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上下文逻辑分析
教学目标：★★★★★☆ 学生能够通过对文章上下文进行分析找准关键信息进行解题。
问题层级图
目标层级图
上下文逻辑分析
教学目标：★★★★★☆ 学生能够通过对文章上下文进行分析找准关键信息进行解题。
关键词汇总
指代关系： 指示代词：this, that, those, these
人称代词：it，them , he, his , they…
反身代词：themselves, myself, himself, ourselves, itself…
物主代词：their, your, my, his,
复合不定代词：anyone, nobody
其他：others, others’, ones, the other, none of, some, all
所有格
因果关系：so, for, because, because of
对比，并列关系：and, or, either…or , while
递进关系：and
转折关系：but, however
让步关系：whenever, even though, although, though
条件关系：if, whether… or not , as long as
8. 时间顺序：then，after，as，when，before，finally，the next… ，the following…
several years later，soon，eventually，at last，all the time，since then
9. 同词复现
一、 指代关系词：指代关系词的意思是对前文中出现的人或物，在后文不再重复出现，而是选择某个词来代替。
this, that, these, those表示“这个”“那个”“这些”“那些”
例
.....if you see someone doing this or if someone asks to copy your work, you can tell a teacher or another adult.
解析： 1. 找出指示代词this
2. 还原this指代对象上文提到的“考试作弊”的事情
3. 放入文中可从意思上推测为看到某人作弊，因此需要填入doing一词。
例子类比
He said, “I am so glad when you play football happily.” This was his explanation.”
练习
A waterfall was rushing down the side of the mountain. This did not look good at all.
themselves，ourselves, yourself, himself......: 译为“他们自己”
例
Some people in the study said they felt unsure of themselves in social situations and hid their feelings of insecurity
解析： 1. 找出指代关系词they
2. 还原they指代对象some people,
3. 放入原文可推测“在社交场合下”他们对“自己”感到不确定。
例子类比：......You can go to the cinema and find the answer yourselves.
it, their, your, my, his......这些词均属于物主代词
例
It: It’s much better to be without shoes than without feet..
解析： 1. 找出指物的代词it
2. 还原指代对象：“没有脚”的这件事情。
3. 放入原文，能够知道没鞋子比没脚情况更好些。即能够推导出正向意义的词。
例
them: 1、Dolphins are wild creatures, so there are a few things you need to keep in mind when you join them in the ocean. Swim slowly and carefully and don’t try to catch up with them.
解析： 1. 找出指代关系词them
2. 还原them所指代的对象：dolphin
3. 放入原文能够推测出选择反向意义的词，即“don’t”
练习
Opportunity don’t come often......It is advisable that you should value and treat them with preparation.
例
their:”I hope to meet German Chancellor Angela markel one day and talk with my favorite German stars in their language.”
解析： 1. 找出指代对象” German Chancellor Angela markel and German stars”
2. 推断出空格应填入代词
3. 选择指代关系词
anyone, nobody此类词为复合不定代词
其他：others, others’ ones, the other,none of, some, all
例：others’ ： Once there was a teacher who took all his students for tea..... Each of them took a cup and started drinking their own tea, looking at the others’ cups.
解析： 1. 找出指代关系词them
2. 还原them的指代对象：students
3. 由上下文可推测出学生们在看“其他人”的杯子，选择others’
二． 因果关系词：因果关系词的意思是连接两种事件，原因事件与结果事件相关词。
例
I really saw a few of my classmates went to serve the first-class company because of their excellent insights.(洞察力）
解析： 1. 找出因果关系词：because of
2. because of 后面接的事件为“原因”
3. because of 前面接的事件为“结果”——我的一些朋友就职于顶级公司
练习
The expert didn’t want to talk to him because he thought that the young man would not be patient with learning.
例
for:The boys were happy, for they could hardly believe that they could pay to do something they enjoyed.
解析： 1. 找出因果关系词：for
2. for后面接的事件为“原因”事件
3. for前面接的事件为愿因事件导致的结果“男孩们很开心”
三． 对比，并列关系词：对比，并列关系词的意思是关系词两侧的事件呈对比和并列关系，故选择此关系词。这类词有： and, or, either...or, while
例
and（v-v):...... He sadly walked away and thought how to tell his mother about it.
解析： 1. 找出并列关系词：and
2. and所连接的两个动词：走开和思考。两个动作同时发生。由上下文的理解可知：男孩在边走边思考
例
and(adj-adj):There was no reason for him to feel so sorry and sad
解析： 1. 找出并列关系词：and
2. and所连接的两个形容词：抱歉和悲伤
3. 通过连接的两个形容词可推断出feel “感到”这个动词
例
and(n-n): But soon watching matches and reading football magazines were not enough for Shi.
解析： 1.找出并列关系词：and
2. and所连接的是两个动名词：看比赛和读足球杂志
3. 通过上下文的理解，可选出matches.
例
while: You only taste water while I taste gifts.
解析： 1.找出对比关系词：while
2. while前后的事件是相对应的，通过理解选择突出对比关系的词”only”
练习
Some people say, It’s an old man, while others say It’s an old woman and an old farmer.
peace does not mean growing in a place where there is no noise, no trouble or hard work
例：either...or...： People hear these songs sung in either English or other language.
解析： 1.找到并列关系词“either”
2. 根据其并列关系能够判断出选择or
四. 递进关系：递进关系的意思是指能够表示在程度或范围上有更进一层的语义关系。
and表示递进
例
On the 5 third , fourth, and fifth day the expert repeated the work.
解析：1)找到表示递进关系的关键词。
2)句子在程度和范围上进一步延伸和扩大时，分别对应前后文找到
开端和终点。句子结构一致，即前后文词性、时态一致，n/v/adj/adv
互相对应。
例子类比：
“It had been very difficult for me in the past four years, and this moment 3 finally came......”
练习
1)Go along the street,____ take the second turning on the right, you will find the cinema.
A. but B. so C. because D. and
2)She came in _____ sat down.
A. and B. if C. however D. but
五. 转折关系：转折关系的意思是，后面分句与前面分句的意思相反或相对。
but表示“但是”，however表示“然而”
例
Being laughed at is a 3 common fear. But a major study published in 2009 found that this fear is not the 4 same around the world.
解析：1)找到表示转折关系的关键词but或however。
2)此题的模式为______, but_______. 或 ________, however, _______.
前后两个分句在语义上是相反或相对关系。
3)however前后需用逗号隔开，but不用。
例子类比：
1)It is usually played and sung by the black musicians 7 but it is popular with all Americans.
2)The other kids got to wear the same clothes for days, however, it couldn’t 4 be permitted in my house.
练习
1)Many years have passed, ______ I still remember it as if it were yesterday.
A. but B. so C. and D. because
2)His first response was to say no. Later, _______, he changed his mind.
A. but B. and C. although D. however
六. 让步关系：让步关系的意思是指退一步考虑的，降低事情发生的可能性。
though, although表示“虽然”；even though表示“即使”；whenever表示“无论何时”
例
Every morning he is fully dressed by eight o’clock, with his hair fashionably combed and face perfectly shaved, even though he is 3 unable to see anything.
解析：1)找到表示让步关系的关键词though/although/even though(if)。
2)even though/if在句子中含有强烈的对事实的假设性。
3)though/although表强烈的转折，不一定有假设。
例子类比：
As a student, I was almost 2 afraid to answer questions in class. Whenever the professor asked a question, I always lowered my head, for fear that the professor saw me.
练习
1)I’ll be happy to get him something special, _____ it costs a little extra.
A. and B. even if C. so D. if
2)_______ Eiffel designed the tower for people to visit, it was also for scientific use.
A. Although B. Because C. And D. But
七、条件关系：条件关系的意思是，在一个特定的条件下，一事情或者状况将会发生。
if表示如果
例
If someone wanted to reach the river, he had to walk 3 past our camp.
解析： 1. 找到表示条件关系的关键词if
2. if表条件，此题的模式为if A , B , 的结构，因此 A一定为B的前提条件。
例子类比：
If he looked 6 worried , his mother would notice it.
八. 时间顺序：按照事理发展的先后顺序来判断逻辑关系。
例
Her victory came 2 after years of trails following the 2010 Games. “It had been very difficult for me in the past four years, and this moment 3 finally came.
解析：1. 第2空的结构为A B，此题填after的原因是B的动作的发生在A的动作之后。
2. 第三空为finally，原因主要是通过前面一句话判断出经过一段时间最终达成了怎样的目的，finally意为最终，终于所以符合题意。
九. 同词复现: 空格处所填单词为上下文出现过的相同或相似含义的单词。
例
What we should do properly is to express 7 thanks naturally to him or her because we love the idea within the gift. Gratitude (感谢) doesn’t always come naturally. 8 Unluckily , most children and many grown-ups like only the thing given rather than the 9 expressions shown in it.
同义不同型：n. n.
解析：从下文的gratitude感谢判断出第7空应该也为表达感谢，感激之类的单词，再结合题干中的备选词得出答案为thanks。
例子类比：There was once a king who offered an award to an artist who could paint the 2 best picture of peace. Many 3 artists tried；4 Anyone who saw this picture thought that it was a perfect picture of peace......This did not look 5 peaceful at all;
同义不同型：n. adj. peace—peaceful
例子类比：so she should stop 5 dreaming about going to college. Nothing but you 8 yourself can stop your dream．”He told her again：“If the dream is big enough，the facts don’t count.
同义不同型：n. ving dream—dreaming
练习
Although Eiffel designed the tower for people to visit, it was also for 9scientific use. Now, the tower gets much more 10 than another famous building.上下文逻辑分析
教学目标：★★★★★☆ 学生能够通过对文章上下文进行分析找准关键信息进行解题。
问题层级图
目标层级图
上下文逻辑分析
教学目标：★★★★★☆ 学生能够通过对文章上下文进行分析找准关键信息进行解题。
关键词汇总
指代关系： 指示代词：this, that, those, these
人称代词：it，them , he, his , they…
反身代词：themselves, myself, himself, ourselves, itself…
物主代词：their, your, my, his,
复合不定代词：anyone, nobody
其他：others, others’, ones, the other, none of, some, all
所有格
因果关系：so, for, because, because of
对比，并列关系：and, or, either…or , while
递进关系：and
转折关系：but, however
让步关系：whenever, even though, although, though
条件关系：if, whether… or not , as long as
8. 时间顺序：then，after，as，when，before，finally，the next… ，the following…
several years later，soon，eventually，at last，all the time，since then
9. 同词复现
一、 指代关系词：指代关系词的意思是对前文中出现的人或物，在后文不再重复出现，而是选择某个词来代替。
this, that, these, those表示“这个”“那个”“这些”“那些”
例
.....if you see someone doing this or if someone asks to copy your work, you can tell a teacher or another adult.
解析： 1. 找出指示代词this
2. 还原this指代对象上文提到的“考试作弊”的事情
3. 放入文中可从意思上推测为看到某人作弊，因此需要填入doing一词。
例子类比
He said, “I am so glad when you play football happily.” This was his explanation.”
练习
A waterfall was rushing down the side of the mountain. This did not look good at all.
KEYS：this指代上文提到的”瀑布“，从对”瀑布的描述上看，应该填不是特别“好”。
themselves，ourselves, yourself, himself......: 译为“他们自己”
例
Some people in the study said they felt unsure of themselves in social situations and hid their feelings of insecurity
解析： 1. 找出指代关系词they
2. 还原they指代对象some people,
3. 放入原文可推测“在社交场合下”他们对“自己”感到不确定。
例子类比：......You can go to the cinema and find the answer yourselves.
it, their, your, my, his......这些词均属于物主代词
例
It: It’s much better to be without shoes than without feet..
解析： 1. 找出指物的代词it
2. 还原指代对象：“没有脚”的这件事情。
3. 放入原文，能够知道没鞋子比没脚情况更好些。即能够推导出正向意义的词。
例
them: 1、Dolphins are wild creatures, so there are a few things you need to keep in mind when you join them in the ocean. Swim slowly and carefully and don’t try to catch up with them.
解析： 1. 找出指代关系词them
2. 还原them所指代的对象：dolphin
3. 放入原文能够推测出选择反向意义的词，即“don’t”
练习
Opportunity don’t come often......It is advisable that you should value and treat them with preparation.
KEYS：找到指代关系词them,由此能够推出them 是指代前文提到的opportunity，帮助解题。
例
their:”I hope to meet German Chancellor Angela markel one day and talk with my favorite German stars in their language.”
解析： 1. 找出指代对象” German Chancellor Angela markel and German stars”
2. 推断出空格应填入代词
3. 选择指代关系词
anyone, nobody此类词为复合不定代词
其他：others, others’ ones, the other,none of, some, all
例：others’ ： Once there was a teacher who took all his students for tea..... Each of them took a cup and started drinking their own tea, looking at the others’ cups.
解析： 1. 找出指代关系词them
2. 还原them的指代对象：students
3. 由上下文可推测出学生们在看“其他人”的杯子，选择others’
二． 因果关系词：因果关系词的意思是连接两种事件，原因事件与结果事件相关词。
例
I really saw a few of my classmates went to serve the first-class company because of their excellent insights.(洞察力）
解析： 1. 找出因果关系词：because of
2. because of 后面接的事件为“原因”
3. because of 前面接的事件为“结果”——我的一些朋友就职于顶级公司
练习
The expert didn’t want to talk to him because he thought that the young man would not be patient with learning.
KEYS：从because 因果关联词之前的能够看出这个年轻人没有耐心去学习，因此可推出这个空填learning.
例
for:The boys were happy, for they could hardly believe that they could pay to do something they enjoyed.
解析： 1. 找出因果关系词：for
2. for后面接的事件为“原因”事件
3. for前面接的事件为愿因事件导致的结果“男孩们很开心”
三． 对比，并列关系词：对比，并列关系词的意思是关系词两侧的事件呈对比和并列关系，故选择此关系词。这类词有： and, or, either...or, while
例
and（v-v):...... He sadly walked away and thought how to tell his mother about it.
解析： 1. 找出并列关系词：and
2. and所连接的两个动词：走开和思考。两个动作同时发生。由上下文的理解可知：男孩在边走边思考
例
and(adj-adj):There was no reason for him to feel so sorry and sad
解析： 1. 找出并列关系词：and
2. and所连接的两个形容词：抱歉和悲伤
3. 通过连接的两个形容词可推断出feel “感到”这个动词
例
and(n-n): But soon watching matches and reading football magazines were not enough for Shi.
解析： 1.找出并列关系词：and
2. and所连接的是两个动名词：看比赛和读足球杂志
3. 通过上下文的理解，可选出matches.
例
while: You only taste water while I taste gifts.
解析： 1.找出对比关系词：while
2. while前后的事件是相对应的，通过理解选择突出对比关系的词”only”
练习
Some people say, It’s an old man, while others say It’s an old woman and an old farmer.
KEYS：找到while关键词，表对比关系，突出前后两个事件是不同的，由图片可知，看到的是一位老农民，故能进行填空。
peace does not mean growing in a place where there is no noise, no trouble or hard work
KEYS：并列成分为no后面加的名词：trouble, hard work,由文章意思可知应填入noise.
例：either...or...： People hear these songs sung in either English or other language.
解析： 1.找到并列关系词“either”
2. 根据其并列关系能够判断出选择or
四. 递进关系：递进关系的意思是指能够表示在程度或范围上有更进一层的语义关系。
and表示递进
例
On the 5 third , fourth, and fifth day the expert repeated the work.
解析：1)找到表示递进关系的关键词。
2)句子在程度和范围上进一步延伸和扩大时，分别对应前后文找到
开端和终点。句子结构一致，即前后文词性、时态一致，n/v/adj/adv
互相对应。
例子类比：
“It had been very difficult for me in the past four years, and this moment 3 finally came......”
练习
1)Go along the street,____ take the second turning on the right, you will find the cinema.
A. but B. so C. because D. and
2)She came in _____ sat down.
A. and B. if C. however D. but
KEYS: 1.D; 2.A
五. 转折关系：转折关系的意思是，后面分句与前面分句的意思相反或相对。
but表示“但是”，however表示“然而”
例
Being laughed at is a 3 common fear. But a major study published in 2009 found that this fear is not the 4 same around the world.
解析：1)找到表示转折关系的关键词but或however。
2)此题的模式为______, but_______. 或 ________, however, _______.
前后两个分句在语义上是相反或相对关系。
3)however前后需用逗号隔开，but不用。
例子类比：
1)It is usually played and sung by the black musicians 7 but it is popular with all Americans.
2)The other kids got to wear the same clothes for days, however, it couldn’t 4 be permitted in my house.
练习
1)Many years have passed, ______ I still remember it as if it were yesterday.
A. but B. so C. and D. because
2)His first response was to say no. Later, _______, he changed his mind.
A. but B. and C. although D. however
KEYS: 1.A; 2.D
六. 让步关系：让步关系的意思是指退一步考虑的，降低事情发生的可能性。
though, although表示“虽然”；even though表示“即使”；whenever表示“无论何时”
例
Every morning he is fully dressed by eight o’clock, with his hair fashionably combed and face perfectly shaved, even though he is 3 unable to see anything.
解析：1)找到表示让步关系的关键词though/although/even though(if)。
2)even though/if在句子中含有强烈的对事实的假设性。
3)though/although表强烈的转折，不一定有假设。
例子类比：
As a student, I was almost 2 afraid to answer questions in class. Whenever the professor asked a question, I always lowered my head, for fear that the professor saw me.
练习
1)I’ll be happy to get him something special, _____ it costs a little extra.
A. and B. even if C. so D. if
2)_______ Eiffel designed the tower for people to visit, it was also for scientific use.
A. Although B. Because C. And D. But
KEYS: 1.B; 2.A
七、条件关系：条件关系的意思是，在一个特定的条件下，一事情或者状况将会发生。
if表示如果
例
If someone wanted to reach the river, he had to walk 3 past our camp.
解析： 1. 找到表示条件关系的关键词if
2. if表条件，此题的模式为if A , B , 的结构，因此 A一定为B的前提条件。
例子类比：
If he looked 6 worried , his mother would notice it.
八. 时间顺序：按照事理发展的先后顺序来判断逻辑关系。
例
Her victory came 2 after years of trails following the 2010 Games. “It had been very difficult for me in the past four years, and this moment 3 finally came.
解析：1. 第2空的结构为A B，此题填after的原因是B的动作的发生在A的动作之后。
2. 第三空为finally，原因主要是通过前面一句话判断出经过一段时间最终达成了怎样的目的，finally意为最终，终于所以符合题意。
九. 同词复现: 空格处所填单词为上下文出现过的相同或相似含义的单词。
例
What we should do properly is to express 7 thanks naturally to him or her because we love the idea within the gift. Gratitude (感谢) doesn’t always come naturally. 8 Unluckily , most children and many grown-ups like only the thing given rather than the 9 expressions shown in it.
同义不同型：n. n.
解析：从下文的gratitude感谢判断出第7空应该也为表达感谢，感激之类的单词，再结合题干中的备选词得出答案为thanks。
例子类比：There was once a king who offered an award to an artist who could paint the 2 best picture of peace. Many 3 artists tried；4 Anyone who saw this picture thought that it was a perfect picture of peace......This did not look 5 peaceful at all;
同义不同型：n. adj. peace—peaceful
例子类比：so she should stop 5 dreaming about going to college. Nothing but you 8 yourself can stop your dream．”He told her again：“If the dream is big enough，the facts don’t count.
同义不同型：n. ving dream—dreaming
练习
Although Eiffel designed the tower for people to visit, it was also for 9scientific use. Now, the tower gets much more 10 than another famous building.
KEYS：同义不同型：v. n. visit--visitors

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