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高考英语定语从句复习学案
一、学习目标
1. 透彻理解定语从句的核心结构与逻辑，精准判断先行词在从句中的语法功能。
2. 熟练掌握关系代词（who/whom/whose/which/that）和关系副词（when/where/why）的辨析与选择技巧。
3. 攻克“介词+关系代词”“非限制性定语从句”“复杂先行词”“分隔式定语从句”等重难点题型。
4. 能在写作中正确运用定语从句提升句式丰富度。
二、知识体系构建
（一）定语从句的本质与结构
定义：
定语从句是“形容词性从句”，相当于“形容词+名词”，对先行词起修饰、限定作用。
核心逻辑：先行词在从句中充当某种成分，关系词是先行词在从句中的“替代符号”。
结构公式：
先行词 + 关系词（=先行词）+ 从句剩余部分（缺啥补啥）
例句拆解：
The man who saved the boy is a policeman.
→ 先行词the man在从句中作主语，关系词who替代the man。
The city where I grew up is beautiful.
→ 先行词the city在从句中作地点状语，关系词where替代in the city。
（二）关系词的“三维”选择法
1. 第一维：判断先行词的“属性”
先行词属性 可用关系词 例句
人 who/whom/that/whose The girl whom you met is my friend.
物 which/that/whose The desk whose legs are broken is mine.
时间 when/介词+which I remember the year when/ in which I graduated.
地点 where/介词+which This is the room where/ in which he slept.
原因 why/for+which Do you know the reason why/ for which he left
2. 第二维：分析从句“缺什么成分”
缺主语/宾语/定语 → 用关系代词（who/whom/which/that/whose）。
例：The book (that/which) I read yesterday is interesting.（缺宾语，可省略关系词）
缺状语（时间/地点/原因） → 用关系副词（when/where/why）或“介词+关系代词”。
例：This is the school where I studied ten years ago.（缺地点状语）
3. 第三维：注意“特殊限制条件”
只能用that的8种情况：
① 先行词为all, everything, nothing等不定代词：
All that glitters is not gold.
② 先行词被序数词（first, second）或最高级（best, most）修饰：
This is the first book that I’ve read this year.
③ 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰：
He is the only person that I want to talk to.
④ 先行词含人又含物：
We talked about the things and persons that we saw in the park.
⑤ 主句是以who/which开头的特殊疑问句：
Who is the man that is standing there
⑥ 关系代词在从句中作表语：
She is not the girl that she was five years ago.
⑦ 先行词是time（次数）时：
This is the second time that I’ve seen him.
⑧ 先行词是way（方式）且从句缺状语：
I don’t like the way (that/in which) he talks.
只能用which的3种情况：
① 非限制性定语从句中（逗号隔开）：
The house, which was built in 1900, is very old.
② 介词后（不能用that）：
This is the room in which he was born.
③ 指代整个主句内容时：
He failed the exam, which made his parents sad.
（三）难点突破：三大高频考点
1. 介词+关系代词（重中之重）
介词选择的3大依据：
① 先行词的固定搭配：
I’ll never forget the day on which we met.（on the day）
② 从句中动词的介词搭配：
The person with whom I work is very kind.（work with）
③ 句子的逻辑意义：
He bought a telescope through which he studied the stars.（通过望远镜）
常见错误警示：
误：This is the pen with that I wrote the letter.
正：This is the pen with which I wrote the letter.（介词后只能用which/whom）
2. 非限制性定语从句（逗号的秘密）
三大特征：
① 不可用that引导，关系词不可省略（即使作宾语）。
② 可修饰“单个先行词”或“整个主句”：
My mother, who is 60 years old, still works hard.（修饰人）
He was late again, which made the teacher angry.（修饰整个主句）
③ as与which的区别：
区别 as which
位置 可置于句首 不可置于句首
含义 “正如”（正面、已知事实） “这一点”（往往指负面结果）
例句 As we know, the earth is round. He didn’t study hard, which led to his failure.
3. 分隔式定语从句（先行词与从句的“距离感”）
定义：先行词与定语从句之间被其他成分（如谓语、介词短语）隔开。
例句：
The days are gone when we lived a poor life.（先行词days与从句被are gone隔开）
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach us English.（先行词teacher与从句被will come tomorrow隔开）
解题关键：跳过中间成分，找准真正的先行词。
（四）whose的“双重身份”与灵活转换
本质：whose是“形容词性物主代词”，表示“所属关系”，后接名词。
转换公式：
whose + 名词 = the + 名词 + of which/whom = of which/whom + the + 名词
例：
The house whose roof is red is mine.
= The house the roof of which is red is mine.
= The house of which the roof is red is mine.
（五）定语从句与同位语从句的“终极辨析”
区别 定语从句 同位语从句
本质 修饰先行词（形容词性） 解释说明名词（名词性）
引导词 that作主语/宾语（可省） that无实际意义（不可省）
例句 The news that he told me is true.（that作宾语，可省） The news that he won the game is true.（that不充当成分）
三、阶梯式专项训练
（一）基础巩固：单句填空（每小题1分，共10分）
1. The man ______ is standing at the gate is my uncle.
2. The book ______ cover is blue belongs to Lily.
3. This is the school ______ my father worked for 20 years.
4. I’ll never forget the day ______ we met for the first time.
5. The reason ______ he was late was that he missed the bus.
6. The house ______ we live in is very old.
7. The girl ______ you talked to just now is my sister.
8. He is the only person ______ I want to see now.
9. The pen ______ which he wrote the letter is broken.
10. As we all know, China is a country ______ history is very long.
（二）能力提升：单选题（每小题2分，共30分）
1. The factory ______ produces cars is far from here.（ ）
A. where B. who C. which D. when
2. I still remember the village ______ my grandfather lived.（ ）
A. that B. which C. where D. when
3. The man ______ you are looking for is in the office.（ ）
A. whom B. where C. when D. why
4. This is the best film ______ I have ever seen.（ ）
A. which B. that C. who D. whom
5. The boy ______ mother is a doctor studies very hard.（ ）
A. who B. whom C. whose D. that
6. He bought a bike ______ he could go to school faster.（陷阱题：区分定语从句与目的状语从句）
A. which B. where C. that D. so that
7. The reason ______ he gave for being late was untrue.（陷阱题：缺宾语vs.缺状语）
A. why B. which C. where D. when
8. The day ______ we looked forward to finally came.（陷阱题：look forward to的宾语）
A. when B. that C. where D. why
9. I have two brothers, ______ are teachers.（非限制性定语从句）
A. both of them B. both of who C. both of whom D. both of that
10. ______ is known to all, the earth moves around the sun.（as/which辨析）
A. As B. Which C. That D. What
11. The house ______ windows face south is my home.（whose的转换）
A. which B. whose C. of which D. that
12. This is the teacher ______ I learned a lot.（介词+关系代词）
A. from whom B. from who C. of whom D. of who
13. The hotel ______ during our holiday stands by the sea.（分隔式定语从句）
A. we stayed at B. where we stayed at C. we stayed D. in that we stayed
14. She heard a terrible noise, ______ brought her heart into her mouth.（修饰整个主句）
A. which B. it C. this D. that
15. The way ______ he explained the problem was easy to understand.（way的特殊用法）
A. which B. in which C. what D. who
（三）高考真题实战（每小题3分，共15分）
1.（2023全国卷）The museum ______ we visited last week is famous for its ancient art collections.
A. where B. which C. when D. who
2.（2022新高考）He wrote a letter ______ he explained what had happened in the accident.
A. what B. which C. where D. how
3.（2021北京卷）The book ______ cover is yellow has been translated into 10 languages.
A. whose B. which C. that D. what
4.（2020江苏卷）In the 1950s, the US launched a program ______ satellites were designed to observe weather patterns.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
5.（2019浙江卷）They reached the top of the mountain, ______ they enjoyed a beautiful view.
A. which B. where C. when D. that
（四）翻译与写作（共20分）
1. 翻译句子（每小题5分，共10分）：
① 这就是我曾经住过的房子。
② 正如我们预料的那样，他成功通过了考试。
2. 句式升级（用定语从句改写句子，每小题5分，共10分）：
① The girl is my sister. She is wearing a red dress.
② I like the novel. You recommended it to me.
（五）改错（每小题2分，共10分）
1. This is the park where we visited yesterday.
2. The man whom I spoke is from Canada.
3. I have a friend who’s father is a doctor.
4. Which is known to all, the moon goes around the earth.
5. The reason why he gave is not true.
四、答案解析与易错提醒
（一）基础巩固答案
1. who/that 2. whose 3. where 4. when 5. why
2. that/which/不填 7. whom/that/不填 8. that 9. with 10. whose
易错点：
第2题：混淆whose与which，注意whose+名词=the+n.+of which。
第8题：先行词被the only修饰，只能用that。
（二）能力提升答案
1. C 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. C
2. D （陷阱：so that引导目的状语从句，非定语从句）
3. B （陷阱：从句缺宾语，用which/that，why表原因状语）
4. B （陷阱：look forward to的宾语是the day，用that/which）
5. C （非限制性定语从句，of后用whom）
6. A （as置于句首，表“正如”）
7. B （whose windows=the windows of which）
8. A （learn from sb.，用from whom）
9. A （省略关系代词，stay at the hotel）
10. A （which指代noise，非限制性定语从句）
11. B （the way作先行词，从句缺状语用in which/that/不填）
陷阱题解析：
第6题：若选A/B/C，从句缺状语，但bike无法作地点状语，故为目的状语从句，用so that。
第7题：give缺宾语（reason是先行词，但从句主语是he，宾语需用which指代reason）。
（三）高考真题答案
1. B 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. B
真题点拨：
第2题：letter是抽象地点，从句缺状语（in the letter），用where=in which。
第4题：program是抽象地点（=in the program），用where引导定语从句。
（四）翻译与写作答案
1. ① This is the house where I once lived.
② As we expected, he successfully passed the exam.
2. ① The girl who is wearing a red dress is my sister.
② I like the novel (that/which) you recommended to me.
（五）改错答案
1. where→that/which/不填（visited缺宾语，用关系代词）
2. spoke后加to（speak to sb.，缺介词）
3. who’s→whose（who’s=who is，whose表所属）
4. Which→As（置于句首表“正如”，用as）
5. why→that/which（gave缺宾语，用关系代词）
五、备考策略与资源推荐
（一）记忆口诀（快速突破核心考点）
“先找先行词，再分主宾地；
人用who物用which，所属关系whose替；
时间when地点where，原因why前有reason；
介词紧跟关系代，非限从句逗隔开；
that用法最特殊，不定代词最高级；
as可句首which否，分隔从句要注意。”
（二）每日训练计划
时间 任务 示例题目
早晨 背诵20个定语从句经典例句 As is often the case, success comes from hard work.
午休 专攻1类难点（如介词+关系代词） 分析真题中“介词选择”的逻辑
晚上 翻译5个句子并对照答案 将简单句合并为定语从句，如：The boy is Tom. He is reading a book. → The boy who is reading a book is Tom.
（三）推荐资源
1. 语法书：《薄冰高级英语语法》定语从句章节
2. 真题集：《高考英语真题逐句精解》
3. 在线工具：BBC Learning English的“定语从句”专题视频
六、写作提升：定语从句在写作中的高级用法
1. 修饰抽象名词
The importance of learning English, which can broaden our horizons, is obvious.
（用非限制性定语从句
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