephants D. A Long Scientific Debate about Elephants
D
Close your ey ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es foe a minutes and imagine what life would be like of you had a hundred dollars less. Also imagine what it would be like spending the rest of your life with you eyes closed. Imagine having to read this page, not with your eyes but with your finger-tips.
With existing medical ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) knowledge and skills, two-thirds of the world’s 42 million blind should not have to suffer. Unfortunately, rich countries posses most of this knowledge, while developing countries do not.
ORBIS is an interna ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tional non-profit organization which operates the world’s only flying teaching eye hospital. ORBIS intends to help fight blindness worldwide. Inside a DC-8 aircraft, there is a fully-equipped teaching hospital with television studio and classroom. Doctors are taught the latest techniques of bringing sight back to people there. Project ORBIS also aims at promoting peaceful cooperation(合作) among countries.
ORBIS tries to h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )elp developing countries by providing training during three-week medical programs. ORBIS has taught sight-saving techniques to over 35,000 doctors and nurses, who continue to cure tens of thousands of blind people every year. ORBIS has conducted 17 plane programs is China so far. For the seven to ten million blind in China ORBIS is planning to do more for them. At the moment an ORBIS is working on a long-term plan to develop a training center and to provide eye care service to Shanxi Province. ORBIS needs your help to continue their work and free people from blindness.
For just US $3 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )8,you can help one person see; for $380 you can bring sight to 10 people; $1,300 helps teach a doctor new skills; and for $13,000 you can provide a training programme for a group of doctors who can make thousands of blind people see again. Your money can open their eyes to the world. Please help ORBIS improve the quality of life for so many people less fortunate than ourselves.21·世纪*教
What can be the best title for the passage
ORBIS in China B. Fighting Blindness
C. ORBIS Flying Hospital D. Sight-saving Techniques
E
Here is some must-know information from a handbook on how people behave in doing business in some countries.
In Brazil
Brazilians are warm and friendly. They often stand close when talking and it is common for them to touch the person on the shoulder. People often greet each other (particularly women) with light cheek kisses. Schedules tend to be flexible, with business meetings sometimes starting later than planned. But to be safe, be on time. Meals can stretch for hours—there’s no such thing as rushing a meal in Brazil. Lunches also can start in the mid to late afternoon. Brazilians are social, preferring face-to-face communication over mails or phone calls.
In Singapore
Singaporeans shake hands when they meet and often also greet each other with a small, polite bow. Business cards should be offered and received with two hands. Arriving late is considered disrespectful. So be on time. Efficiency(效率) is the goal, so meetings and dealings often are fast-paced. Singaporeans are direct in their discussions, even when the subject is about money. Rank is important and authority is respected. This determines both people interact in meetings. For example, people avoid disagreeing outright with someone with a higher rank.
In the United Arab Emirates
In the UAE, status is important, so the most senior or oldest should be greeted first with their titles. The handshake seems to be longer than elsewhere. So, do not pull away from the handshake. Women should cover themselves when it comes to dress. Men also tend to be covered from neck to elbows(肘部) and down to the knees. People do not avoid entertaining in their homes, but they also hold business meals at restaurants. Touching or passing food or eating with your left hand is to be avoided. When meetings are one-to-one, if your host offers you coffee, you should refuse. It might seem odd, but it is a cultural tradition. Coffee should only be accepted if it is always set out or presented.
In Switzerland
The Swiss tend to be formal and address each other by last name. They also are respectful of private lives. You should be careful not to ask about personal topics. Punctuality (守时) is vital, something that comes from a deep respect for others’ time. Arrive at any meeting or event a few minutes early to be safe. They also have clear structure in their companies. Higher-ups make the final decisions, even if others might disagree. Neat, clean dress is expected. The Swiss follow formal table manners. They also keep their hands visible at the table and their elbows off the table. It is polite to finish the food on your plate.
1. The passage is mainly about ________.
A. communication types B. the workplace atmosphere
C. customs and social manners D. living conditions and standards
练习：
A
Serval says he was inspired by his experience as a father. He would come home from work and ask his kids if they had brushed their teeth. They said “yes,” but Serval would find their toothbrush heads dry. He decided he needed a brush that really told him how well his children brushed.
What is Paragraph 5 mainly about
A. How Serval found out his kids lied to him.
B. Why Serval thought brushing teeth was necessary.
C. How Serval taught his kids to brush their teeth.
D. What inspired Serval to invent the toothbrush
B
One morning a few years ago, Harvard President Neil Rudenstine overslept. For this busy man, it was a sort of alarm: after years of non-stop hard work, he might wear himself out and die an early death.
　　Only after a week's leave-- during which he read novels, listened to music and walked with his wife on a beach-- was Rudenstine able to return to work.
　　In our modern life, we have lost the rhythm between action and rest. Amazingly, within this world there is a universal but silly saying: "I am so busy."
　　We say this to one another as if our tireless efforts were a talent by nature and an ability to successfully deal with stress. The busier we are, the more important we seem to ourselves and, we imagine, to others. To be unavailable to our friends and family, and to be unable to find time to relax-- this has become the model of a successful life.
　　Because we do no rest, we lose our way. We miss the guide telling us where to go, the food providing us with strength, the quiet giving us wisdom.
　　How have we allowed this to happen I believe it is this: we have forgotten the Sabbath, the day of the week-- for followers of some religions-- for rest and praying. It is a day when we are not supposed to work, a time when we devote ourselves to enjoying and celebrating what is beautiful. It is a good time to bless our children and loved ones, give thanks, share meals, walk and sleep. It is a time for us to take a rest, to put our work aside, trusting that there are larger forces at work taking care of the world.
　　Rest is s spiritual and biological need; however, in our strong ambition to be successful and care for our many responsibilities, we may feel terribly guilty when we take time to rest. The Sabbath gives us permission to stop work. In fact, "Remember the Sabbath" is more than simply permission to rest; it is a rule to obey and a principle to follow.
What is the main idea of this passage
A. We should balance work with rest.
B. The Sabbath gives us permission to rest.
C. It is silly for anyone to say "I am busy."
D. We should be available to our family and friends.
C
London’s newest skyscraper (摩天大楼) is called the Shard and it cost about 430 million pounds to build. At a height of almost 310 metres, it is the tallest building in Europe. The Shard has completely changed the appearance of London. However, not everyone thinks that it is a change for the better.
The Shard was designed by the famous Italian architect Renzo Piano. When he began designing the Shard for London, Piano wanted a very tall building that looked like a spire (尖顶). He wanted the glass surfaces to reflect the sky and the city. The sides of the building aren’t regular. So the building has an unusual shape. It looks like a very thin, sharp piece of broken glass. And that is how the building got the name: the Shard. Piano says that the spire shape of the Shard is part of a great London tradition. The shape reminds him of the spires of the churches of London or the tall masts (桅杆) of the ships that were once on the river Thames.
The Shard has 87 floors. At the top, there is an observatory. At the moment the building is empty, but eventually there will be a five-star hotel. There will also be top quality restaurants, apartments and offices.
Before building work began, a lot of people didn’t want the Shard though the plans were approved. Now they are still unhappy about the Shard. Some critics say that such a tall skyscraper might be good in a city like New York, but not in London. They say that the best thing about the Shard is its spire shape. But that is the only thing. There is no decoration, only flat surfaces. The Egyptians did that 4,500 years ago. They also think the Shard is too big for London. It destroys the beauty of the city.
Other critics don’t like what the Shard seems to represent. They say that the Shard shows how London is becoming more unequal. Only very rich people can afford to buy the expensive private apartments and stay in the hotel. But the people who live near the Shard are among the poorest in London. So the Shard seems a symbol of the division in society between the very rich and the poor.
The Shard now dominates the London skyline. It is not certain, however, that ordinary London citizens will ever accept it as a valuable addition to the city.
Which would be the best title for the passage
A. The Shard: Cheers and Claps
B. The Shard: Work of a Great Architect
C. The Shard: New Symbol of London
D. The Shard: A Change for the Better
D
Planning a visit to the UK Here we help with ways to cut your costs.
AVOID BIG EVENTS Big sporting events, concerts and exhibitions can increase the cost of accommodation and make it harder to find a room. A standard double room at the Thistle Brighton on the final Friday of the Brighton Comedy Festival (19 Oct.) cost 169.15 at . A week later, the same room cost 118.15.
If you can be flexible and want to know dates to avoid—or you’re looking for a big event to pass your time—check out sites such as Whatsonwhen.com, which allow you to search for events in the UK by city, date and category.
STAY AWAY FROM THE STATION If traveling to your destination by train, you may want to find a good base close to the station, but you could end up paying more for the sake of convenience at the start of your holiday.
Don’t be too choosy about the part of town you stay in. Booking two months in advance, the cheapest room at Travelodge’s Central Euston hotel in London for Saturday 22 September was 95.95. A room just a tube journey away at its Covent Garden hotel was 75.75. And at Farringdon, a double room cost just 62.95.
LOOK AFTER YOURSELF Really central hotels in cities such as London, Edinburgh and Cardiff can cost a fortune, especially at weekends and during big events. As an alternative consider checking into a self-catering flat with its own kitchen. Often these flats are hidden away on the top floors of city centre buildings. A great example is the historic O’Neill Flat on Edinburgh’s Royal Mile, available for 420 for five days in late September, with room for four adults.
GET ON A BIKE London’s ‘Boris bikes’ have attracted the most attention, but other cities also have similar programmes that let you rent a bicycle and explore at your own pace, saving you on public transport or car parking costs.
Among the smaller cities with their own programmes are Newcastle (casual members pay around 1.50 for two hours) and Cardiff (free for up to 30 minutes, or 5 per day).
The main purpose of the passage is ______.
A. to tell visitors how to book in advance
B. to supply visitors with hotel information
C. to show visitors the importance of self-help
D. to offer visitors some money-saving tips
【三】阅读题材为故事类的主旨题的解题方式 ★★★
1.看首尾段：故事开始前作者对后文有一些概括性的描述。
A
In 1943, when I was 4, my parents moved from Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, to Fairbanks, Alaska, where adventure was never far away.
We arrived in the summer, just in time to enjoy the midnight sun. All that sunlight was fantastic for Mom’s vegetable garden. Working in the garden at midnight tended to throw her timing off, so she didn’t care much about my bedtime.
Dad was a Railway Express agent and Mom was his clerk. That left me in a mess. I usually managed to find some trouble to get into. Once I had a little fire going in the dirt basement of a hotel. I had tried to light a barrel（桶）of paint but couldn’t really get a good fire going. The smoke got pretty bad, though, and when I made my exit, a crowd and the police were there to greet me. The policemen took my matches and drove me home.
Mom and Dad were occupied in the garden and Dad told the police to keep me, and they did! I had a tour of the prison before Mom rescued me. I hadn’t turned 5 yet.
As I entered kindergarten, the serious cold began to set in. Would it surprise you to know that I soon left part of my tongue on a metal handrail at school
As for Leonhard Seppala, famous as a dog sledder（驾雪橇者）, I think I knew him well because I was taken for a ride with his white dog team one Sunday. At the time I didn’t realize what a superstar he was, but I do remember the ride well. I was wrapped（包裹）heavily and well sheltered from the freezing and blowing weather.
In 1950, we moved back to Coeur d’Alene, but we got one more Alaskan adventure when Leonhard invited us eight years later by paying a visit to Idaho to attend a gathering of former neighbors of Alaska.
What is the author’s purpose of writing the text
A. To look back on his childhood with adventures.
B. To describe the extreme weather of Alaska.
C. To express how much he misses Leonhard.
D. To show off his pride in making trouble.
2.完整概括:通过对文章的整个内容的概括，进行主旨题的思考
A
Samuel Osmond is a 19-year-old law student from Cornwall, England. He never studied the piano. However, he can play very difficult musical pieces by musicians such as Chopin and Beethoven just a few minutes after he hears them. He learns a piece of music by listening to it in parts. Then he thinks about the notes in his head. Two years ago, he played his first piece Moonlight Sonata（奏鸣曲）by Beethoven. He surprised everyone around him.
Amazed that he remembered this long and difficult piece of music and played it perfectly, his teachers say Samuel is unbelievable .They say his ability is very rare, but Samuel doesn’t even realize that what he can do is special. Samuel wanted to become a lawyer as it was the wish of his parents, but music teachers told him he should study music instead. Now, he studies law and music.
Samuel can’t understand why everyone is so surprised. “I grew up with music. My mother played the piano and my father played the guitar. About two years ago, I suddenly decided to start playing the piano, without being able to read music and without having any lessons. It comes easily to me ---I hear the notes and can bear them in mind---each and every note,” says Samuel.
Recently, Samuel performed a piece during a special event at his college. The piece had more than a thousand notes. The audience was impressed by his amazing performance. He is now learning a piece that is so difficult that many professional pianists can’t play it. Samuel says confidently,” It’s all about super memory---I guess I have that gift.”
However, Samuel’s ability to remember things doesn’t stop with music. His family says that even when he was a young boy, Samuel heard someone read a story, and then he could retell the story word for word.
Samuel is still only a teenager. He doesn’t know what he wants to do in the future. For now, he is just happy to play beautiful music and continue his studies.
Which of the following is the best title of the passage
The Qualities of a Musician B. The Story of a Musical Talent
C. The Importance of Early Education D. The Relationship between Memory and Music.
3. 故事升华到哲理
Arriving in Sydney on his own from India, my husband ,Rashid, stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children.
During the first week of his stay, he went out one day to do some shopping. He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone. He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers, including his passport.
He reported the case to the police and then sat there，lost and lonely in strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organized again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one.
Late in the evening, the phone rang. It was a stranger. He was trying to pronounce my husband’s name and was asking him a lot of questions. Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can（垃圾桶）that had been left out on the footpath.
My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents. Their young daughter had gone to the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers. Her parents had carefully sorted them out, although they had found mainly foreign addresses on most of the documents. At last they had seen a half-written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend.
That family not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people. We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way.
Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. From India to Australia. B. Living in a a New Country.
C. Turning Trash to Treasure. D. In Search of New Friends.
【三】 主旨题正确和错误选项特点 ★★★
正确选项特点
是主题句、关键词。
能概括文章全部内容
3) 含义深刻或说明道理
错误选项特点
1）无中生有
2）范围过宽或过窄
3）偷换概念
例题分析讲解
A
Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced still swim as well as ever since. A man when he gets back who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star". Remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
What is the main idea of paragraph 1
A. People remember well what they learned in childhood. （主题句）
B. Children have a better memory than grown-ups.（无中生有）
C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words.（偷换概念）
D. Stories for children are easy to remember. （偷换概念）
B
Close your ey ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es foe a minutes and imagine what life would be like of you had a hundred dollars less. Also imagine what it would be like spending the rest of your life with you eyes closed. Imagine having to read this page, not with your eyes but with your finger-tips.
With existing medical ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) knowledge and skills, two-thirds of the world’s 42 million blind should not have to suffer. Unfortunately, rich countries posses most of this knowledge, while developing countries do not.
ORBIS is an interna ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tional non-profit organization which operates the world’s only flying teaching eye hospital. ORBIS intends to help fight blindness worldwide. Inside a DC-8 aircraft, there is a fully-equipped teaching hospital with television studio and classroom. Doctors are taught the latest techniques of bringing sight back to people there. Project ORBIS also aims at promoting peaceful cooperation(合作) among countries.
ORBIS tries to h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )elp developing countries by providing training during three-week medical programs. ORBIS has taught sight-saving techniques to over 35,000 doctors and nurses, who continue to cure tens of thousands of blind people every year. ORBIS has conducted 17 plane programs is China so far. For the seven to ten million blind in China ORBIS is planning to do more for them. At the moment an ORBIS is working on a long-term plan to develop a training center and to provide eye care service to Shanxi Province. ORBIS needs your help to continue their work and free people from blindness.【出处：21教育名师】
For just US $3 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )8,you can help one person see; for $380 you can bring sight to 10 people; $1,300 helps teach a doctor new skills; and for $13,000 you can provide a training programme for a group of doctors who can make thousands of blind people see again. Your money can open their eyes to the world. Please help ORBIS improve the quality of life for so many people less fortunate than ourselves.21·世纪*教
What can be the best title for the passage
ORBIS in China (范围过窄） B. Fighting Blindness（范围过宽）
C. ORBIS Flying Hospital （高频词概括全） D. Sight-saving Techniques （范围过窄）
C
Two friends have an argument that breaks up their friendship forever, even though neither one can remember how the whole thing got started. Such sad events happen over and over in high schools across the country. In fact, according to an official report on youth violence, "In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terrible reality of violence". Given that this is the case, why aren't students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit
First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. A report on violence among middle school and high school students indicates that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult (侮辱). For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence. The problem isn't in the sandwich, but in the way students deal with the conflict.
Once students recognize that conflict is unavoidable, they can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution (解决) stay calm. Once the student feels calmer, he or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well. Rude words, name-calling, and accusation only add fuel to the emotional fir On the other hand, soft words spoken at a normal sound level can put out the fire before it explodes out of control.
After both sides have calmed down, they can use another key strategy for conflict resolution; listening. Listening allows the two sides to understand each other. One person should describe his or her side, and the other person should listen without interrupting. Afterward, the listener can ask non-threatening questions to clarify the speaker's position. Then the two people should change roles.
Finally, students need to consider what they are hearing. This doesn't mean trying to figure out what's wrong with the other person. It means understanding what the real issue is and what both sides are trying to accomplish. For example, a shouting match over a peanut butter sandwich might happen because one person thinks the other person is unwilling to try new things. Students need to ask themselves questions such as these: How did this start What do I really want What am I afraid off As the issue becomes clearer, the conflict often simply becomes smaller. Even if it doesn't, careful thought helps both sides figure out a mutual solution.
There will always be conflict in schools, but that doesn't mean there needs to be violence. After students in Atlanta started a conflict resolution program, according to Educators for Social Responsibility, "64 percent of the teachers reported less physical violence in the classroom; 75 percent of the teachers reported an increase in student cooperation; and 92 percent of the students felt better about themselves". Learning to resolve conflicts can help students deal with friends, teachers, parents, bosses, and coworkers. In that way, conflict resolution is a basic life skill that should be taught in schools across the country.
1. This article is mainly about.
A. the lives of school children （范围过宽）
B. the cause of arguments in schools （范围过窄）
C. how to analyze youth violence （范围过宽）
D. how to deal with school conflicts （主题句概括全文）
D
In 1943, when I was 4, my parents moved from Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, to Fairbanks, Alaska, where adventure was never far away.
We arrived in the summer, just in time to enjoy the midnight sun. All that sunlight was fantastic for Mom’s vegetable garden. Working in the garden at midnight tended to throw her timing off, so she didn’t care much about my bedtime.
Dad was a Railway Express agent and Mom was his clerk. That left me in a mess. I usually managed to find some trouble to get into. Once I had a little fire going in the dirt basement of a hotel. I had tried to light a barrel（桶）of paint but couldn’t really get a good fire going. The smoke got pretty bad, though, and when I made my exit, a crowd and the police were there to greet me. The policemen took my matches and drove me home.
Mom and Dad were occupied in the garden and Dad told the police to keep me, and they did! I had a tour of the prison before Mom rescued me. I hadn’t turned 5 yet.
As I entered kindergarten, the serious cold began to set in. Would it surprise you to know that I soon left part of my tongue on a metal handrail at school
As for Leonhard Seppala, famous as a dog sledder（驾雪橇者）, I think I knew him well because I was taken for a ride with his white dog team one Sunday. At the time I didn’t realize what a superstar he was, but I do remember the ride well. I was wrapped（包裹）heavily and well sheltered from the freezing and blowing weather.
In 1950, we moved back to Coeur d’Alene, but we got one more Alaskan adventure when Leonhard invited us eight years later by paying a visit to Idaho to attend a gathering of former neighbors of Alaska.
What is the author’s purpose of writing the text
A. To look back on his childhood with adventures. （概括全文主题）
B. To describe the extreme weather of Alaska. (范围过窄）
C. To express how much he misses Leonhard. （范围过窄）
D. To show off his pride in making trouble. （无中生有）
E
One morning a few years ago, Harvard President Neil Rudenstine overslept. For this busy man, it was a sort of alarm: after years of non-stop hard work, he might wear himself out and die an early death.
　　Only after a week's leave-- during which he read novels, listened to music and walked with his wife on a beach-- was Rudenstine able to return to work.
　　In our modern life, we have lost the rhythm between action and rest. Amazingly, within this world there is a universal but silly saying: "I am so busy."
　　We say this to one another as if our tireless efforts were a talent by nature and an ability to successfully deal with stress. The busier we are, the more important we seem to ourselves and, we imagine, to others. To be unavailable to our friends and family, and to be unable to find time to relax-- this has become the model of a successful life.
　　Because we do no rest, we lose our way. We miss the guide telling us where to go, the food providing us with strength, the quiet giving us wisdom.
　　How have we allowed this to happen I believe it is this: we have forgotten the Sabbath, the day of the week-- for followers of some religions-- for rest and praying. It is a day when we are not supposed to work, a time when we devote ourselves to enjoying and celebrating what is beautiful. It is a good time to bless our children and loved ones, give thanks, share meals, walk and sleep. It is a time for us to take a rest, to put our work aside, trusting that there are larger forces at work taking care of the world.
　　Rest is s spiritual and biological need; however, in our strong ambition to be successful and care for our many responsibilities, we may feel terribly guilty when we take time to rest. The Sabbath gives us permission to stop work. In fact, "Remember the Sabbath" is more than simply permission to rest; it is a rule to obey and a principle to follow.
What is the main idea of this passage
A. We should balance work with rest. (概括全文主题）
B. The Sabbath gives us permission to rest. （范围过窄）
C. It is silly for anyone to say "I am busy." （偷换概念）
D. We should be available to our family and friends. （范围过窄）
F
How Room Designs Affect Our Work and Feelings
Architects have ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )long had the feeling that the places we live in can affect our thoughts, feelings and behaviors, But now scientists are giving this feelings an empirical（经验的, 实证的）basis. They are discovering how to design spaces that promote creativity, keep people focused, and lead to relaxation.
Researches show t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hat aspects of the physical environment can influence creativity. In 2007, Joan Meyers-Levy at the University of Minnesota, reported that the height of a room’s ceiling affects how people to think. Her research indicates that the higher callings encourage people to think more freely, which may lead them to make more abstract connections. Low ceilings, on the other hand, may inspire a more detailed outlook.
In addition to ce ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )iling height, the view afforded by a building may influence an occupant’s ability to concentrate. Nancy Wells and her colleagues at Cornell University found in their study that kids who experienced the greatest increase in greenness as a result of a family move made the most gains on a standard test of attention.
Using nature to improve focus of attention ought to pay off academically, and it seems to, according to a study led by C. Kenneth Tanner, head of the School Design ＆Planning Laboratory at University of Georgia. Tanner and his team found that students in classrooms with unblocked views of at least 50 feet outside the window had higher scores on tests of vocabulary, language arts and maths than did students whose classrooms primarily overlooked roads and parking lots.
Recent study on ro ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )om lighting design suggests that dim（暗淡的）light helps people to loosen up. If that is true generally, keeping the light low during dinner or at parties could increase relaxation. Researchers of Harvard Medical School also discovered that furniture with rounded edges could help visitors relax.
So far scientists hav ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e focused mainly on public buildings. “We have a very limited number of studies, so we’re almost looking at the problem through a straw（吸管）, ”architect David Allison says. “How do you take answers to very specific questions and make broad, generalized use of them That’s what we're all struggling with. ”
Which of the following shows the organization of the passage
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
CP: Central Point P: point Sp: Sub—point（次要点）C: Conclusion
G
Find Which Direction Is South
Do you have a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )good sense of direction If not, please take with you a compass. But if you forget to take a compass, you can still find your way.
It’s never a good ide ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a to imagine that the family member who was entrusted（委托）with the job of map-reading actually knows where the family is. You can tell by the slightly confused load on their faces that nothing on the ground seems to match the map. Never mind. The shu is shining and it’s still morning. If you don’t know the exact time, you can still find out where south is, but you’ll need to be patient.
①Find a strai ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ght sick and put it in the ground in a place where you can mark its shadow.
②Try to positi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )on the stick as vertically（垂直）as you can. You can check this by making a simple plumb line （铅锤线）with a piece of string and weight. You haven’t got any string OK, use a thread from your clothes with a button tied at the end to act as a weight.
③Mark the end of the shadow cast by the stick.
④Wait approxim ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ately half an hour and mark the end of the shadow again.
⑤Keep doing this until you have made several marks.
⑥The mark ne ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )arest the stick will represent the shortest shadow, which is cast at midday, when the sun is highest in the sky and pointing to the exact south.
⑦Pick a point in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the distance along the line between the shortest shadow and the stick.
⑧That point is south of where you are.
⑨Now you can tu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rn the map, like you did before, and find which way you should be travel-ling.
The author presents this passage by .
A. Telling an interesting story (无中生有）
B. describing an activity in a lively way ((t（偷换概念）偷换
C. testing an idea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) by reasoning (无中生有）
D. introducing a practical method (概括全文主题）
【四】主旨题词汇和长难句 ★★
以下词汇和长难句都是以上真题、模拟题中筛选出来的高频词和可讲度高的长难句
阅读理解主旨题词汇
A
starvation n. 饥饿 A state of extreme hunger resulting from lack of basic nutrition.
starve v. 挨饿
abandon v. 放弃 If you abandon sth., you leave this thing permanently or for a long time especially when you should not do so.
abandonment n. 放弃
conflict v. 冲突 a serious disagreement about sth important.
avoid v. 避免
avoidable adj. 可避免的
unavoidable adj. 不可避免的
incident n. 事故 sth that happens, often sth that is unpleasant.
insult n./v. 侮辱 If someone insult you, they say or do sth that is rude.
accuse v. 指控
accusation n. 指控
explode v. 爆炸 If sth explodes often, it bursts loudly causing damage or injury.
explosion n. 爆炸
accomplish v. 完成 If you accomplish sth, you succeed in doing it.
expect v. 期望
unexpected adj. 出乎意料的
distinct adj. 独特的，明显的 different or separated
convince v. 使…信服
convincing adj. 有说服力的，使人信服的
conserve v. 保护，节约 If you conserve sth, you use it carefully so that it lasts for a long time.
conservation n. 保护
priority n. 首要 the most important thing you have to do
accommodation n. 住宿，膳食 buildings or rooms where people live or stay
flexible adj. 灵活的 be able to change easily and adapt to different conditions
dominate v. 控制 If a country or person dominates another, they have power over them.
available adj. 可获得的，可得到的 If sth is available, you can find or obtain it.
permit v. 允许
permission n. 允许
custom n. 风俗 an activity, a way of behaving, or an event which is usual in a particular society.
punctual adj. 准时的 If you are punctual, you do sth or arrive somewhere at the right time.
entertain v. 娱乐 If a performer, performance, or activity entertains you, it makes you happy.
authority n. 权威 the people who have the power to make decision and to make sure that laws are obeyed.
technique n. 技巧 a skill or ability in practical activities that you develop through training and practice
possess v. 拥有 If you possess sth, you have it or own it.
possession n. 财产，所有物
B
occupy v. 占据，占用 If sth is occupied, it isn’t available for someone else.
rescue v./n. 营救 Rescue is help that gets someone out of a dangerous situation.
sob v. 啜泣 When someone sobs, they cry in a noisy way.
sympathy n. 同情 If you have sympathy for someone who is in a bad situation, you are sorry for them.
desperate adj. 绝望的 If you are desperate, you are in such a bad situation that you are willing to try anything to change it.
appointment n. 约会 If you have an appointment with someone, you have arranged to see them at a particular time
assume v. 假设 If you assume that sth is true, you imagine that it is true, sometimes wrongly.
assumption n. 假设
spray v./n. 喷， 喷雾 a liquid kept under pressure in a can or other container, which you can force out in very small drops
symptom n. 症状 a symptom of an illness is sth wrong with your body or mind
optimistic adj. 乐观的，积极的 someone who is optimistic is hopeful about future or the success of sth
pessimistic adj. 悲观的，消极的
confine v. 限制 To confine sth to a particular place means to prevent it from spreading beyond that place
confinement n. 限制
阅读理解主旨题长难句
1. In the mid-1950s, I was a somewhat bored early-adolescent male student who believed that doing any more than necessary was wasted effort.
【分析】该句出现在首段，划横线部分的含义是学生的理解难点，“more than...”意思为“多于...”那么“doing any more than necessary ”字面意思：“做的比必要的多”，即“多做”，因此划线部分就指“多做任何事情都是一种浪费。”
2. Mrs. Totten usually walked up and down the rows of desks requesting answers from student after student in the order the questions had appeared on our homework sheets.
【分析】本句难点在“in the order和 the questions had appeared on our homework sheets”语义如何整合和理解。“in the order”表“以...的顺序”，结合后面句子的意思就可知“以‘作业本上问题出现’的顺序”。
3.Second, in real life it isn’t always what you say but how you say it that matters.
【分析】本句是两个并列的表语从句，第二个表从嵌套了一个定语从句，让理解难度加大。主要难点在“what you say”和“how you say it that matters”上，这里涉及到中西思维的转换，“what you say”学生会直观的理解成“你说的什么”，而需理解成“你说话的（内容）”更有助于理解；同样，“how you say it (that matters)”，就意为“（重要的是）你说话的方式”，该句的内容学生就一目了然了：“重要的不总是你说话的内容而是你说话的方式”。
4. In 1950, we moved back to Coeur d’Alene, but we got one more Alaskan adventure when Leonhard invited us eight years later by paying a visit to Idaho to attend a gathering of former neighbors of Alaska.
【分析】本句重难点在but之后，嵌有状从“when Leonhard invited us eight years later”后面加有方式状语“by paying a visit to Idaho”及目的状语“to attend a gathering of former neighbors of Alaska. ”由于句式的复杂性导致学生理解难。该句翻译“8年之后Leonhard邀请我们去参加以前在阿拉斯加时的邻居聚会，这又是一次冒险的经历。”
5.But that trip with Banner opened our eyes to a world available to anyone adventurous enough to wander around and made me realize that a detour may uncover the best part of a journey ---- and the best part of yourself.
【分析】重难点在于对available部分和adventurous部分的理解，方法主要是找主语和谓语动词，理清主干。主语是that trip，谓语opened 与made由and并列。其中，available to anyone 做定语修饰a world. 后面adventurous enough 修饰anyone. Realize 后面则是一个有that引导的宾语从句。
6.She’d look at me with those sad brown eyes of hers,beam her need, and then wait , trusting I would understand—which ,strangely, I almost always did.
【分析】She’d look at me with those sad brown eyes of hers, beam her need, and then wait , trusting I would understand—which ,strangely, I almost always did. 此句难点在于“those sad brown eyes of hers”和“which”引导的从句两处的理解，“those sad brown eyes of hers”即“her those sad brown eyes”, “它….的眼神”，“trusting I would understand—which, strangely, I almost always did”which代替understand在从句做宾语，真正从句语序应为“I almost always understand”
24高中英语阅读理解--主旨类 层级图
问题层级图
目标层级图
【一】 识别和判断主旨题分类及命题方式 ★
1. .常考类
The best title/headline for this passage is _______
The main idea/key point of this passage is that _______
The passage is mainly about ______
The topic /subject discussed in the passage is that ______
From the passage we can learn/conclude that _____
The last paragraph is chiefly concerned with ______
Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage？
Which of the following best states the theme of the passage？
The purpose/intention of this passage is that ______
2. 段落文章结构类
which of the following shows the organization of the passage？
How is the passage mainly developed？
练习题
请判断下列是否为主旨题，是的请写T，不是的请写F。
What is the main idea of this passage （ ）
An employee may have a feeling of fear in the work place when ________. （ ）
The author develops the passage mainly by______ . ( )
What does the underlined word “offend” in the last paragraph mean
The writer strongly believes that we should ________. ( )
Which is the best title for the passage ( )
Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage ( )
What can be inferred from the text ( )
What is the main idea of paragraph 1 ( )
From the passage we can conclude that_____. ( )
What is Paragraph 5 mainly about ( )
Some people feel guilty when taking time to rest because they _______.（ ）
The "alarm" in the first paragraph refers to "_______".（ ）
14. How is Paragraph I mainly developed ( )
15. What might be the best title for the story ( )
16. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage
17. What does the author mainly discuss in the passage ( )
18. What is the test mainly about ( )
19. What can be the best title for the passage ( )
20. In Paragraph 3, the author points out that.( )
【二】 阅读题材为：议论、科普、广告、新闻的主旨题的解题方式 ★★★
在阅读理解的主旨大意题中，大部分体裁的文章的主旨都出现在比较明显的位置，可以将之归纳为一目了然型。主要包括以下几类体裁的文章：议论文，科普文，广告指南，新闻等。
通过文章的【标题、首段、尾段、段落首句、段落尾句】及【高频词】。
例题分析讲解:
A
Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced still swim as well as ever since. A man when he gets back who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star". Remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
What is the main idea of paragraph 1
A. People remember well what they learned in childhood.
B. Children have a better memory than grown-ups.
C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words.
D. Stories for children are easy to remember.
【解题思路】文章体裁属于议论文。通过首段第一句可知第一段的主旨就是人们对于儿时学的知识记得很清晰。因此答案选A。
B
Two friends have an argument that breaks up their friendship forever, even though neither one can remember how the whole thing got started. Such sad events happen over and over in high schools across the country. In fact, according to an official report on youth violence, "In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terrible reality of violence". Given that this is the case, why aren't students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit
First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. A report on violence among middle school and high school students indicates that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult (侮辱). For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence. The problem isn't in the sandwich, but in the way students deal with the conflict.
Once students recognize that conflict is unavoidable, they can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution (解决) stay calm. Once the student feels calmer, he or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well. Rude words, name-calling, and accusation only add fuel to the emotional fir On the other hand, soft words spoken at a normal sound level can put out the fire before it explodes out of control.
After both sides have calmed down, they can use another key strategy for conflict resolution; listening. Listening allows the two sides to understand each other. One person should describe his or her side, and the other person should listen without interrupting. Afterward, the listener can ask non-threatening questions to clarify the speaker's position. Then the two people should change roles.
Finally, students need to consider what they are hearing. This doesn't mean trying to figure out what's wrong with the other person. It means understanding what the real issue is and what both sides are trying to accomplish. For example, a shouting match over a peanut butter sandwich might happen because one person thinks the other person is unwilling to try new things. Students need to ask themselves questions such as these: How did this start What do I really want What am I afraid off As the issue becomes clearer, the conflict often simply becomes smaller. Even if it doesn't, careful thought helps both sides figure out a mutual solution.
There will always be conflict in schools, but that doesn't mean there needs to be violence. After students in Atlanta started a conflict resolution program, according to Educators for Social Responsibility, "64 percent of the teachers reported less physical violence in the classroom; 75 percent of the teachers reported an increase in student cooperation; and 92 percent of the students felt better about themselves". Learning to resolve conflicts can help students deal with friends, teachers, parents, bosses, and coworkers. In that way, conflict resolution is a basic life skill that should be taught in schools across the country.
This article is mainly about ______.
A. the lives of school children B. the cause of arguments in schools
C. how to analyze youth violence D. how to deal with school conflicts
【解题思路】本文体裁为议论文。通过文章尾段最后一句话可知文章主要讲述的内容是如何处理学校里的矛盾冲突，因此答案选D。
C
A recent study of ancient and modern elephant has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct (不同的 )species
The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard University when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephants—the Asian elephant, African forest elephant, and African savanna elephant.
Once they obtained DNA sequences（序列）from two fossils（化石）, mammoths and mastodons, the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants. They found their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.
The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years. The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths. This result amazed all the scientists.
There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species, but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species.
Previously, many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species, despite the elephants’ significant size differences. The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height of 3.5 metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5 metres , the savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons, roughly double the weight of the forest elephant, but the fact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are different species, however the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA.
Alfried Roca, assistant professor in the Department of Animal Sciences at the University of Illinois, said, “We now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two difficult units for conservation purpose. Since 1950, all African elephants have been conserved as one species. Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants have been distinct animals, the forest elephant should become a bigger priority（优先）for conservation purposes.”
Which of the following can be the best title for the passage
A. Naturalist’ Beliefs about Elephants B. Amazing Experiments about Elephants
C. An Unexpected Finding about Elephants D. A Long Scientific Debate about Elephants
【解题思路】本为题材为科普文。通过文章首段首句可知文章主要讲的是一个关于大象的出乎意料的结论，因此答案选C。
D
Close your ey ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es foe a minutes and imagine what life would be like of you had a hundred dollars less. Also imagine what it would be like spending the rest of your life with you eyes closed. Imagine having to read this page, not with your eyes but with your finger-tips.
With existing medical ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) knowledge and skills, two-thirds of the world’s 42 million blind should not have to suffer. Unfortunately, rich countries posses most of this knowledge, while developing countries do not.
ORBIS is an interna ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tional non-profit organization which operates the world’s only flying teaching eye hospital. ORBIS intends to help fight blindness worldwide. Inside a DC-8 aircraft, there is a fully-equipped teaching hospital with television studio and classroom. Doctors are taught the latest techniques of bringing sight back to people there. Project ORBIS also aims at promoting peaceful cooperation(合作) among countries.
ORBIS tries to h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )elp developing countries by providing training during three-week medical programs. ORBIS has taught sight-saving techniques to over 35,000 doctors and nurses, who continue to cure tens of thousands of blind people every year. ORBIS has conducted 17 plane programs is China so far. For the seven to ten million blind in China ORBIS is planning to do more for them. At the moment an ORBIS is working on a long-term plan to develop a training center and to provide eye care service to Shanxi Province. ORBIS needs your help to continue their work and free people from blindness.
For just US $3 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )8,you can help one person see; for $380 you can bring sight to 10 people; $1,300 helps teach a doctor new skills; and for $13,000 you can provide a training programme for a group of doctors who can make thousands of blind people see again. Your money can open their eyes to the world. Please help ORBIS improve the quality of life for so many people less fortunate than ourselves.21·世纪*教
What can be the best title for the passage
ORBIS in China B. Fighting Blindness
C. ORBIS Flying Hospital D. Sight-saving Techniques
【解题思路】本文体裁为新闻类。此题可通过“非常5+1法则”中的高频词进行解题。此文中的高频词是ORBIS。
E
Here is some must-know information from a handbook on how people behave in doing business in some countries.
In Brazil
Brazilians are warm and friendly. They often stand close when talking and it is common for them to touch the person on the shoulder. People often greet each other (particularly women) with light cheek kisses. Schedules tend to be flexible, with business meetings sometimes starting later than planned. But to be safe, be on time. Meals can stretch for hours—there’s no such thing as rushing a meal in Brazil. Lunches also can start in the mid to late afternoon. Brazilians are social, preferring face-to-face communication over mails or phone calls.
In Singapore
Singaporeans shake hands when they meet and often also greet each other with a small, polite bow. Business cards should be offered and received with two hands. Arriving late is considered disrespectful. So be on time. Efficiency(效率) is the goal, so meetings and dealings often are fast-paced. Singaporeans are direct in their discussions, even when the subject is about money. Rank is important and authority is respected. This determines both people interact in meetings. For example, people avoid disagreeing outright with someone with a higher rank.
In the United Arab Emirates
In the UAE, status is important, so the most senior or oldest should be greeted first with their titles. The handshake seems to be longer than elsewhere. So, do not pull away from the handshake. Women should cover themselves when it comes to dress. Men also tend to be covered from neck to elbows(肘部) and down to the knees. People do not avoid entertaining in their homes, but they also hold business meals at restaurants. Touching or passing food or eating with your left hand is to be avoided. When meetings are one-to-one, if your host offers you coffee, you should refuse. It might seem odd, but it is a cultural tradition. Coffee should only be accepted if it is always set out or presented.
In Switzerland
The Swiss tend to be formal and address each other by last name. They also are respectful of private lives. You should be careful not to ask about personal topics. Punctuality (守时) is vital, something that comes from a deep respect for others’ time. Arrive at any meeting or event a few minutes early to be safe. They also have clear structure in their companies. Higher-ups make the final decisions, even if others might disagree. Neat, clean dress is expected. The Swiss follow formal table manners. They also keep their hands visible at the table and their elbows off the table. It is polite to finish the food on your plate.
1. The passage is mainly about ________.
A. communication types B. the workplace atmosphere
C. customs and social manners D. living conditions and standards
【解题思路】本文体裁为广告指南类。根据首段首句可知文章主要介绍不同国家人们在商务中的不同表现，因此答案选C。
练习：
A
Serval says he was inspired by his experience as a father. He would come home from work and ask his kids if they had brushed their teeth. They said “yes,” but Serval would find their toothbrush heads dry. He decided he needed a brush that really told him how well his children brushed.
What is Paragraph 5 mainly about
A. How Serval found out his kids lied to him.
B. Why Serval thought brushing teeth was necessary.
C. How Serval taught his kids to brush their teeth.
D. What inspired Serval to invent the toothbrush
【解题思路】本文体裁为科普文。本段的中心句是第一句。Serval说他这个发明的灵感是自己做父亲的经历激发出的。所以这一段具体介绍了是什么让他有发明这种牙刷的想法，故选D。
B
One morning a few years ago, Harvard President Neil Rudenstine overslept. For this busy man, it was a sort of alarm: after years of non-stop hard work, he might wear himself out and die an early death.
　　Only after a week's leave-- during which he read novels, listened to music and walked with his wife on a beach-- was Rudenstine able to return to work.
　　In our modern life, we have lost the rhythm between action and rest. Amazingly, within this world there is a universal but silly saying: "I am so busy."
　　We say this to one another as if our tireless efforts were a talent by nature and an ability to successfully deal with stress. The busier we are, the more important we seem to ourselves and, we imagine, to others. To be unavailable to our friends and family, and to be unable to find time to relax-- this has become the model of a successful life.
　　Because we do no rest, we lose our way. We miss the guide telling us where to go, the food providing us with strength, the quiet giving us wisdom.
　　How have we allowed this to happen I believe it is this: we have forgotten the Sabbath, the day of the week-- for followers of some religions-- for rest and praying. It is a day when we are not supposed to work, a time when we devote ourselves to enjoying and celebrating what is beautiful. It is a good time to bless our children and loved ones, give thanks, share meals, walk and sleep. It is a time for us to take a rest, to put our work aside, trusting that there are larger forces at work taking care of the world.
　　Rest is s spiritual and biological need; however, in our strong ambition to be successful and care for our many responsibilities, we may feel terribly guilty when we take time to rest. The Sabbath gives us permission to stop work. In fact, "Remember the Sabbath" is more than simply permission to rest; it is a rule to obey and a principle to follow.
What is the main idea of this passage
A. We should balance work with rest.
B. The Sabbath gives us permission to rest.
C. It is silly for anyone to say "I am busy."
D. We should be available to our family and friends.
【解题思路】本文体裁为议论文。根据文章结构，文章最后两个段落皆为总结段。根据总结段黑体字部分可知文章主要阐述的内容为人们需要平衡工作和休息之间的关系，因此答案选A。
C
London’s newest skyscraper (摩天大楼) is called the Shard and it cost about 430 million pounds to build. At a height of almost 310 metres, it is the tallest building in Europe. The Shard has completely changed the appearance of London. However, not everyone thinks that it is a change for the better.
The Shard was designed by the famous Italian architect Renzo Piano. When he began designing the Shard for London, Piano wanted a very tall building that looked like a spire (尖顶). He wanted the glass surfaces to reflect the sky and the city. The sides of the building aren’t regular. So the building has an unusual shape. It looks like a very thin, sharp piece of broken glass. And that is how the building got the name: the Shard. Piano says that the spire shape of the Shard is part of a great London tradition. The shape reminds him of the spires of the churches of London or the tall masts (桅杆) of the ships that were once on the river Thames.
The Shard has 87 floors. At the top, there is an observatory. At the moment the building is empty, but eventually there will be a five-star hotel. There will also be top quality restaurants, apartments and offices.
Before building work began, a lot of people didn’t want the Shard though the plans were approved. Now they are still unhappy about the Shard. Some critics say that such a tall skyscraper might be good in a city like New York, but not in London. They say that the best thing about the Shard is its spire shape. But that is the only thing. There is no decoration, only flat surfaces. The Egyptians did that 4,500 years ago. They also think the Shard is too big for London. It destroys the beauty of the city.
Other critics don’t like what the Shard seems to represent. They say that the Shard shows how London is becoming more unequal. Only very rich people can afford to buy the expensive private apartments and stay in the hotel. But the people who live near the Shard are among the poorest in London. So the Shard seems a symbol of the division in society between the very rich and the poor.
The Shard now dominates the London skyline. It is not certain, however, that ordinary London citizens will ever accept it as a valuable addition to the city.
Which would be the best title for the passage
A. The Shard: Cheers and Claps
B. The Shard: Work of a Great Architect
C. The Shard: New Symbol of London
D. The Shard: A Change for the Better
【解题思路】本文体裁为新闻类。此题通过重视首段。通读全文并结合第一段最后一句话可知道答案。
D
Planning a visit to the UK Here we help with ways to cut your costs.
AVOID BIG EVENTS Big sporting events, concerts and exhibitions can increase the cost of accommodation and make it harder to find a room. A standard double room at the Thistle Brighton on the final Friday of the Brighton Comedy Festival (19 Oct.) cost 169.15 at . A week later, the same room cost 118.15.
If you can be flexible and want to know dates to avoid—or you’re looking for a big event to pass your time—check out sites such as Whatsonwhen.com, which allow you to search for events in the UK by city, date and category.
STAY AWAY FROM THE STATION If traveling to your destination by train, you may want to find a good base close to the station, but you could end up paying more for the sake of convenience at the start of your holiday.
Don’t be too choosy about the part of town you stay in. Booking two months in advance, the cheapest room at Travelodge’s Central Euston hotel in London for Saturday 22 September was 95.95. A room just a tube journey away at its Covent Garden hotel was 75.75. And at Farringdon, a double room cost just 62.95.
LOOK AFTER YOURSELF Really central hotels in cities such as London, Edinburgh and Cardiff can cost a fortune, especially at weekends and during big events. As an alternative consider checking into a self-catering flat with its own kitchen. Often these flats are hidden away on the top floors of city centre buildings. A great example is the historic O’Neill Flat on Edinburgh’s Royal Mile, available for 420 for five days in late September, with room for four adults.
GET ON A BIKE London’s ‘Boris bikes’ have attracted the most attention, but other cities also have similar programmes that let you rent a bicycle and explore at your own pace, saving you on public transport or car parking costs.
Among the smaller cities with their own programmes are Newcastle (casual members pay around 1.50 for two hours) and Cardiff (free for up to 30 minutes, or 5 per day).
The main purpose of the passage is ______.
A. to tell visitors how to book in advance
B. to supply visitors with hotel information
C. to show visitors the importance of self-help
D. to offer visitors some money-saving tips
【解题思路】根据首段首句可知文章主要介绍了一些在英国旅游省钱的方法，因此答案选D。
【三】阅读题材为故事类的主旨题的解题方式 ★★★
1.看首尾段：故事开始前作者对后文有一些概括性的描述。
A
In 1943, when I was 4, my parents moved from Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, to Fairbanks, Alaska, where adventure was never far away.
We arrived in the summer, just in time to enjoy the midnight sun. All that sunlight was fantastic for Mom’s vegetable garden. Working in the garden at midnight tended to throw her timing off, so she didn’t care much about my bedtime.
Dad was a Railway Express agent and Mom was his clerk. That left me in a mess. I usually managed to find some trouble to get into. Once I had a little fire going in the dirt basement of a hotel. I had tried to light a barrel（桶）of paint but couldn’t really get a good fire going. The smoke got pretty bad, though, and when I made my exit, a crowd and the police were there to greet me. The policemen took my matches and drove me home.
Mom and Dad were occupied in the garden and Dad told the police to keep me, and they did! I had a tour of the prison before Mom rescued me. I hadn’t turned 5 yet.
As I entered kindergarten, the serious cold began to set in. Would it surprise you to know that I soon left part of my tongue on a metal handrail at school
As for Leonhard Seppala, famous as a dog sledder（驾雪橇者）, I think I knew him well because I was taken for a ride with his white dog team one Sunday. At the time I didn’t realize what a superstar he was, but I do remember the ride well. I was wrapped（包裹）heavily and well sheltered from the freezing and blowing weather.
In 1950, we moved back to Coeur d’Alene, but we got one more Alaskan adventure when Leonhard invited us eight years later by paying a visit to Idaho to attend a gathering of former neighbors of Alaska.
What is the author’s purpose of writing the text
A. To look back on his childhood with adventures.
B. To describe the extreme weather of Alaska.
C. To express how much he misses Leonhard.
D. To show off his pride in making trouble.
【解题思路】首段作者直接说明了自己曾经去阿拉斯加的经历，并说明了在那里 “adventure was never far away”，下文全是对自己在阿拉斯加的adventures，因此A选项是对着篇文章的完整概括。
2.完整概括:通过对文章的整个内容的概括，进行主旨题的思考
A
Samuel Osmond is a 19-year-old law student from Cornwall, England. He never studied the piano. However, he can play very difficult musical pieces by musicians such as Chopin and Beethoven just a few minutes after he hears them. He learns a piece of music by listening to it in parts. Then he thinks about the notes in his head. Two years ago, he played his first piece Moonlight Sonata（奏鸣曲）by Beethoven. He surprised everyone around him.
Amazed that he remembered this long and difficult piece of music and played it perfectly, his teachers say Samuel is unbelievable .They say his ability is very rare, but Samuel doesn’t even realize that what he can do is special. Samuel wanted to become a lawyer as it was the wish of his parents, but music teachers told him he should study music instead. Now, he studies law and music.
Samuel can’t understand why everyone is so surprised. “I grew up with music. My mother played the piano and my father played the guitar. About two years ago, I suddenly decided to start playing the piano, without being able to read music and without having any lessons. It comes easily to me ---I hear the notes and can bear them in mind---each and every note,” says Samuel.
Recently, Samuel performed a piece during a special event at his college. The piece had more than a thousand notes. The audience was impressed by his amazing performance. He is now learning a piece that is so difficult that many professional pianists can’t play it. Samuel says confidently,” It’s all about super memory---I guess I have that gift.”
However, Samuel’s ability to remember things doesn’t stop with music. His family says that even when he was a young boy, Samuel heard someone read a story, and then he could retell the story word for word.
Samuel is still only a teenager. He doesn’t know what he wants to do in the future. For now, he is just happy to play beautiful music and continue his studies.
Which of the following is the best title of the passage
The Qualities of a Musician B. The Story of a Musical Talent
C. The Importance of Early Education D. The Relationship between Memory and Music.
【解题思路】文章全篇介绍了Samuel的音乐天赋。
3. 故事升华到哲理
Arriving in Sydney on his own from India, my husband ,Rashid, stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children.
During the first week of his stay, he went out one day to do some shopping. He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone. He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers, including his passport.
He reported the case to the police and then sat there，lost and lonely in strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organized again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one.
Late in the evening, the phone rang. It was a stranger. He was trying to pronounce my husband’s name and was asking him a lot of questions. Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can（垃圾桶）that had been left out on the footpath.
My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents. Their young daughter had gone to the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers. Her parents had carefully sorted them out, although they had found mainly foreign addresses on most of the documents. At last they had seen a half-written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend.
That family not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people. We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way.
Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. From India to Australia. B. Living in a a New Country.
C. Turning Trash to Treasure. D. In Search of New Friends.
【解题思路】文章的故事很简单，主人公在异国他乡丢了证件，却被当地的一家人在trash can里捡到所丢证件，并予以归还。然而，从简单的故事中升华到了人与人之间的信任，也是人们需看重的珍宝。
【三】 主旨题正确和错误选项特点 ★★★
正确选项特点
是主题句、关键词。
能概括文章全部内容
3) 含义深刻或说明道理
错误选项特点
1）无中生有
2）范围过宽或过窄
3）偷换概念
例题分析讲解
A
Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced still swim as well as ever since. A man when he gets back who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star". Remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
What is the main idea of paragraph 1
A. People remember well what they learned in childhood. （主题句）
B. Children have a better memory than grown-ups.（无中生有）
C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words.（偷换概念）
D. Stories for children are easy to remember. （偷换概念）
B
Close your ey ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es foe a minutes and imagine what life would be like of you had a hundred dollars less. Also imagine what it would be like spending the rest of your life with you eyes closed. Imagine having to read this page, not with your eyes but with your finger-tips.
With existing medical ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) knowledge and skills, two-thirds of the world’s 42 million blind should not have to suffer. Unfortunately, rich countries posses most of this knowledge, while developing countries do not.
ORBIS is an interna ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tional non-profit organization which operates the world’s only flying teaching eye hospital. ORBIS intends to help fight blindness worldwide. Inside a DC-8 aircraft, there is a fully-equipped teaching hospital with television studio and classroom. Doctors are taught the latest techniques of bringing sight back to people there. Project ORBIS also aims at promoting peaceful cooperation(合作) among countries.
ORBIS tries to h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )elp developing countries by providing training during three-week medical programs. ORBIS has taught sight-saving techniques to over 35,000 doctors and nurses, who continue to cure tens of thousands of blind people every year. ORBIS has conducted 17 plane programs is China so far. For the seven to ten million blind in China ORBIS is planning to do more for them. At the moment an ORBIS is working on a long-term plan to develop a training center and to provide eye care service to Shanxi Province. ORBIS needs your help to continue their work and free people from blindness.【出处：21教育名师】
For just US $3 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )8,you can help one person see; for $380 you can bring sight to 10 people; $1,300 helps teach a doctor new skills; and for $13,000 you can provide a training programme for a group of doctors who can make thousands of blind people see again. Your money can open their eyes to the world. Please help ORBIS improve the quality of life for so many people less fortunate than ourselves.21·世纪*教
What can be the best title for the passage
ORBIS in China (范围过窄） B. Fighting Blindness（范围过宽）
C. ORBIS Flying Hospital （高频词概括全） D. Sight-saving Techniques （范围过窄）
C
Two friends have an argument that breaks up their friendship forever, even though neither one can remember how the whole thing got started. Such sad events happen over and over in high schools across the country. In fact, according to an official report on youth violence, "In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terrible reality of violence". Given that this is the case, why aren't students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit
First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. A report on violence among middle school and high school students indicates that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult (侮辱). For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence. The problem isn't in the sandwich, but in the way students deal with the conflict.
Once students recognize that conflict is unavoidable, they can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution (解决) stay calm. Once the student feels calmer, he or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well. Rude words, name-calling, and accusation only add fuel to the emotional fir On the other hand, soft words spoken at a normal sound level can put out the fire before it explodes out of control.
After both sides have calmed down, they can use another key strategy for conflict resolution; listening. Listening allows the two sides to understand each other. One person should describe his or her side, and the other person should listen without interrupting. Afterward, the listener can ask non-threatening questions to clarify the speaker's position. Then the two people should change roles.
Finally, students need to consider what they are hearing. This doesn't mean trying to figure out what's wrong with the other person. It means understanding what the real issue is and what both sides are trying to accomplish. For example, a shouting match over a peanut butter sandwich might happen because one person thinks the other person is unwilling to try new things. Students need to ask themselves questions such as these: How did this start What do I really want What am I afraid off As the issue becomes clearer, the conflict often simply becomes smaller. Even if it doesn't, careful thought helps both sides figure out a mutual solution.
There will always be conflict in schools, but that doesn't mean there needs to be violence. After students in Atlanta started a conflict resolution program, according to Educators for Social Responsibility, "64 percent of the teachers reported less physical violence in the classroom; 75 percent of the teachers reported an increase in student cooperation; and 92 percent of the students felt better about themselves". Learning to resolve conflicts can help students deal with friends, teachers, parents, bosses, and coworkers. In that way, conflict resolution is a basic life skill that should be taught in schools across the country.
1. This article is mainly about.
A. the lives of school children （范围过宽）
B. the cause of arguments in schools （范围过窄）
C. how to analyze youth violence （范围过宽）
D. how to deal with school conflicts （主题句概括全文）
D
In 1943, when I was 4, my parents moved from Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, to Fairbanks, Alaska, where adventure was never far away.
We arrived in the summer, just in time to enjoy the midnight sun. All that sunlight was fantastic for Mom’s vegetable garden. Working in the garden at midnight tended to throw her timing off, so she didn’t care much about my bedtime.
Dad was a Railway Express agent and Mom was his clerk. That left me in a mess. I usually managed to find some trouble to get into. Once I had a little fire going in the dirt basement of a hotel. I had tried to light a barrel（桶）of paint but couldn’t really get a good fire going. The smoke got pretty bad, though, and when I made my exit, a crowd and the police were there to greet me. The policemen took my matches and drove me home.
Mom and Dad were occupied in the garden and Dad told the police to keep me, and they did! I had a tour of the prison before Mom rescued me. I hadn’t turned 5 yet.
As I entered kindergarten, the serious cold began to set in. Would it surprise you to know that I soon left part of my tongue on a metal handrail at school
As for Leonhard Seppala, famous as a dog sledder（驾雪橇者）, I think I knew him well because I was taken for a ride with his white dog team one Sunday. At the time I didn’t realize what a superstar he was, but I do remember the ride well. I was wrapped（包裹）heavily and well sheltered from the freezing and blowing weather.
In 1950, we moved back to Coeur d’Alene, but we got one more Alaskan adventure when Leonhard invited us eight years later by paying a visit to Idaho to attend a gathering of former neighbors of Alaska.
What is the author’s purpose of writing the text
A. To look back on his childhood with adventures. （概括全文主题）
B. To describe the extreme weather of Alaska. (范围过窄）
C. To express how much he misses Leonhard. （范围过窄）
D. To show off his pride in making trouble. （无中生有）
E
One morning a few years ago, Harvard President Neil Rudenstine overslept. For this busy man, it was a sort of alarm: after years of non-stop hard work, he might wear himself out and die an early death.
　　Only after a week's leave-- during which he read novels, listened to music and walked with his wife on a beach-- was Rudenstine able to return to work.
　　In our modern life, we have lost the rhythm between action and rest. Amazingly, within this world there is a universal but silly saying: "I am so busy."
　　We say this to one another as if our tireless efforts were a talent by nature and an ability to successfully deal with stress. The busier we are, the more important we seem to ourselves and, we imagine, to others. To be unavailable to our friends and family, and to be unable to find time to relax-- this has become the model of a successful life.
　　Because we do no rest, we lose our way. We miss the guide telling us where to go, the food providing us with strength, the quiet giving us wisdom.
　　How have we allowed this to happen I believe it is this: we have forgotten the Sabbath, the day of the week-- for followers of some religions-- for rest and praying. It is a day when we are not supposed to work, a time when we devote ourselves to enjoying and celebrating what is beautiful. It is a good time to bless our children and loved ones, give thanks, share meals, walk and sleep. It is a time for us to take a rest, to put our work aside, trusting that there are larger forces at work taking care of the world.
　　Rest is s spiritual and biological need; however, in our strong ambition to be successful and care for our many responsibilities, we may feel terribly guilty when we take time to rest. The Sabbath gives us permission to stop work. In fact, "Remember the Sabbath" is more than simply permission to rest; it is a rule to obey and a principle to follow.
What is the main idea of this passage
A. We should balance work with rest. (概括全文主题）
B. The Sabbath gives us permission to rest. （范围过窄）
C. It is silly for anyone to say "I am busy." （偷换概念）
D. We should be available to our family and friends. （范围过窄）
F
How Room Designs Affect Our Work and Feelings
Architects have ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )long had the feeling that the places we live in can affect our thoughts, feelings and behaviors, But now scientists are giving this feelings an empirical（经验的, 实证的）basis. They are discovering how to design spaces that promote creativity, keep people focused, and lead to relaxation.
Researches show t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hat aspects of the physical environment can influence creativity. In 2007, Joan Meyers-Levy at the University of Minnesota, reported that the height of a room’s ceiling affects how people to think. Her research indicates that the higher callings encourage people to think more freely, which may lead them to make more abstract connections. Low ceilings, on the other hand, may inspire a more detailed outlook.
In addition to ce ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )iling height, the view afforded by a building may influence an occupant’s ability to concentrate. Nancy Wells and her colleagues at Cornell University found in their study that kids who experienced the greatest increase in greenness as a result of a family move made the most gains on a standard test of attention.
Using nature to improve focus of attention ought to pay off academically, and it seems to, according to a study led by C. Kenneth Tanner, head of the School Design ＆Planning Laboratory at University of Georgia. Tanner and his team found that students in classrooms with unblocked views of at least 50 feet outside the window had higher scores on tests of vocabulary, language arts and maths than did students whose classrooms primarily overlooked roads and parking lots.
Recent study on ro ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )om lighting design suggests that dim（暗淡的）light helps people to loosen up. If that is true generally, keeping the light low during dinner or at parties could increase relaxation. Researchers of Harvard Medical School also discovered that furniture with rounded edges could help visitors relax.
So far scientists hav ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e focused mainly on public buildings. “We have a very limited number of studies, so we’re almost looking at the problem through a straw（吸管）, ”architect David Allison says. “How do you take answers to very specific questions and make broad, generalized use of them That’s what we're all struggling with. ”
Which of the following shows the organization of the passage
( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )
CP: Central Point P: point Sp: Sub—point（次要点）C: Conclusion
G
Find Which Direction Is South
Do you have a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )good sense of direction If not, please take with you a compass. But if you forget to take a compass, you can still find your way.
It’s never a good ide ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a to imagine that the family member who was entrusted（委托）with the job of map-reading actually knows where the family is. You can tell by the slightly confused load on their faces that nothing on the ground seems to match the map. Never mind. The shu is shining and it’s still morning. If you don’t know the exact time, you can still find out where south is, but you’ll need to be patient.
①Find a strai ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ght sick and put it in the ground in a place where you can mark its shadow.
②Try to positi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )on the stick as vertically（垂直）as you can. You can check this by making a simple plumb line （铅锤线）with a piece of string and weight. You haven’t got any string OK, use a thread from your clothes with a button tied at the end to act as a weight.
③Mark the end of the shadow cast by the stick.
④Wait approxim ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ately half an hour and mark the end of the shadow again.
⑤Keep doing this until you have made several marks.
⑥The mark ne ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )arest the stick will represent the shortest shadow, which is cast at midday, when the sun is highest in the sky and pointing to the exact south.
⑦Pick a point in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the distance along the line between the shortest shadow and the stick.
⑧That point is south of where you are.
⑨Now you can tu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rn the map, like you did before, and find which way you should be travel-ling.
The author presents this passage by .
A. Telling an interesting story (无中生有）
B. describing an activity in a lively way ((t（偷换概念）偷换
C. testing an idea ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) by reasoning (无中生有）
D. introducing a practical method (概括全文主题）
【四】主旨题词汇和长难句 ★★
以下词汇和长难句都是以上真题、模拟题中筛选出来的高频词和可讲度高的长难句
阅读理解主旨题词汇
A
starvation n. 饥饿 A state of extreme hunger resulting from lack of basic nutrition.
starve v. 挨饿
abandon v. 放弃 If you abandon sth., you leave this thing permanently or for a long time especially when you should not do so.
abandonment n. 放弃
conflict v. 冲突 a serious disagreement about sth important.
avoid v. 避免
avoidable adj. 可避免的
unavoidable adj. 不可避免的
incident n. 事故 sth that happens, often sth that is unpleasant.
insult n./v. 侮辱 If someone insult you, they say or do sth that is rude.
accuse v. 指控
accusation n. 指控
explode v. 爆炸 If sth explodes often, it bursts loudly causing damage or injury.
explosion n. 爆炸
accomplish v. 完成 If you accomplish sth, you succeed in doing it.
expect v. 期望
unexpected adj. 出乎意料的
distinct adj. 独特的，明显的 different or separated
convince v. 使…信服
convincing adj. 有说服力的，使人信服的
conserve v. 保护，节约 If you conserve sth, you use it carefully so that it lasts for a long time.
conservation n. 保护
priority n. 首要 the most important thing you have to do
accommodation n. 住宿，膳食 buildings or rooms where people live or stay
flexible adj. 灵活的 be able to change easily and adapt to different conditions
dominate v. 控制 If a country or person dominates another, they have power over them.
available adj. 可获得的，可得到的 If sth is available, you can find or obtain it.
permit v. 允许
permission n. 允许
custom n. 风俗 an activity, a way of behaving, or an event which is usual in a particular society.
punctual adj. 准时的 If you are punctual, you do sth or arrive somewhere at the right time.
entertain v. 娱乐 If a performer, performance, or activity entertains you, it makes you happy.
authority n. 权威 the people who have the power to make decision and to make sure that laws are obeyed.
technique n. 技巧 a skill or ability in practical activities that you develop through training and practice
possess v. 拥有 If you possess sth, you have it or own it.
possession n. 财产，所有物
B
occupy v. 占据，占用 If sth is occupied, it isn’t available for someone else.
rescue v./n. 营救 Rescue is help that gets someone out of a dangerous situation.
sob v. 啜泣 When someone sobs, they cry in a noisy way.
sympathy n. 同情 If you have sympathy for someone who is in a bad situation, you are sorry for them.
desperate adj. 绝望的 If you are desperate, you are in such a bad situation that you are willing to try anything to change it.
appointment n. 约会 If you have an appointment with someone, you have arranged to see them at a particular time
assume v. 假设 If you assume that sth is true, you imagine that it is true, sometimes wrongly.
assumption n. 假设
spray v./n. 喷， 喷雾 a liquid kept under pressure in a can or other container, which you can force out in very small drops
symptom n. 症状 a symptom of an illness is sth wrong with your body or mind
optimistic adj. 乐观的，积极的 someone who is optimistic is hopeful about future or the success of sth
pessimistic adj. 悲观的，消极的
confine v. 限制 To confine sth to a particular place means to prevent it from spreading beyond that place
confinement n. 限制
阅读理解主旨题长难句
In the mid-1950s, I was a somewhat bored early-adolescent male student who believed that doing any more than necessary was wasted effort.
【分析】该句出现在首段，划横线部分的含义是学生的理解难点，“more than...”意思为“多于...”那么“doing any more than necessary ”字面意思：“做的比必要的多”，即“多做”，因此划线部分就指“多做任何事情都是一种浪费。”
2. Mrs. Totten usually walked up and down the rows of desks requesting answers from student after student in the order the questions had appeared on our homework sheets.
【分析】本句难点在“in the order和 the questions had appeared on our homework sheets”语义如何整合和理解。“in the order”表“以...的顺序”，结合后面句子的意思就可知“以‘作业本上问题出现’的顺序”。
3.Second, in real life it isn’t always what you say but how you say it that matters.
【分析】本句是两个并列的表语从句，第二个表从嵌套了一个定语从句，让理解难度加大。主要难点在“what you say”和“how you say it that matters”上，这里涉及到中西思维的转换，“what you say”学生会直观的理解成“你说的什么”，而需理解成“你说话的（内容）”更有助于理解；同样，“how you say it (that matters)”，就意为“（重要的是）你说话的方式”，该句的内容学生就一目了然了：“重要的不总是你说话的内容而是你说话的方式”。
4. In 1950, we moved back to Coeur d’Alene, but we got one more Alaskan adventure when Leonhard invited us eight years later by paying a visit to Idaho to attend a gathering of former neighbors of Alaska.
【分析】本句重难点在but之后，嵌有状从“when Leonhard invited us eight years later”后面加有方式状语“by paying a visit to Idaho”及目的状语“to attend a gathering of former neighbors of Alaska. ”由于句式的复杂性导致学生理解难。该句翻译“8年之后Leonhard邀请我们去参加以前在阿拉斯加时的邻居聚会，这又是一次冒险的经历。”
5.But that trip with Banner opened our eyes to a world available to anyone adventurous enough to wander around and made me realize that a detour may uncover the best part of a journey ---- and the best part of yourself.
【分析】重难点在于对available部分和adventurous部分的理解，方法主要是找主语和谓语动词，理清主干。主语是that trip，谓语opened 与made由and并列。其中，available to anyone 做定语修饰a world. 后面adventurous enough 修饰anyone. Realize 后面则是一个有that引导的宾语从句。
She’d look at me with those sad brown eyes of hers,beam her need, and then wait , trusting I would understand—which ,strangely, I almost always did.
【分析】She’d look at me with those sad brown eyes of hers, beam her need, and then wait , trusting I would understand—which ,strangely, I almost always did. 此句难点在于“those sad brown eyes of hers”和“which”引导的从句两处的理解，“those sad brown eyes of hers”即“her those sad brown eyes”, “它….的眼神”，“trusting I would understand—which, strangely, I almost always did”which代替understand在从句做宾语，真正从句语序应为“I almost always understand”
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