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高考英语虚拟语气复习学案
一、学习目标
1. 掌握虚拟语气在条件句、名词性从句、特殊句式中的结构与用法。
2. 区分真实条件句与虚拟条件句，攻克“混合虚拟”“倒装省略”“情态动词+have done”等高频考点。
3. 能在写作中准确运用虚拟语气表达假设、愿望、建议等抽象概念。
二、核心知识梳理
（一）虚拟语气的本质与应用场景
定义：
虚拟语气表示与事实相反的假设、主观愿望或建议，谓语动词需用特殊形式。
核心逻辑：通过动词形式变化（如过去式、过去分词、should+动词原形等）体现“非真实”含义。
典型场景：
条件句（如“如果我是你”）
愿望句（如“我希望我能飞”）
建议/命令句（如“他建议我们立刻出发”）
含蓄虚拟（如“but for your help”）
（二）虚拟条件句的核心结构
1. 三种基本时态的虚拟条件句
假设类型 从句谓语形式 主句谓语形式 例句
与现在事实相反 过去式（be动词用were） would/could/might+动词原形 If I were you, I would accept the offer.
与过去事实相反 had+过去分词 would/could/might+have done If you had studied hard, you would have passed.
与将来事实相反 ①过去式 ②should+动词原形 would/could/might+动词原形 If it rained tomorrow, we would stay at home.
2. 混合虚拟语气（从句与主句时态不一致）
例句：
If you had studied hard before, you would know the answer now.
（从句：与过去相反；主句：与现在相反）
3. 虚拟条件句的省略与倒装
省略if：若从句含were/should/had，可省略if并将were/should/had提前至句首。
If I were you... → Were I you...
If you should fail... → Should you fail...
If he had known... → Had he known...
4. 含蓄虚拟条件句（无if引导词）
通过介词短语表达：
but for（要不是）、without（没有）、otherwise（否则）
But for your help, I would have failed.（=If you hadn’t helped me...）
通过上下文暗示：
I was busy yesterday. Otherwise, I would have come.（=If I hadn’t been busy...）
（三）名词性从句中的虚拟语气
1. 宾语从句
表建议、命令、要求的动词（如suggest, order, require, insist）：
从句用**(should)+动词原形**，should可省略。
He suggested that we (should) start early.
The teacher ordered that the classroom (should) be cleaned immediately.
注意：insist表“坚持认为”时用陈述语气，表“坚持要求”时用虚拟语气。
He insisted that he was right.（陈述语气）
He insisted that I (should) apologize.（虚拟语气）
2. 主语从句
固定句型：
It is necessary/important/strange that...
It is suggested/recommended that...
从句用**(should)+动词原形**。
It is important that we (should) protect the environment.
It is suggested that the meeting (should) be postponed.
3. 表语从句与同位语从句
当先行词为suggestion, advice, request等表“建议、要求”的名词时，从句用**(should)+动词原形**。
My suggestion is that we (should) go there on foot.（表语从句）
We all agree with his advice that we (should) start at once.（同位语从句）
（四）特殊句式中的虚拟语气
1. wish引导的愿望句
愿望类型 从句谓语形式 例句
与现在相反 过去式（be动词用were） I wish I were a bird.
与过去相反 had+过去分词 I wish I had taken your advice.
与将来相反 would/could+动词原形 I wish I would succeed next time.
2. as if/as though引导的方式状语从句
与事实相反时用虚拟语气：
He talks as if he knew everything.（与现在相反）
She acted as though she had seen a ghost.（与过去相反）
若与事实相符，用陈述语气：
It looks as if it is going to rain.（可能真的会下雨）
3. It’s (high/about) time that...（该做某事了）
从句用过去式或should+动词原形（should不可省略）。
It’s time that we went/should go to bed.
4. If only...（要是……就好了）
用法同wish，强调遗憾或愿望。
If only I were younger.（与现在相反）
If only I had not missed the train.（与过去相反）
（五）情态动词+have done的虚拟用法
结构 含义 例句
should have done 本应该做（实际未做） You should have told me earlier.
could have done 本能够做（实际未做） I could have passed the exam if I had studied.
might have done 本可能做（实际未做） He might have arrived by now.
needn’t have done 本不必做（实际做了） You needn’t have bought so many gifts.
三、高频考点与易错点解析
考点1：虚拟条件句的时态与倒装
例题：
______ for the doctor’s advice, he would have died.
A. If it not were B. Were it not C. Had it not been D. If they were not
答案：C
解析：与过去相反的虚拟，省略if后had提前，结构为Had it not been for...（要不是因为……）。
考点2：宾语从句的虚拟语气（suggest的双重用法）
例题：
The doctor suggested that he ______ smoking.
A. stop B. stops C. stopped D. to stop
答案：A
解析：suggest表“建议”时，从句用(should)+动词原形，should省略，选stop。
考点3：混合虚拟语气
例题：
If you ______ hard before, you ______ worried about the exam now.
A. studied; wouldn’t be B. had studied; wouldn’t be
C. studied; wouldn’t have been D. had studied; wouldn’t have been
答案：B
解析：从句与过去相反（had studied），主句与现在相反（wouldn’t be），属混合虚拟。
易错点：虚拟语气与陈述语气的混淆
误例：
If it will rain tomorrow, we will stay at home.
正解：
If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.（真实条件句，用陈述语气）
解析：真实条件句（可能发生的事）用一般现在时表将来，虚拟条件句（不可能发生的事）才用过去式。
四、专项训练
（一）基础巩固：单句填空（每小题1分，共10分）
1. If I ______ (be) you, I would accept the invitation.
2. If he ______ (study) hard, he would have passed the exam.
3. The teacher suggested that we ______ (clean) the classroom at once.
4. It is necessary that he ______ (be) present at the meeting.
5. I wish I ______ (can) fly to the moon one day.
6. If it ______ (rain) tomorrow, we ______ (stay) at home.（虚拟语气）
7. He talks as if he ______ (know) all the secrets.
8. It’s time that we ______ (go) to school.
9. Without your help, I ______ (fail) the exam.
10. If only I ______ (not make) such a mistake yesterday.
（二）能力提升：单选题（每小题2分，共30分）
1. If I ______ enough money, I would buy a car.
A. have B. had C. will have D. have had
2. The doctor ordered that the patient ______ immediately.
A. operate B. be operated on C. operates D. operated
3. ______ it rain tomorrow, we would cancel the picnic.
A. Should B. Would C. Could D. Might
4. I wish I ______ to the party last night.
A. went B. have gone C. had gone D. would go
5. It is strange that he ______ so.
A. think B. thinks C. thought D. thinking
6. Without electricity, human life ______ quite different today.
A. is B. will be C. would be D. would have been
7. He spoke as if he ______ for years.
A. has lived B. lived C. had lived D. is living
8. If only I ______ your advice!
A. took B. have taken C. had taken D. would take
9. It’s high time that we ______ action.
A. take B. took C. will take D. have taken
10. They suggested that the meeting ______ in a week.
A. hold B. be held C. held D. would be held
11. ______ for the heavy snow, we would have arrived on time.
A. If it were not B. Had it not been C. Without D. But for
12. I ______ you a valuable present for your birthday, but I was short of money.
A. would give B. would have given C. must give D. should give
13. If you ______ me earlier, I wouldn’t have missed the chance.
A. told B. had told C. tell D. would tell
14. The manager insisted that the problem ______ at once.
A. solves B. solved C. solve D. be solved
15. She looks as if she ______ ten years younger.
A. is B. were C. will be D. had been
（三）高考真题实战（每小题3分，共15分）
1.（2023全国卷）If I ______ you, I would not miss the job interview tomorrow.
A. am B. were C. was D. had been
2.（2022新高考）It is recommended that students ______ at least one hour a day for sports.
A. spend B. spent C. would spend D. have spent
3.（2021北京卷）______ it rain, the crops would be saved.
A. Should B. Would C. Could D. Might
4.（2020江苏卷）He talks as if he ______ the project himself, but in fact he knew nothing about it.
A. designed B. has designed C. had designed D. would design
5.（2019浙江卷）If you ______ to see Mary, what would you tell her
A. are B. will be C. were D. have been
（四）翻译与写作（共20分）
1. 翻译句子（每小题5分，共10分）：
① 如果我是你，我会抓住这个机会。
② 他建议我们应该用另一种方法解决问题。
2. 句式升级（用虚拟语气改写句子，每小题5分，共10分）：
① I didn’t study hard, so I failed the exam.（虚拟条件句）
② It’s necessary for us to wear masks.（主语从句虚拟）
（五）改错（每小题2分，共10分）
1. If I had time, I will go with you.
2. The teacher suggested that we must finish the work at once.
3. If only I have seen the film yesterday.
4. It’s time that we go to bed.
5. Without your help, I would fail the exam last week.
五、答案解析与易错提醒
（一）基础巩固答案
1. were 2. had studied 3. (should) clean 4. (should) be 5. could
2. rained; would stay 7. knew 8. went/should go 9. would have failed 10. had not made
易错点：
第3题：suggest表“建议”时，从句用(should)+动词原形，不可用must。
第9题：without表含蓄虚拟，与过去相反用would have done。
（二）能力提升答案
1. B
解析：与现在相反的虚拟，从句用过去式had。
2. B
解析：order后的宾语从句用(should) be done，选be operated on。
3. A
解析：与将来相反的虚拟，省略if后should提前，选Should。
4. C
解析：wish与过去相反，用had gone。
5. A
解析：It is strange that...结构中，从句用(should) think，should省略。
6. C
解析：without表含蓄虚拟，与现在相反，主句用would be。
7. C
解析：as if与过去相反，用had lived。
8. C
解析：If only与过去相反，用had taken。
9. B
解析：It’s high time that...用过去式took或should take（should不可省，此处选took）。
10. B
解析：suggest后的宾语从句用(should) be held，选be held。
11. B
解析：与过去相反的虚拟，省略if后had提前，选Had it not been。
12. B
解析：与过去相反的虚拟，主句用would have given。
13. B
解析：与过去相反的虚拟，从句用had told。
14. D
解析：insist表“坚持要求”，从句用(should) be solved。
15. B
解析：as if与现在相反，用were。
（三）高考真题答案
4. C
解析：as if引导的从句与过去事实相反（他实际没参与项目），用过去完成时had designed。
5. C
解析：与将来相反的虚拟条件句，从句用过去式were。
（四）翻译与写作答案
1. ① If I were you, I would seize this opportunity.
② He suggested that we (should) solve the problem in another way.
2. ① If I had studied hard, I would not have failed the exam.
② It is necessary that we (should) wear masks.
（五）改错答案
1. will→would
解析：与现在相反的虚拟，主句用would+动词原形。
2. 删除must或改为should
解析：suggest后的虚拟语气用(should)+动词原形，不可用must。
3. have seen→had seen
解析：If only与过去相反，用had+过去分词。
4. go→went/should go
解析：It’s time that...结构中，从句用过去式或should+动词原形（should不可省略）。
5. would fail→would have failed
解析：last week提示与过去相反的虚拟，主句用would have done。
六、备考策略与资源推荐
（一）记忆口诀（快速掌握核心规则）
“虚拟语气表假设，动词形式要记牢；
条件句分三时态，现在过去将来别；
宾从建议命令类，(should)+动原莫忘记；
wish后面接虚拟，过去完成表过去；
as if从句看事实，真实陈述虚假虚；
It’s time that过去式，含蓄虚拟by短语。”
（二）每日训练计划
时间 任务 示例题目
早晨 背诵5个虚拟语气经典例句，强化时态结构 Had I known the truth, I would have told you.It is vital that we (should) act now.
午休 专攻1类难点（如混合虚拟/倒装省略） 分析真题中混合虚拟语气的时间逻辑（如从句过去、主句现在）
晚上 翻译6个句子并对照答案，总结虚拟语气与陈述语气的区别 将真实条件句改为虚拟条件句：If it snows, we’ll build a snowman. → If it snowed, we would build a snowman.
周末 限时完成1篇语法填空或写作，刻意运用虚拟语气提升句式深度 用虚拟语气写一段“假设过去”的短文：If I had known the importance of reading earlier...
（三）推荐资源
1. 语法书：《薄冰高级英语语法》虚拟语气章节（详细解析各类句式）
2. 真题集：《高考英语真题逐题精讲》（分类整理近5年虚拟语气考点）
3. 在线工具：
剑桥英语语法网（Grammar in Use）虚拟语气专题
网易有道《高考英语虚拟语气专项课》（结合语境讲解用法）
4. 写作模板：
假设论证：If everyone took responsibility, the world would be a better place.
建议表达：It is advisable that we (should) strike a balance between study and relaxation.
（四）写作提升：虚拟语气在书面表达中的高级应用
1. 假设论证增强说服力
普通表达：
We didn’t start early, so we missed the train.
高级表达：
Had we started early, we would not have missed the train.
（用倒装虚拟句强调“未早出发”的遗憾，句式更紧凑）
2. 委婉建议提升表达礼貌性
普通表达：
You should listen to your parents.
高级表达：
It is suggested that you (should) listen to your parents’ advice.
（用主语从句虚拟语气，语气更委婉正式）
3. 情感表达强化感染力
示例：
If only I could turn back time and cherish every moment with my grandparents.
（用If only表达对过去的遗憾，情感更真挚）
（五）常见错误规避表
错误类型 典型错误例句 正确表达 规避策略
时态混淆 If I will be free, I would go with you. If I were free, I would go with you. 牢记虚拟条件句中，与现在相反用过去式
should冗余 He suggested that we should must go at once. He suggested that we (should) go at once. 虚拟语气中should与must不可连用，保留其一
倒装结构错误 Had not he helped me, I would have failed. Had he not helped me, I would have failed. 倒装时否定词not应放在主语后，非助动词后
陈述语气误用 I wish I have a lot of money. I wish I had a lot of money. wish与现在相反用过去式，不可用现在时
含蓄虚拟遗漏 But for your help, I fail the exam. But for your help, I would have failed. 含蓄虚拟需搭配would/could+have done（过去）
七、高考高频考点专项突破
考点1：虚拟条件句的倒装与省略
例题：
______ it not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.
A. Were B. If C. Had D. Should
答案：A
解析：原句为If it were not for...，省略if后were提前，选Were。
考点2：名词性从句的虚拟语气（insist的双重用法）
例题：
The man insisted that he ______ nothing wrong and ______ set free at once.
A. did; be B. had done; was C. had done; be D. did; was
答案：C
解析：insist表“坚持认为”时（第一空）用陈述语气had done，表“坚持要求”时（第二空）用虚拟语气(should) be set free，选had done; be。
考点3：情态动词+have done的虚拟用法
例题：
You ______ the work yesterday, but you didn’t.
A. should finish B. should have finished
C. must finish D. can finish
答案：B
解析：表“本应完成（实际未完成）”，用should have done，选should have finished。
八、总结：虚拟语气解题三步法
1. 第一步：判断是否为虚拟语境
若句子表达“假设、愿望、建议”等非真实含义，大概率用虚拟语气。
2. 第二步：确定虚拟类型及时态
条件句：判断与现在/过去/将来相反，选择对应时态。
名词性从句：根据动词/形容词/名词类型，确定是否用(should)+动词原形。
3. 第三步：检查特殊结构
倒装：是否省略if，助动词是否正确提前。
省略：名词性从句中should是否可省略（建议类动词可省，It’s time that不可省）。
混合虚拟：从句与主句时态是否匹配（如过去+现在）。
通过系统学习虚拟语气的各类句式、时态变化及高频考点，结合每日针对性训练与写作应用，你将逐步掌握这一难点语法。记住：多通过例句体会“非真实”语境，多在写作中尝试运用，高考中定能精准应对虚拟语气题目！
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