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主旨大意解题技巧
每篇文章都有一个主旨大意。主旨大意题对考生的归纳、概括能力有一定的要求。文章主旨大意一般有四种呈现形式：文首、文中、文尾、不明确给出(需要总结)。做这种题要掌握以下技巧：通读文章，重点把握首末段、首末句；作者反复强调的观点或文章中多次出现的词句通常是主旨；注意文中therefore, thus, but, however, in short, to sum up等表达转折或总结的词语。主旨大意题是对整篇文章或者文章中个别段落大意的概括，属于高难度、高区分度的题目。常见的提问方式是：What is the text mainly about 或Which of the following can be the best title for the text
主旨大意题
主旨大意题需要考生在阅读并理解全文的基础上，对文章内容或段落内容进行归纳概括，强调整体。该题型常见的设问方式和解题方法如下所示：
标题类：The best title/heading for the passage/paragraph is...
中心思想类：What’s the passage mainly about /What does the passage mainly tell us
段落概括类：What’s the main idea of the first paragraph
陷阱：①注意以偏概全不能选②范围太大不能选③注意段落大意，看清段落不要误选
1.关键词法/主题词法
Do you know that over 1/3 of all food produced in the world goes to waste According to the United Nations (UN), every year around the world, about one billion (十亿) tons of food is wasted. At the same time, there are nearly one billion people who go hungry. Simply 1/4 of the food wasted is enough to keep them out of hunger. In addition, the wasted food produces over three billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2), which speeds up climate (气候) change. What can we do to solve this food waste problem
One effective solution is balancing food production with demand (需求). In hotels and other similar places, special instruments should be used so that cooking specialists just prepare and cook food as it is ordered.
Another effective solution is starting programs to reduce (减少) food waste. Stores and buyers can try their best to be creative in food waste reduction. For example, stores can provide customers with instructions telling them how to make full use of food. Buyers can try not fixing their eyes only on food of the best quality (质量). Sometimes, the food of non-top quality is also good enough to eat, or can be bought and then used to make delicious dishes.
One of the hardest solutions to achieve is for each and every one to buy and prepare food with a plan of their own so that less food is wasted. Challenging as it is, the use of meal plans in preparing food can play an important role in ending food waste in the family.
Food recycling is one of the known solutions. Efforts are now already in progress. Food that is not safe for humans to eat is recycled into other products such as animal feeds and clothing. Yet, there is still a long way to go and much for improvement in this area.
In a word, food waste has been one of the biggest problems in the world that have influenced us greatly. Many solutions have been found and many more are yet to be worked out. If each of us can put in more efforts, food waste is sure to be reduced for the good of our future.
问：What is the passage mainly about
A. Benefits of reducing food waste.
B. Solutions to the food waste problem.
C. The importance of fighting food waste.
D. The attitude to the food waste problem.
2.关键句法/主题句法
All the results proved our theory（假设） true.But putting it into practice can be difficult. Our fast-paced lifestyles fill the day with goals. We try to get the highest output both at work and in spare time. This focus on future outcomes makes it all too easy to miss what is happening right now. We should slow down and let life surprise us.
问：What does the last paragraph mainly tell us
A. It is easier for results-driven people to achieve success.
B. We often turn a blind eye to the present moment.
C. A fast-paced lifestyle helps us reach our goals.
D. Future life will bring us many more surprises.
3.段意组合法/篇章结构法
What does it mean to be green Green is more than just a color. It also means taking special steps to protect the environment. Buying a green product is a small step everyone can take. Deciding whether a product is green, however, isn’t always easy. We need to consider the whole life cycle of the product even after it’s of no use. Here is what we may keep in mind.
The materials of a product are usually our first focus (关注). What is it made of Are there any harmful chemicals in it Green products are made of more natural materials which are free from harmful chemicals, so they can be good for our physical health.
Packaging is important. How is a product packaged Is it over packaged We’d better choose glass, metal and paper packaging, as these can be reused or more easily recycled (回收利用). We can also look for less packaging or even choose unbagged products whenever possible.
Location (地点) matters. Where was a product produced Where are we buying it Think about how much energy was used to get it to us try to choose local products. When it comes to food, it is a good idea to order directly from local farmer, shop at markets and buy fruits in season. Buying from stores near our houses is also a good choice, because we can go there without driving a car.
Look into what the company tells us about their product. It’s easy to say that a product is “green” or “all natural” but the words may be too good to be true. So, much of the information about a product should be taken with a grain of salt. After all, companies try to make us believe that their products are environmentally responsible.
The greenest thing is certainly the one we don’t buy. Things like food and clothing are necessary for life. But many others are not. Better than buying is choosing to leave an unnecessary product in the store and doing without. It sends a message to the producer, keeps money in our pockets, reduces (减少) waste and keeps the planet healthy.
问：Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
A. Buying Green B. Recycling Waste
C. Keeping Healthy D. Reducing Energy Use
一
(2024大湾区二模，B)Light is wonderful and amazing. Light from the Sun is the most important of all. Stars give off their own light. The Moon does not make its own light. It can only reflect light from the Sun. Lightning zigzags （曲折前行） through storm clouds, making a very bright light. People who live near the North and South Poles sometimes can see the aurora （极光） in the sky. Some animals like fireflies and many sea animals are able to give off light themselves! Chemicals inside their bodies react to give off light.
However, plenty of light we see every day does not come from nature. It is artificial light. Artificial light is important. It allows people to work and travel at night. Headlights on our cars allow us to see the road at night. Streetlights help us to walk safely along the sidewalk. Airplanes take off and land on lighted runways. Artificial light makes our homes safer and more comfortable. It makes our lives easier and more fun. It enables us to have entertainment such as movies, video games, and TV. Artificial light has another important job. It can be used to carry information from one place to another.
Take a moment to notice the light and enjoy its beauty and wonder! Go outside on a sunny day. Feel the warmth of the Sun on your skin. Look at the stars in the night sky. When staying indoors, count the number of artificial light sources that you and your family use.
1．Where is this passage most probably from
A. A storybook. B. An art magazine.
C. A guidebook. D. A science magazine.
2．How do fireflies and many sea animals make light
A. By looking at the stars.
B. By reflecting the moonlight.
C. By living near the Poles.
D. By using the chemicals in their bodies.
3．What does the underlined word “artificial” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A. Bright. B. Special. C. Man-made. D. Handmade.
4．From the second paragraph, we can learn that ______.
A. light can make our lives better
B. light from streetlights comes from nature
C. artificial light is the most important of all
D. natural light can be used to carry information
5．Which can be the best title for the passage
A. The Wonder of Light B. The Use of Artificial Light
C. Different Kinds of Light D. The Importance of Natural Light
二
[2024江苏苏州改编]
China has become the world’s largest producer and market of EVs（电车）. According to a report, 9.587 million Chinese-made EVs were produced and 9.495 million were sold in 2023. Among the total sales, 1.2 million EVs were exported（出口）.
The Chinese government has been encouraging EVs as part of its effort for green, high-quality development. As a result, China’s EV industry develops very quickly. At Auto（汽车） China 2004, BYD was the only company showing EVs there. At Auto China 2024, there were 278 different EV models on show, including BYD, SAIC, Geely, Li Auto, Nio, Xpeng and other brands（品牌）.
China’s EV industry is now facing both challenges and chances. It’s reported that 71% of EV brands cut prices in 2023. EV makers without the ability of innovation（创新） will face growing risks. In order to be both green and smart, Chinese EV makers are trying hard to improve technologies like battery qualities and AI support. At the same time, the government is adding even more charging points（充电站）. On the other hand, more Chinese people are aware of the environmental problems. It is encouraging more buyers to choose EVs.
EVs are the way of the future. In an ideal world, everyone benefits from innovation and green transport. Some might get there sooner than others, and will gain greater rewards. It is very likely that China will hold the lead.
1．How many Chinese-made EVs were sold in China in 2023
A. 8.387 million. B. 9.495 million. C. 8.295 million.
2．What is the purpose of Paragraph 2
A. To introduce different EV brands in China.
B. To give some information about Auto China.
C. To show the development of China’s EV industry.
3．EV makers can most probably reduce growing risks by ▲.
A. improving the innovation ability
B. winning the government’s support
C. adding more charging points
4．What’s the writer’s attitude（态度） towards the future of China’s EV industry
A. Uncertain. B. Hopeful. C. Doubtful.
三
（2024广州一模，B）
For 16-year-old Ma Yifei, the violin performance of the Beijing 2022 Olympics theme song, Snowflake, was her best present for Paralympians （残奥会运动员） all over the world. Though snowflakes were related to winter, she let others feel warmth, hope and light through her performance.
Ma went blind at the age of two because of an illness. She fell in love with music when she was young. She began to learn to play the piano at five and the violin at nine, experiencing the “colorful” music through sound and emotion.
Ma's mother Ha Chunyan, was a music teacher in a primary school and helped her memorize the music score （乐谱） before she played the piano. Ma could not see the keys and always played the wrong notes. It took her thousands of tries to play a piece correctly.
Learning the violin was more challenging. Ma needed to feel the teacher's hands, arms and back to learn the movements, and listen to the strings （弦） over and over again to feel the muscles （肌肉） herself.
“After three years of learning, she still could not make any sound except terrible noises,” said Ha, who advised her daughter to give up the violin. But Ma said, “As I've been practising so long, it's hard to give up. I believe I will play better if I persist in practising.”
In 2018, Ma got a chance to follow two famous musicians Sheng Yuan and Cao Yuhan from the Central Conservatory of Music and study music in Beijing. She left her home in Ningxia to follow her musical dream, though she knew there would be more challenges ahead.
Ma expressed her excitement about performing at the big event. “All my hard work has paid off. I'm proud of standing on the stage today.”
1．How does the writer describe Ma's difficulties in learning the violin
A. By questioning. B. By listing numbers.
C. By offering advice. D. By giving examples.
2．Which is the correct order according to the passage
a.Ma got a chance to study music in Beijing.
b.Ma performed the Beijing 2022 Olympic Games theme song.
c.Ma began to learn to play the piano.
d.Ma went blind because of an illness.
A. c-b-d-a B. a-d-c-b C. d-c-a-b D. b-d-c-a
3．What does the underlined phrase “persist in” probably mean in paragraph 5
A. Keep on. B. End up.
C. Take part in. D. Look forward to.
4．What does Ma's story tell us
A. Handsome is as handsome does. B. There is no place like home.
C. Practice makes perfect. D. A good friend is like a mirror.
四．[2024长沙一模]C
Imagine taking a flying taxi to the airport, or jumping over crowded city streets at rush hour, getting where you want to go far away faster than you could in a car. Believe it or not, you might be able to do these things in an air taxi sooner than you think.
An air taxi is something like a helicopter（直升机） that can carry people from place to place. And it can go straight up and down without a long runway.
An American company called Joby Aviation has started testing their new air taxis. This is the first time they’ve tested a taxi that’s been built in a factory. Before that, all their taxis were made by hand. By 2025, Joby hopes to start carrying passengers for money. They’ve teamed up with Delta Air Lines to create a program to fly people from their homes to the airport. Besides the pilot, Joby’s air taxis can carry four other passengers. They can go around 100 miles before the electric batteries（电池） need to be recharged.
Compared with helicopters, Joby says their air taxis are both quieter and cheaper.
Although the idea of flying taxis is exciting, some people are still concerned about them. The air taxis may be quieter than helicopters, but they’ll still add noise and traffic to our skies. Some people worry that only rich people will be able to afford to use them.
It seems likely that air taxis will be part of the future travel. But there’s still a lot to do before air taxis become common.
1．How does the writer begin the passage
A. By raising questions.
B. By imagining scenes.
C. By explaining reasons.
2．What can we learn about Joby Aviation’s new taxis according to Paragraph 3
A. They’re made by hand.
B. They can fly 100 miles per hour.
C. They can carry five people in total at one time.
3．What does the underlined word “concerned” mean in Paragraph 5
A. Worried. B. Nervous. C. Hopeless.
4．What is the best title for the passage
A. A new flying taxi
B. A perfect travel means
C. A new helicopter
五
(2024深圳一模，C)A broken heart. A sad ending to something. That's something most of us have experienced, or probably will. After all, it's part of life. But no question, this experience can be devastating. Many people may find it difficult to get it over. But research shows listening to sad music is a good way to help you go through the sadness.
Sad music can help cheer you up from your broken heart. A recent study from Germany found listening to sad music can trigger（触发） your emotions. It draws you away from focusing on yourself and possibly towards helping others in need of comfort.
Another experiment, from the University of Kent, found that when people were experiencing sadness, listening to music that was “beautiful but sad” raised their spirits. In fact, it did so when the person was first consciously （有意识地） aware of the situation causing their sadness, and then began listening to the sad music. When people wished that the sad music might help, they found it did.
These findings link with other studies that show accepting your full experience gives you hope. For example, research from Cornell University found that embracing （拥抱） difficulties about a life experience or new situation and viewing it as a step towards growth and change help you to pass through it.
1．What does the underlined word “devastating” in Paragraph 1 probably mean
A. Painful. B. Shameful. C. Hopeful. D. Cheerful.
2．What's the main idea of Paragraph 3
A. Sad music is usually beautiful.
B. Sad music can help you feel better.
C. Helping others is good for your mood.
D. Everyone experiences difficulties in their life.
3．What can you learn from Paragraph 3
A. People in sadness prefer sad music.
B. The University of Kent did an experiment on students.
C. When people think sad music can be good, it will help.
D. The benefits of sad music have been studied clearly by scientists.
4．According to Paragraph 4, what helps people pass through difficulties
A. Listening to music.
B. Asking friends for help.
C. Communicating with people.
D. Taking difficulties as a kind of growth.
5．Which is the best title of the passage
A. When people like to listen to sad music
B. What type of music people should listen
C. How people should pass through the sadness and difficulties
D. Why listening to sad music helps people in sadness feel better
六
[2024杭州二模]
Everyone knows that friendships are important. We all need our best friends. Best friends share good times and bad. We tell our close friends our secrets. But what about casual friends They are the friends we see only now and then. They are our classmates, the customers at the cafe, or the neighbor walking his dog. When we have a lot of casual friends, it improves our lives in several ways.
First, casual friends make us happy. We talk to them at the bus stop or the farm stand. We feel like we are part of a community. Research shows that the more casual friends we have, the more positive we feel. In one study, students felt much happier when they talked to more classmates than usual. These low-key（低调的） friendships become very important as we get older. We have the most friends at age 25, but the number goes down after that. As we get older, we have fewer friendships and can feel alone. But we feel less lonely when we have many casual friends.
Second, casual friends connect us to other groups of people. They tell us about fun activities and possible jobs. In fact, people are more likely to get a job through a casual friend than a close friend. Casual friends introduce us to their other friends. They help when we want to know about good restaurants or exciting movies. Research shows that casual friendships are a good way to spread all kinds of information.
Finally, casual friends introduce us to a variety of new ideas. Our best friends often think like us, but casual friends may have very different opinions. When we talk to different people, we learn new ways of seeing the world. It makes us kinder and more understanding.
To have a better life, make more casual friends. Talk more to strangers. These people can become casual friends. Over time, casual friends can become close friends. And the more friends you have, the happier you'll be. Casual friends may be the secret to a happy life.
1．What are casual friends
A. Friends we see only sometimes.
B. Friends we share good times with.
C. Friends we often tell our secrets to.
D. Friends we have known for a long time.
2．Why are casual friends important as we get older
A. Because we have more time to spend with them.
B. Because they are easier to have than close friends.
C. Because we have fewer friends and may feel alone.
D. Because they share other neighbors' secrets with us.
3．How do casual friends help us get new ways of thinking
A. By introducing different new ideas to us.
B. By making us feel like we are relatives.
C. By providing us with more possible jobs.
D. By introducing us to their other friends.
4．Which of the following best shows the structure of the text （P=paragraph）
A. B.
C. D.
七
（2023广州，C）
Computer scientist Mary has an idea for a new robot to help her work with children. How should it look The robot should have arms to be able to lift things. And if it is going to communicate with people, it will also need a face. Scientists believe that giving a robot a face can make it seem more friendly. Humans would also like to pay more attention to robots with faces. But what kind
For Mary, she wants to make sure that her new robot doesn't look too much like a human. She wants people to just treat it as a machine-person. If it looks more like a human than a machine, she thinks users might find it a bit creepy and feel afraid. Mary also believes that robot faces don't need to look a lot like ours. Her research shows that we can enjoy communicating with robots whether or not they look like humans, because our brains are able to look for faces. Just put two circles on top of a robot's body, and we will see a face.
Dave feels differently. He believes that although at first we might be afraid when seeing a robot with a lifelike face, we may soon get used to it. If robots are going to work closely with humans, they should look as much like us as possible. After all, faces are an important part of the way we communicate.
To make his robots look as much like real people as possible, Dave invented a special skin（皮肤） for their faces. With this skin, robots can show human-like expressions and appear to be angry, sad, happy or surprised. Dave's robots are also programmed to copy expressions. How Just imagine his robot is looking at you. The cameras in its eyes send pictures of your face to its central computer!
1．Why do scientists think a robot needs a face
A. It will become more beautiful.
B. It can do better in lifting things.
C. It will pay more attention to children.
D. It can better communicate with people.
2．What does the underlined word “creepy” mean in paragraph 2
A. Uncomfortable to look at. B. Impossible to touch.
C. Boring to talk to. D. Difficult to understand.
3．Which of the following would Dave most probably agree with
A. People should treat robots as humans.
B. Robots need to express their own feelings.
C. Robots shouldn't look too much like humans.
D. People can easily accept robots with human faces.
4．What is the purpose of the passage
A. To explain the reasons why robots should have faces.
B. To suggest what humans can do with robots with faces.
C. To share ideas on what kind of faces robots should have.
D. To show how scientists invent robots with different faces.
八
（2024深圳二模，C）
Known as the “air taxi”, the eVTOL aircraft （电动垂直起降飞行器） completed its first inter-city flight on February 27th. The flight started from Shekou Port in Shenzhen to Jiuzhou Port in Zhuhai. It took about 20 minutes for the over 55-kilometer trip. Developed by a high-tech company, the electric-powered aircraft is able to carry five people at a speed of 200 kilometers per hour.
If this technology can be widely used in air transportation, it will bring great convenience to us. As more and more people have their own cars, we always spend hours being stuck in the street. If this new invention can carry passengers in daily life, electric air taxis will work as a solution to our congested cities. We will then live and work in three dimensions （维度）.
However, the industry will need to deal with a lot of difficulties. Laws, costs and public acceptance stand in the way of the widespread use of air taxis, according to Tim Schwanen, who is the director of the Transport Studies Unit at the University of Oxford.
“In some ways, technology isn't the most difficult part,” Schwanen said. “There are problems around laws and costs, and there are problems around markets. Do we want these services Do we need them ”
Besides, car designer Frank Stephenson, who designs Lilium's aircraft, said companies must take safety into their first consideration （考虑）. “The moment when one of these things has a problem, you're going to lose a lot of public confidence and trust,” he said.
1．What can we know about the first inter-city flight of eVTOL aircraft
A. It started from Jiuzhou Port in Zhuhai.
B. It took less than half an hour for the trip.
C. It was powered by petrol or fossil oil.
D. It could carry as many people as a plane.
2．What does the underlined word “congested” in paragraph 2 mean
A. Tourist. B. Highly-developed.
C. Crowded. D. Ancient.
3．Among all the difficulties, which one isn't the difficult part for the air taxi industry
A. Laws. B. Markets. C. Costs. D. Technology.
4．What does Frank Stephenson want to emphasize （强调） in the last paragraph
A. The safety of passengers is important to the air taxi companies.
B. Companies should provide lower prices to win public trust.
C. The public should have confidence in the safety of the eVTOL aircraft.
D. The technology is very likely to have a problem in the future.
5．How can the passage be divided into （①=paragraph 1; ②=paragraph 2; ...）
A. ① ②③ ④⑤ B. ① ②③④ ⑤
C. ① ② ③④⑤ D. ①② ③ ④⑤
九
[2024长沙一模]C
As a kind of popular dance of the Dai people in Yunnan Province, the elephant-foot drum dance is based on the Dai martial arts（武术） and is mainly performed by males（男性）. A traditional musical instrument called the elephant-foot drum is played in the dance. This dance was first used to welcome the new year. Now it is a way for the Dai people to show their joy as well as their culture. It also shows that the Dai people are friendly.
Xie Wenping, an experienced drum maker, said that making an elephant-foot drum is not easy and it takes about 3 months. After picking the wood, Xie needs to carve（雕刻） the wood into an elephant-leg-like shape and make the inside empty. The drum surface is made of cow leather（牛皮）, which needs several steps such as leather selection（选择）, cleaning, air-drying. Then comes the painting. The finishing steps include tuning（调音） and polishing the leather.
Bo Hanbing, 61, has been interested in the elephant-foot drum dance since his childhood. He started to learn the dance at 14. After years of practice, he has become a famous dancer and is invited to perform at all kinds of festivals and ceremonies（典礼）. Under his influence, many young people come to learn the dance. He has taught lots of students and some of them even become masters and have their own students. Through their efforts, more and more people are deeply interested in this traditional art.
Both Xie and Bo think it is their responsibility to carry on the dance. In their opinion, all of the Dai elephant-foot drum dancers will continue to pass on this great traditional art in their own way.
1．What do we know about the elephant-foot drum dance from Paragraph 1
A. It’s a traditional dance in Hunan Province.
B. It’s usually performed by both men and women.
C. It’s a way to show the Dai people’s joy and their culture.
2．What does Xie Wenping think of the process of making an elephant-foot drum
A. Exciting. B. Challenging. C. Creative.
3．Why does the writer mention Bo Hanbing in Paragraph 3
A. To introduce the history of the elephant-foot drum dance.
B. To explain the importance of the elephant-foot drum dance.
C. To show how dancers pass on this great art through their efforts.
4．What is the structure（结构） of the passage
A. B. C.
十
[2022丽水,C]
When you, as a child, first picked up a crayon, a line might have been the first mark you made. You use lines to write numbers, symbols, and the letters of the alphabet. The lines on a map help you find the best route from one place to another. You use lines to draw pictures.
▲ You can see lines in the grain（纹理） of a piece of wood or in the cracks on a sidewalk. You can see lines outside a building or in the field. Lines are used to create words, numbers, and symbols. They are also used to create art. In drawing, the line is an element（要素） of art that is the path of a moving point through space.
Artists use lines to lead your eyes through a work of art. They create lines in many ways. A line can be drawn on paper with a pencil or scratched into wet clay with a stick. Depending on its direction, a line can express different ideas or feelings. This is why the line is an important element in the language of art.
Lines are used to express different images in Chinese calligraphic drawings. The word calligraphy means beautiful handwriting. In China, calligraphy is used to form characters （汉字） that represent the language. However, characters are more than just a letter of the alphabet. They are like pictures. They can represent an idea, an object, or a verbal sound.
Calligraphic lines are usually made with brushstrokes that change from thin to thick in one stroke. To make a very thin line, artists use the tip of the brush. As you press on the brush and more of it touches the paper, the line becomes wider. （See the painting on the right, the long, flowing leaves of the orchid ［兰花］ plant in the rocks are made with one flowing brushstroke. ）
Now practice making calligraphic lines with ink or watercolor paint. Use brushes, both thin and thick, to draw a leaf or a vegetable with lines.
1．The passage mainly talks about ______.
A. lines B. calligraphy C. paintings D. brushstrokes
2．Which of the following can be put in ▲ in Paragraph 2 as a topic sentence？
A. Artists love lines. B. Paintings need lines.
C. Lines are everywhere. D. Lines can do everything.
3．Chinese calligraphic drawing is used as a（an） ______ in the passage.
A. reason B. example C. method D. opinion
4．The passage is most probably taken from a textbook of ______.
A. history B. math C. art D. science
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了艺术的要素——线条。
十一
[2024山东菏泽]C
Orangutan means “person of the forest” in the Malay language. Orangutans are great apes（猿）. Wild orangutans live on two islands—Sumatra and Borneo in Southeast Asia. Orangutans have long and powerful arms, fingers and toes. These help them climb and swing between trees in the rainforest.
Orangutans mostly eat fruit. They also eat leaves, flowers, and sometimes insects. Over 300 different types of food have been found in their diet. Orangutans play a very important role in spreading fruit and plant seeds in the forest. This helps to keep their rainforest home healthy.
Orangutans are smart and intelligent. They create and use tools to get seeds from fruit. They also use tools to catch insects from the insides of trees. Orangutans memorize the rainforest where they live. This helps them know which trees have ripe（成熟的） fruit. They build a sleeping nest each night made of branches（树枝） and leaves.
However, orangutans are in great danger. Scientists say that there are less than 62,000 orangutans remaining in the wild. Young orangutans are sometimes caught and sold as pets. Orangutans are also hunted for food. The biggest problem is that orangutans are losing their homes. Millions of acres of rainforest are cut down each year for palm oil（棕榈油）. Palm oil can be used to make candy bars, cookies, shampoos, soaps, and pet food. Most of the palm oil produced in the world is from Sumatra and Borneo.
Wildlife organizations are working hard to help protect the remaining rainforests. If the rainforests disappear, orangutans will disappear forever.
1．What are orangutans
A. Rainforests. B. Great apes. C. Islands.
2．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about
A. Why orangutans create and use tools.
B. Where orangutans build a sleeping nest.
C. How smart and intelligent orangutans are.
3．Which is the main reason why orangutans are in great danger
A. Orangutans are caught as pets.
B. People hunt orangutans for food.
C. Millions of acres of rainforest are cut down.
4．In which section of a website can we probably read the passage
A. Fantastic Wildlife.
B. Modern Technology.
C. Famous People.
十二
[2024台州一模]
A woolly（羊毛的） coat and a head of human hair have more in common than you might think. Both include keratin fibers（纤维） and both provide warmth. A European company, Human Material Loop, is now questioning why one is worn and the other is wasted. They want to change the clothing industry by turning human hair into a textile（纺织品）.
Every year, Europeans produce 72 million kilograms of human hair waste. When hair waste breaks down in a rubbish bag, it gives off greenhouse gases. Many countries burn this waste, but that's not environmentally friendly, either.
Zsofia Kollar, who started Human Material Loop, explains that using the hair textile is not that different from using any other material. Short and broken hairs are made into textiles and colored. Human Material Loop's first product was a sweater. It had a wool-like feel. The company has also made an outdoor coat and shown its ability to keep the wearer warm. These clothes are not for sale, though. The company's purpose is to get the attention of clothing companies. It hopes that one day they will buy its hair textiles to make their own clothes.
Kollar understands that most people aren't ready to wear human hair on their bodies. They may find the idea strange. But historically, Kollar points out, human hair has been used as a textile in many cultures. In the 13th century, for example, people in what is now the southwestern United States used human hair to make socks. “There is much work to do to get people to accept hair textiles,” Kollar says. “But I can see them coming more and more into our daily lives, over time.”
1．What do a woolly coat and human hair have in common
A. They both have keratin fibers.
B. They are both cheap and useful.
C. They can both keep people cool.
D. They are both good for the environment.
2．What does the underlined word “it” refer to in Paragraph 2
A. The textile. B. The hair waste.
C. The woolly coat. D. The rubbish bag.
3．What can we learn from Paragraphs 3 and 4
A. Using human hair textiles is very different from using others.
B. The sweater made of hair by Human Material Loop sells well.
C. Most people think it smart to wear human hair on their body.
D. Human hair was used as a textile hundreds of years ago.
4．How might Kollar feel about the future of hair textiles
A. Worried. B. Bored. C. Hopeful. D. Uncertain.
本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了欧洲一家名为Human Material Loop的公司正在尝试将人类的头发制成纺织品，用于制作衣物，以此来改变服装行业，同时也解决了人类头发废弃物的污染问题。
十三
（2024广东模拟，B）
Plastic is almost everywhere, but now plastic has been found in an unlikely place: on the backs of hermit crabs（寄居蟹）. It's said that hermit crabs are using plastic litter as shells（壳）. Zuzanna Jagiello, a researcher of the study, said, “For me, a hermit crab in a plastic shell could be an icon of our times. They don't have homes, so they use rubbish.” Jagiello studies the Anthropocene（人类世）. It is the period in which human activity has had a strong influence on the environment. Hermit crabs using plastic waste as shells is one example of that influence.
To protect themselves, hermit crabs wear shells of the dead sea snails（海螺）. But according to the study, at least 386 hermit crabs have been recorded wearing waste. Nearly nine out of every 10 of those crabs were wearing plastic waste, such as bottle caps. The others wore glass or metal. Scientists aren't sure why hermit crabs are choosing litter instead of snail shells. But there are some guesses. Hermit crabs could be turning to litter because they can't find enough snail shells. It's also possible that crabs are choosing plastic because it's light and easy to carry. Or they're interested in its bright colors.
Scientists agree that plastic pollution harms wildlife in many ways. But it isn't clear that the crabs are in any danger. “It's really an amazing example of the beauty of adaptation（适应）， which shows how some animals are dealing with the Anthropocene,” Jagiello says.
1．How does the writer start the passage
A. By listing numbers. B. By raising questions.
C. By presenting facts. D. By explaining reasons.
2．What does the underlined word “icon” in Paragraph 1 mean
A. Reason. B. Sign. C. Hero. D. Problem.
3．Which of the following might a hermit crab use as its shell
A. B.
C. D.
4．Which of the following would Jagiello probably agree with
A. Hermit crabs choose metal because of its bright color.
B. Sea snails prefer plastic bottles to other kinds of waste.
C. Hermit crabs eat sea snails for food and then use their shells.
D. Hermit crabs use plastic as shells to get used to the environment.
5．What is the passage mainly about
A. The living habits of sea animals.
B. The ways of doing scientific research.
C. The new findings about hermit crabs.
D. The pollution caused by plastic products.
十四
（2024河南，C）
An old saying used for forecasting（预测） the weather says, “Red sky at night, sailors' delight. Red sky in the morning, sailors（水手） take warning.” Is the saying true It turns out that it is. A red sky at sunset may mean that there are clear skies to the west, where the sun sets. A red sky at sunrise usually means that the clear weather has already passed, so storms might be coming.
Forecasting the weather has been practiced for thousands of years. In the 5th century BC, the Greeks sent out forecasts to sailors. They used signs in nature to forecast the weather. But today, meteorologists send exact forecasts further in advance（提前）. They use scientific instruments to study weather conditions around the world and make forecasts. Pilots, farmers and many other people depend on these forecasts. Luckily, most of us can simply look on the smart phone or turn on the TV to find out what kind of weather is coming.
If you are looking for some signs of the weather, pay attention to nature. There are two basic rules used in weather forecasting: Weather generally moves from west to east, and low air pressure（压力） usually means rain or snow. So pay attention to the signs. If rainbows form in the west at sunrise, the sun is on the way. Smell the flowers—their smells are stronger in wet air. What are the ants doing Are they moving to higher ground This could mean a drop in air pressure. Are the birds flying low or high Falling air pressure may influence birds' ears, so they fly low. And if the sky is red at sunset, you might plan a picnic for the next day!
1．What is the old saying about
A. The beauty of sunrise. B. The night sky.
C. The signs of the weather. D. The sailors' work.
2．What does the underlined word “meteorologists” mean
A. The persons who give daily weather reports on TV.
B. The persons who carry out research on natural history.
C. The persons who take an interest in plants and animals.
D. The persons who do scientific studies of weather conditions.
3．How does the writer develop his idea in Paragraph 2
A. By listing the reasons for terrible weather.
B. By telling a true story about weather forecasting.
C. By introducing different ways of forecasting the weather.
D. By mentioning the difficulties in forecasting the weather.
4．What do we know from the last paragraph
A. It'll be sunny if ants move to higher places.
B. The smells of flowers are stronger in wet air.
C. Birds fly higher because of the low air pressure.
D. It'll rain if rainbows form in the west at sunrise.
5．What is the writer's purpose in writing the text
A. To encourage people to get close to nature.
B. To express the need for weather forecasting.
C. To explain nature can tell us about the weather.
D. To discuss how important weather forecasting is.
十五
（2024福建，C）
Though oceans cover about 71 percent of the earth's surface, there's still a lot we don't know about them. Only about 20 percent of the seafloor has been mapped, and the remaining 80 percent is still a secret to us. Some scientists even think that 91 percent of sea animals have yet to be discovered.
So why do we know so little about the deep sea Well, getting to those depths is very difficult and requires high technology that simply didn't come into being for most of human history. The first navigable submarine （可驾驶的潜水艇）, for example, was built in 1620, and it couldn't go more than five meters below the surface. In fact, for a long time many scientists didn't even think that there could be any life at depths greater than 550 meters and didn't see much need to explore （探索） the deep sea. However, this changed in 1862 when life was discovered as far down as 945 meters below sea level with the help of a digging machine. Ten years later, around 4,700 species （物种） unknown before from the ocean floor were discovered.
Since then, high technology has been developed to help explore the deep sea, including satellites. But why is deep-sea exploration still so difficult Well, at greater depths it is freezing （极冷的）, everything is completely dark, and the pressure can be over 1,000 times greater than that on the surface.
Though we have the difficulties, it's important that we understand the seas. They help control the earth's temperature and produce half of the oxygen （O2） in the air. They can also provide us with information about climate change. Our future depends on learning more about our oceans, and it is possible for us to really understand what is ongoing below the surface.
1．Why are some numbers listed in Paragraph 1
A. To introduce how important oceans are.
B. To discuss why sea animals have yet to be found out.
C. To explain that oceans cover a large area of the earth.
D. To show that we have only a little understanding of oceans.
2．What caused the change of exploration into the deep sea
A. High technology. B. Unknown species.
C. A pleasant environment. D. Valuable information.
3．What does the underlined word “They” in the last paragraph refer to
A. Sea animals. B. The seas.
C. The satellites. D. Many scientists.
4．What can we learn from the text
A. It is difficult to build a navigable submarine.
B. The seas have a strong influence on our future.
C. The seas have no lives at a depth of 550 meters.
D. It is easier to go into the deep sea than we think.
5．What could be the best title of the text
A. Hidden Treasures in Deep Sea
B. Unlocked Secrets of Deep Sea
C. Deep-Sea Exploration: Into the Freezing Depths
D. Deep-Sea Exploration: The Past and the Future
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21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)主旨大意解题技巧
每篇文章都有一个主旨大意。主旨大意题对考生的归纳、概括能力有一定的要求。文章主旨大意一般有四种呈现形式：文首、文中、文尾、不明确给出(需要总结)。做这种题要掌握以下技巧：通读文章，重点把握首末段、首末句；作者反复强调的观点或文章中多次出现的词句通常是主旨；注意文中therefore, thus, but, however, in short, to sum up等表达转折或总结的词语。主旨大意题是对整篇文章或者文章中个别段落大意的概括，属于高难度、高区分度的题目。常见的提问方式是：What is the text mainly about 或Which of the following can be the best title for the text
主旨大意题
主旨大意题需要考生在阅读并理解全文的基础上，对文章内容或段落内容进行归纳概括，强调整体。该题型常见的设问方式和解题方法如下所示：
标题类：The best title/heading for the passage/paragraph is...
中心思想类：What’s the passage mainly about /What does the passage mainly tell us
段落概括类：What’s the main idea of the first paragraph
陷阱：①注意以偏概全不能选②范围太大不能选③注意段落大意，看清段落不要误选
1.关键词法/主题词法
Do you know that over 1/3 of all food produced in the world goes to waste According to the United Nations (UN), every year around the world, about one billion (十亿) tons of food is wasted. At the same time, there are nearly one billion people who go hungry. Simply 1/4 of the food wasted is enough to keep them out of hunger. In addition, the wasted food produces over three billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2), which speeds up climate (气候) change. What can we do to solve this food waste problem
One effective solution is balancing food production with demand (需求). In hotels and other similar places, special instruments should be used so that cooking specialists just prepare and cook food as it is ordered.
Another effective solution is starting programs to reduce (减少) food waste. Stores and buyers can try their best to be creative in food waste reduction. For example, stores can provide customers with instructions telling them how to make full use of food. Buyers can try not fixing their eyes only on food of the best quality (质量). Sometimes, the food of non-top quality is also good enough to eat, or can be bought and then used to make delicious dishes.
One of the hardest solutions to achieve is for each and every one to buy and prepare food with a plan of their own so that less food is wasted. Challenging as it is, the use of meal plans in preparing food can play an important role in ending food waste in the family.
Food recycling is one of the known solutions. Efforts are now already in progress. Food that is not safe for humans to eat is recycled into other products such as animal feeds and clothing. Yet, there is still a long way to go and much for improvement in this area.
In a word, food waste has been one of the biggest problems in the world that have influenced us greatly. Many solutions have been found and many more are yet to be worked out. If each of us can put in more efforts, food waste is sure to be reduced for the good of our future.
问：What is the passage mainly about
A. Benefits of reducing food waste.
B. Solutions to the food waste problem.
C. The importance of fighting food waste.
D. The attitude to the food waste problem.
解题步骤：
Step 1 快速阅读全文，画出每段重复出现的关键词/主题词。几乎各段都重复出现的关键词/主题词为food waste和solution。
Step 2 对比选项，找出能包含所有关键词/主题词的选项。B选项包含两个关键词/主题词。
2.关键句法/主题句法
All the results proved our theory（假设） true.But putting it into practice can be difficult. Our fast-paced lifestyles fill the day with goals. We try to get the highest output both at work and in spare time. This focus on future outcomes makes it all too easy to miss what is happening right now. We should slow down and let life surprise us.
问：What does the last paragraph mainly tell us
A. It is easier for results-driven people to achieve success.
B. We often turn a blind eye to the present moment.
C. A fast-paced lifestyle helps us reach our goals.
D. Future life will bring us many more surprises.
解题步骤：
Step 1 找到段落关键句/主题句（一般位于段首或段尾）。
转折词but位于首句之后，说明该段主题句在后面。
Step 2 对比选项与主题句，找相同内容或同义转述。
B选项的turn a blind eye to the present moment是对主题句中miss what is happening right now的同义转述。
3.段意组合法/篇章结构法
What does it mean to be green Green is more than just a color. It also means taking special steps to protect the environment. Buying a green product is a small step everyone can take. Deciding whether a product is green, however, isn’t always easy. We need to consider the whole life cycle of the product even after it’s of no use. Here is what we may keep in mind.
The materials of a product are usually our first focus (关注). What is it made of Are there any harmful chemicals in it Green products are made of more natural materials which are free from harmful chemicals, so they can be good for our physical health.
Packaging is important. How is a product packaged Is it over packaged We’d better choose glass, metal and paper packaging, as these can be reused or more easily recycled (回收利用). We can also look for less packaging or even choose unbagged products whenever possible.
Location (地点) matters. Where was a product produced Where are we buying it Think about how much energy was used to get it to us try to choose local products. When it comes to food, it is a good idea to order directly from local farmer, shop at markets and buy fruits in season. Buying from stores near our houses is also a good choice, because we can go there without driving a car.
Look into what the company tells us about their product. It’s easy to say that a product is “green” or “all natural” but the words may be too good to be true. So, much of the information about a product should be taken with a grain of salt. After all, companies try to make us believe that their products are environmentally responsible.
The greenest thing is certainly the one we don’t buy. Things like food and clothing are necessary for life. But many others are not. Better than buying is choosing to leave an unnecessary product in the store and doing without. It sends a message to the producer, keeps money in our pockets, reduces (减少) waste and keeps the planet healthy.
问：Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
A. Buying Green B. Recycling Waste
C. Keeping Healthy D. Reducing Energy Use
解题步骤：
Step 1 根据每段的主题句来总结段意。
Para.1 每个人都可以通过购买绿色产品来保护环境；
Para.2 关注产品所用的材料是否环保；
Para.3 看产品的包装是否对环境有益；
Para.4 看产品产地和购买地的位置；
Para.5 产品并不一定如宣传的那样环保；
Para.6 最好的环保方式是少买或不买。
Step 2 归纳段落，找出篇章主旨。
本文为总分总结构，第1段引出主题——如何购买绿色产品，第2至5段具体说明做法，第6段总结升华。
Step 3 对比选项，找出与篇章主旨最相近的标题。
根据上述分析，本文讲的是如何绿色购物，A选项符合。
一
(2024大湾区二模，B)Light is wonderful and amazing. Light from the Sun is the most important of all. Stars give off their own light. The Moon does not make its own light. It can only reflect light from the Sun. Lightning zigzags （曲折前行） through storm clouds, making a very bright light. People who live near the North and South Poles sometimes can see the aurora （极光） in the sky. Some animals like fireflies and many sea animals are able to give off light themselves! Chemicals inside their bodies react to give off light.
However, plenty of light we see every day does not come from nature. It is artificial light. Artificial light is important. It allows people to work and travel at night. Headlights on our cars allow us to see the road at night. Streetlights help us to walk safely along the sidewalk. Airplanes take off and land on lighted runways. Artificial light makes our homes safer and more comfortable. It makes our lives easier and more fun. It enables us to have entertainment such as movies, video games, and TV. Artificial light has another important job. It can be used to carry information from one place to another.
Take a moment to notice the light and enjoy its beauty and wonder! Go outside on a sunny day. Feel the warmth of the Sun on your skin. Look at the stars in the night sky. When staying indoors, count the number of artificial light sources that you and your family use.
1．Where is this passage most probably from
A. A storybook. B. An art magazine.
C. A guidebook. D. A science magazine.
2．How do fireflies and many sea animals make light
A. By looking at the stars.
B. By reflecting the moonlight.
C. By living near the Poles.
D. By using the chemicals in their bodies.
3．What does the underlined word “artificial” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A. Bright. B. Special. C. Man-made. D. Handmade.
4．From the second paragraph, we can learn that ______.
A. light can make our lives better
B. light from streetlights comes from nature
C. artificial light is the most important of all
D. natural light can be used to carry information
5．Which can be the best title for the passage
A. The Wonder of Light B. The Use of Artificial Light
C. Different Kinds of Light D. The Importance of Natural Light
本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了我们生活中的各种光——自然光和人造光以及光给我们的生活所带来的好处，即光的奇妙之处。
[答案]1．D 2．D 3．C 4．A 5．A
[解析]
1．文章出处题。根据“Light is wonderful and amazing. Light from the Sun is the most important of all.”可知，本文主要介绍了光，由此可猜测本文来自一本科学杂志，故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据“Some animals like fireflies and many sea animals are able to give off light themselves! Chemicals inside their bodies react to give off light.”可知，一些动物体内的化学物质会发生反应从而发光。故选D。
3．词义猜测题。根据“However, plenty of light we see every day does not come from nature. It is artificial light. Artificial light is important. It allows people to work and travel at night.”可知，本段介绍的是生活中的人造光，由此可猜测artificial意为“人造的”，故选C。
4．细节理解题。根据“Artificial light makes our homes safer and more comfortable. It makes our lives easier and more fun.”可知，人造光使我们的生活更轻松，更有趣，所以光使我们的生活更好，故选A。
5．最佳标题题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了自然光和人造光，以及光的奇妙之处，即光给我们的生活所带来的好处，因此A项“光的奇妙”最适合作为本文的标题，故选A。
二
[2024江苏苏州改编]
China has become the world’s largest producer and market of EVs（电车）. According to a report, 9.587 million Chinese-made EVs were produced and 9.495 million were sold in 2023. Among the total sales, 1.2 million EVs were exported（出口）.
The Chinese government has been encouraging EVs as part of its effort for green, high-quality development. As a result, China’s EV industry develops very quickly. At Auto（汽车） China 2004, BYD was the only company showing EVs there. At Auto China 2024, there were 278 different EV models on show, including BYD, SAIC, Geely, Li Auto, Nio, Xpeng and other brands（品牌）.
China’s EV industry is now facing both challenges and chances. It’s reported that 71% of EV brands cut prices in 2023. EV makers without the ability of innovation（创新） will face growing risks. In order to be both green and smart, Chinese EV makers are trying hard to improve technologies like battery qualities and AI support. At the same time, the government is adding even more charging points（充电站）. On the other hand, more Chinese people are aware of the environmental problems. It is encouraging more buyers to choose EVs.
EVs are the way of the future. In an ideal world, everyone benefits from innovation and green transport. Some might get there sooner than others, and will gain greater rewards. It is very likely that China will hold the lead.
1．How many Chinese-made EVs were sold in China in 2023
A. 8.387 million. B. 9.495 million. C. 8.295 million.
2．What is the purpose of Paragraph 2
A. To introduce different EV brands in China.
B. To give some information about Auto China.
C. To show the development of China’s EV industry.
3．EV makers can most probably reduce growing risks by ▲.
A. improving the innovation ability
B. winning the government’s support
C. adding more charging points
4．What’s the writer’s attitude（态度） towards the future of China’s EV industry
A. Uncertain. B. Hopeful. C. Doubtful.
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了中国电车的产量、销量和一些品牌，也说明了目前中国电车面临的机遇和挑战并展望未来。
[答案]1．C2．C3．A4．B
[解析]
1．数字计算题。根据第一段第二句话中的“9.495 million were sold in 2023”和第三句“Among the total sales, 1.2 million EVs were exported.”可知，总共卖了949.5万辆，出口了120万辆，所以在国内总共卖了829.5万辆，故选C。
2．写作意图题。根据第二段第二句话“As a result, China’s EV industry develops very quickly.”以及2004年与2024年北京车展上电车品牌的数量变化可知，本段意在说明中国电车行业的发展，故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段第三句话“EV makers without the ability of innovation will face growing risks.”可知，没有创新能力的电车制造商将会面临不断增长的风险，所以要减少不断增长的风险就必须要有创新的能力，故选A。
4观点态度题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，中国很可能会领先，说明作者对中国电车行业的未来充满希望，故选B。
三
（2024广州一模，B）
For 16-year-old Ma Yifei, the violin performance of the Beijing 2022 Olympics theme song, Snowflake, was her best present for Paralympians （残奥会运动员） all over the world. Though snowflakes were related to winter, she let others feel warmth, hope and light through her performance.
Ma went blind at the age of two because of an illness. She fell in love with music when she was young. She began to learn to play the piano at five and the violin at nine, experiencing the “colorful” music through sound and emotion.
Ma's mother Ha Chunyan, was a music teacher in a primary school and helped her memorize the music score （乐谱） before she played the piano. Ma could not see the keys and always played the wrong notes. It took her thousands of tries to play a piece correctly.
Learning the violin was more challenging. Ma needed to feel the teacher's hands, arms and back to learn the movements, and listen to the strings （弦） over and over again to feel the muscles （肌肉） herself.
“After three years of learning, she still could not make any sound except terrible noises,” said Ha, who advised her daughter to give up the violin. But Ma said, “As I've been practising so long, it's hard to give up. I believe I will play better if I persist in practising.”
In 2018, Ma got a chance to follow two famous musicians Sheng Yuan and Cao Yuhan from the Central Conservatory of Music and study music in Beijing. She left her home in Ningxia to follow her musical dream, though she knew there would be more challenges ahead.
Ma expressed her excitement about performing at the big event. “All my hard work has paid off. I'm proud of standing on the stage today.”
1．How does the writer describe Ma's difficulties in learning the violin
A. By questioning. B. By listing numbers.
C. By offering advice. D. By giving examples.
2．Which is the correct order according to the passage
a.Ma got a chance to study music in Beijing.
b.Ma performed the Beijing 2022 Olympic Games theme song.
c.Ma began to learn to play the piano.
d.Ma went blind because of an illness.
A. c-b-d-a B. a-d-c-b C. d-c-a-b D. b-d-c-a
3．What does the underlined phrase “persist in” probably mean in paragraph 5
A. Keep on. B. End up.
C. Take part in. D. Look forward to.
4．What does Ma's story tell us
A. Handsome is as handsome does. B. There is no place like home.
C. Practice makes perfect. D. A good friend is like a mirror.
本文是一篇人物故事。马奕菲虽然因病失明，但是她克服各种困难，坚持练习小提琴，最终努力得到回报，并在2022年北京残奥会上给人们带来了一场精彩的演出。
[答案]1．D 2．C 3．A 4．C
[解析]
1．写作手法题。根据第四段“Learning the violin was more challenging...over and over again to feel the muscles herself.”可知，文章通过举例子，讲述了马奕菲学小提琴时所遇到的困难，故选D。
2．事件排序题。根据第二段“Ma went blind at the age of two because of an illness. She fell in love with music when she was young. She began to learn to play the piano at five and the violin at nine”，第六段“In 2018, Ma got a chance to follow two famous musicians Sheng Yuan and Cao Yuhan from the Central Conservatory of Music and study music in Beijing.”和第一段“For 16-year-old Ma Yifei, the violin performance of the Beijing 2022 Olympics theme song, Snowflake, was her best present for Paralympians all over the world.”可知，正确的顺序是马奕菲在两岁时因为疾病而失明，五岁时她开始学钢琴，2018年她得到一个去北京学习音乐的机会，2022年她在北京残奥会上演奏主题曲，故选C。
3．词义猜测题。根据“As I've been practising so long, it's hard to give up. I believe I will play better if I persist in practising.”可知，马奕菲觉得坚持练习了这么久，很难再将其放弃，她坚信如果坚持练习，她会将小提琴拉得很好。因此画线短语与keep on意思接近，意为“坚持”，故选A。
4．主旨大意题。根据文中的“As I've been practising so long, it's hard to give up. I believe I will play better if I persist in practising.”以及最后一段中的“All my hard work has paid off. I'm proud of standing on the stage today.”可知，马奕菲经历各种困难，但是依然坚持不放弃，通过不断练习，最终她的付出得到了回报，因此文章是在告诉我们熟能生巧的道理, 故选C。
四．[2024长沙一模]C
Imagine taking a flying taxi to the airport, or jumping over crowded city streets at rush hour, getting where you want to go far away faster than you could in a car. Believe it or not, you might be able to do these things in an air taxi sooner than you think.
An air taxi is something like a helicopter（直升机） that can carry people from place to place. And it can go straight up and down without a long runway.
An American company called Joby Aviation has started testing their new air taxis. This is the first time they’ve tested a taxi that’s been built in a factory. Before that, all their taxis were made by hand. By 2025, Joby hopes to start carrying passengers for money. They’ve teamed up with Delta Air Lines to create a program to fly people from their homes to the airport. Besides the pilot, Joby’s air taxis can carry four other passengers. They can go around 100 miles before the electric batteries（电池） need to be recharged.
Compared with helicopters, Joby says their air taxis are both quieter and cheaper.
Although the idea of flying taxis is exciting, some people are still concerned about them. The air taxis may be quieter than helicopters, but they’ll still add noise and traffic to our skies. Some people worry that only rich people will be able to afford to use them.
It seems likely that air taxis will be part of the future travel. But there’s still a lot to do before air taxis become common.
1．How does the writer begin the passage
A. By raising questions.
B. By imagining scenes.
C. By explaining reasons.
2．What can we learn about Joby Aviation’s new taxis according to Paragraph 3
A. They’re made by hand.
B. They can fly 100 miles per hour.
C. They can carry five people in total at one time.
3．What does the underlined word “concerned” mean in Paragraph 5
A. Worried. B. Nervous. C. Hopeless.
4．What is the best title for the passage
A. A new flying taxi
B. A perfect travel means
C. A new helicopter
本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了乔比航空公司的空中出租车。
[答案]1．B2．C3．A4．A
[解析]
1．细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“Imagine taking a flying taxi to the airport...”可知，作者通过想象场景开头。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Besides the pilot, Joby’s air taxis can carry four other passengers.”可知，这款空中出租车一次可以有五个人乘坐。故选C。
3．词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句的后面两句可知，空中出租车可能比直升机更安静，但它们仍会给天空增加噪声和交通，一些人担心只有有钱人才用得起。后面两句话主要表达了人们对空中出租车的担忧。故选A。
4．标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了一款测试阶段的空中出租车，A选项“一种新的飞行出租车”最适合作为标题。故选A。
五
(2024深圳一模，C)A broken heart. A sad ending to something. That's something most of us have experienced, or probably will. After all, it's part of life. But no question, this experience can be devastating. Many people may find it difficult to get it over. But research shows listening to sad music is a good way to help you go through the sadness.
Sad music can help cheer you up from your broken heart. A recent study from Germany found listening to sad music can trigger（触发） your emotions. It draws you away from focusing on yourself and possibly towards helping others in need of comfort.
Another experiment, from the University of Kent, found that when people were experiencing sadness, listening to music that was “beautiful but sad” raised their spirits. In fact, it did so when the person was first consciously （有意识地） aware of the situation causing their sadness, and then began listening to the sad music. When people wished that the sad music might help, they found it did.
These findings link with other studies that show accepting your full experience gives you hope. For example, research from Cornell University found that embracing （拥抱） difficulties about a life experience or new situation and viewing it as a step towards growth and change help you to pass through it.
1．What does the underlined word “devastating” in Paragraph 1 probably mean
A. Painful. B. Shameful. C. Hopeful. D. Cheerful.
2．What's the main idea of Paragraph 3
A. Sad music is usually beautiful.
B. Sad music can help you feel better.
C. Helping others is good for your mood.
D. Everyone experiences difficulties in their life.
3．What can you learn from Paragraph 3
A. People in sadness prefer sad music.
B. The University of Kent did an experiment on students.
C. When people think sad music can be good, it will help.
D. The benefits of sad music have been studied clearly by scientists.
4．According to Paragraph 4, what helps people pass through difficulties
A. Listening to music.
B. Asking friends for help.
C. Communicating with people.
D. Taking difficulties as a kind of growth.
5．Which is the best title of the passage
A. When people like to listen to sad music
B. What type of music people should listen
C. How people should pass through the sadness and difficulties
D. Why listening to sad music helps people in sadness feel better
本文是一篇说明文，文章介绍悲伤的音乐有助于让悲伤的人振作起来。
[答案]1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D 5．D
[解析]
1．词义猜测题。根据“A broken heart. A sad ending to something. That's something most of us have experienced, or probably will. After all, it's part of life. But no question, this experience can be devastating.”可知，一颗破碎的心和某件事的悲伤结局，这种经历是让人痛苦的，故画线单词和painful意义相近，故选A。
2．段落大意题。根据“Another experiment, from the University of Kent, found that when people were experiencing sadness, listening to music that was ‘beautiful but sad' raised their spirits.”可知第三段主要讲述了悲伤的音乐可以使经历痛苦的人振作起来，故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据“When people wished that the sad music might help, they found it did.”可知，当人们希望悲伤的音乐能帮助他们时，他们发现它确实有所帮助, 故选C。
4．细节理解题。根据“embracing difficulties about a life experience or new situation and viewing it as a step towards growth and change help you to pass through it”可知，接受困难作为一种成长的方式可以帮助人们渡过困难, 故选D。
5．最佳标题题。本文主要介绍了悲伤的音乐有助于让悲伤的人振作起来，故选D。
六
[2024杭州二模]
Everyone knows that friendships are important. We all need our best friends. Best friends share good times and bad. We tell our close friends our secrets. But what about casual friends They are the friends we see only now and then. They are our classmates, the customers at the cafe, or the neighbor walking his dog. When we have a lot of casual friends, it improves our lives in several ways.
First, casual friends make us happy. We talk to them at the bus stop or the farm stand. We feel like we are part of a community. Research shows that the more casual friends we have, the more positive we feel. In one study, students felt much happier when they talked to more classmates than usual. These low-key（低调的） friendships become very important as we get older. We have the most friends at age 25, but the number goes down after that. As we get older, we have fewer friendships and can feel alone. But we feel less lonely when we have many casual friends.
Second, casual friends connect us to other groups of people. They tell us about fun activities and possible jobs. In fact, people are more likely to get a job through a casual friend than a close friend. Casual friends introduce us to their other friends. They help when we want to know about good restaurants or exciting movies. Research shows that casual friendships are a good way to spread all kinds of information.
Finally, casual friends introduce us to a variety of new ideas. Our best friends often think like us, but casual friends may have very different opinions. When we talk to different people, we learn new ways of seeing the world. It makes us kinder and more understanding.
To have a better life, make more casual friends. Talk more to strangers. These people can become casual friends. Over time, casual friends can become close friends. And the more friends you have, the happier you'll be. Casual friends may be the secret to a happy life.
1．What are casual friends
A. Friends we see only sometimes.
B. Friends we share good times with.
C. Friends we often tell our secrets to.
D. Friends we have known for a long time.
2．Why are casual friends important as we get older
A. Because we have more time to spend with them.
B. Because they are easier to have than close friends.
C. Because we have fewer friends and may feel alone.
D. Because they share other neighbors' secrets with us.
3．How do casual friends help us get new ways of thinking
A. By introducing different new ideas to us.
B. By making us feel like we are relatives.
C. By providing us with more possible jobs.
D. By introducing us to their other friends.
4．Which of the following best shows the structure of the text （P=paragraph）
A. B.
C. D.
本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了普通朋友的重要性。
[答案]1．A2．C3．A4．A
[解析]
3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Our best friends often think like us, but casual friends may have very different opinions.”可知，我们最好的朋友通常和我们的想法一样，但是普通的朋友可能会有非常不同的想法。故选A。
4．文章结构题。本文第一段引出主题；第二段到第四段具体从三方面介绍普通朋友对我们的影响；最后一段进行了总结，A项符合本文的结构。故选A。
七
（2023广州，C）
Computer scientist Mary has an idea for a new robot to help her work with children. How should it look The robot should have arms to be able to lift things. And if it is going to communicate with people, it will also need a face. Scientists believe that giving a robot a face can make it seem more friendly. Humans would also like to pay more attention to robots with faces. But what kind
For Mary, she wants to make sure that her new robot doesn't look too much like a human. She wants people to just treat it as a machine-person. If it looks more like a human than a machine, she thinks users might find it a bit creepy and feel afraid. Mary also believes that robot faces don't need to look a lot like ours. Her research shows that we can enjoy communicating with robots whether or not they look like humans, because our brains are able to look for faces. Just put two circles on top of a robot's body, and we will see a face.
Dave feels differently. He believes that although at first we might be afraid when seeing a robot with a lifelike face, we may soon get used to it. If robots are going to work closely with humans, they should look as much like us as possible. After all, faces are an important part of the way we communicate.
To make his robots look as much like real people as possible, Dave invented a special skin（皮肤） for their faces. With this skin, robots can show human-like expressions and appear to be angry, sad, happy or surprised. Dave's robots are also programmed to copy expressions. How Just imagine his robot is looking at you. The cameras in its eyes send pictures of your face to its central computer!
1．Why do scientists think a robot needs a face
A. It will become more beautiful.
B. It can do better in lifting things.
C. It will pay more attention to children.
D. It can better communicate with people.
2．What does the underlined word “creepy” mean in paragraph 2
A. Uncomfortable to look at. B. Impossible to touch.
C. Boring to talk to. D. Difficult to understand.
3．Which of the following would Dave most probably agree with
A. People should treat robots as humans.
B. Robots need to express their own feelings.
C. Robots shouldn't look too much like humans.
D. People can easily accept robots with human faces.
4．What is the purpose of the passage
A. To explain the reasons why robots should have faces.
B. To suggest what humans can do with robots with faces.
C. To share ideas on what kind of faces robots should have.
D. To show how scientists invent robots with different faces.
本文是一篇说明文，文章向我们分享了关于机器人应该有什么样的面孔的想法。
[答案]1．D2．A3．D4．C
[解析]
1．细节理解题。根据第一段第四句“And if it is going to communicate with people, it will also need a face.”可知，如果机器人要和人交流的话，就需要一张脸，即脸的作用主要是更好地与人交流，故选D。
2．词义猜测题。根据画线词后面的“and feel afraid”可推知，creepy的意思应与“让人害怕的”相近，选项A“看起来不适”符合语境，故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段第二句“He believes that although at first we might be afraid when seeing a robot with a lifelike face, we may soon get used to it.”可知，Dave认为虽然一开始我们可能会害怕看到一个有着逼真面孔的机器人，但我们可能很快就会习惯它。选项D“人们很容易接受有人脸的机器人”符合Dave的观点，故选D。
4．写作目的题。通读全文可知，文章介绍了科学家们对人脸机器人的不同观点，并探讨了机器人究竟应该有什么样的面孔，故选C。
八
（2024深圳二模，C）
Known as the “air taxi”, the eVTOL aircraft （电动垂直起降飞行器） completed its first inter-city flight on February 27th. The flight started from Shekou Port in Shenzhen to Jiuzhou Port in Zhuhai. It took about 20 minutes for the over 55-kilometer trip. Developed by a high-tech company, the electric-powered aircraft is able to carry five people at a speed of 200 kilometers per hour.
If this technology can be widely used in air transportation, it will bring great convenience to us. As more and more people have their own cars, we always spend hours being stuck in the street. If this new invention can carry passengers in daily life, electric air taxis will work as a solution to our congested cities. We will then live and work in three dimensions （维度）.
However, the industry will need to deal with a lot of difficulties. Laws, costs and public acceptance stand in the way of the widespread use of air taxis, according to Tim Schwanen, who is the director of the Transport Studies Unit at the University of Oxford.
“In some ways, technology isn't the most difficult part,” Schwanen said. “There are problems around laws and costs, and there are problems around markets. Do we want these services Do we need them ”
Besides, car designer Frank Stephenson, who designs Lilium's aircraft, said companies must take safety into their first consideration （考虑）. “The moment when one of these things has a problem, you're going to lose a lot of public confidence and trust,” he said.
1．What can we know about the first inter-city flight of eVTOL aircraft
A. It started from Jiuzhou Port in Zhuhai.
B. It took less than half an hour for the trip.
C. It was powered by petrol or fossil oil.
D. It could carry as many people as a plane.
2．What does the underlined word “congested” in paragraph 2 mean
A. Tourist. B. Highly-developed.
C. Crowded. D. Ancient.
3．Among all the difficulties, which one isn't the difficult part for the air taxi industry
A. Laws. B. Markets. C. Costs. D. Technology.
4．What does Frank Stephenson want to emphasize （强调） in the last paragraph
A. The safety of passengers is important to the air taxi companies.
B. Companies should provide lower prices to win public trust.
C. The public should have confidence in the safety of the eVTOL aircraft.
D. The technology is very likely to have a problem in the future.
5．How can the passage be divided into （①=paragraph 1; ②=paragraph 2; ...）
A. ① ②③ ④⑤ B. ① ②③④ ⑤
C. ① ② ③④⑤ D. ①② ③ ④⑤
本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了“空中出租车”。
[答案]1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A 5．C
[解析]1．细节理解题。根据“It took about 20 minutes for the over 55-kilometer trip.”可知，55公里的路程花了大约20分钟。故选B。
2．词义猜测题。根据“If this new invention can carry passengers in daily life, electric air taxis will work as a solution to our congested cities.”可知，如果这项新发明能够在日常生活中载客，电动空中出租车将成为解决城市拥堵的方案，故此处画线部分和crowded意义相近，故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据“In some ways...There are problems around laws and costs, and there are problems around markets.”可知，技术不是最困难的部分，故选D。
4．推理判断题。根据“companies must take safety into their first consideration”可知，他强调乘客的安全对空中出租车公司来说很重要，故选A。
5．篇章结构题。分析全文可知，第一段引出了“空中出租车”这一话题；第二段介绍了“空中出租车”的好处；第三至第五段介绍了“空中出租车”面临的许多困难。选项C符合文章结构，故选C。
九
[2024长沙一模]C
As a kind of popular dance of the Dai people in Yunnan Province, the elephant-foot drum dance is based on the Dai martial arts（武术） and is mainly performed by males（男性）. A traditional musical instrument called the elephant-foot drum is played in the dance. This dance was first used to welcome the new year. Now it is a way for the Dai people to show their joy as well as their culture. It also shows that the Dai people are friendly.
Xie Wenping, an experienced drum maker, said that making an elephant-foot drum is not easy and it takes about 3 months. After picking the wood, Xie needs to carve（雕刻） the wood into an elephant-leg-like shape and make the inside empty. The drum surface is made of cow leather（牛皮）, which needs several steps such as leather selection（选择）, cleaning, air-drying. Then comes the painting. The finishing steps include tuning（调音） and polishing the leather.
Bo Hanbing, 61, has been interested in the elephant-foot drum dance since his childhood. He started to learn the dance at 14. After years of practice, he has become a famous dancer and is invited to perform at all kinds of festivals and ceremonies（典礼）. Under his influence, many young people come to learn the dance. He has taught lots of students and some of them even become masters and have their own students. Through their efforts, more and more people are deeply interested in this traditional art.
Both Xie and Bo think it is their responsibility to carry on the dance. In their opinion, all of the Dai elephant-foot drum dancers will continue to pass on this great traditional art in their own way.
1．What do we know about the elephant-foot drum dance from Paragraph 1
A. It’s a traditional dance in Hunan Province.
B. It’s usually performed by both men and women.
C. It’s a way to show the Dai people’s joy and their culture.
2．What does Xie Wenping think of the process of making an elephant-foot drum
A. Exciting. B. Challenging. C. Creative.
3．Why does the writer mention Bo Hanbing in Paragraph 3
A. To introduce the history of the elephant-foot drum dance.
B. To explain the importance of the elephant-foot drum dance.
C. To show how dancers pass on this great art through their efforts.
4．What is the structure（结构） of the passage
A. B. C.
本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了傣族的象脚鼓舞及对传承象脚鼓舞做出重要贡献的两个人。
[答案]1．C2．B3．C4．A
[解析]
1．细节理解题。根据第一段倒数第二句可知，象脚鼓舞是傣族人展现他们的喜悦与文化的一种方式。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段第一句可知，制作象脚鼓并不容易，制作一个大约需要3个月的时间。所以，谢文平认为制作象脚鼓是具有挑战性的。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段最后两句可知，波罕丙已经教了很多学生，其中一些人甚至成了大师并有了自己的学生。通过他们的努力，越来越多的人对这种传统艺术产生了浓厚的兴趣。作者介绍波罕丙是为了展示舞者如何通过自己的努力来传承这种艺术。故选C。
4．篇章结构题。通读全文可知，文章第一段介绍了象脚鼓舞；第二段和第三段分别介绍了对传承这种艺术有贡献的两个人——谢文平和波罕丙；最后一段总结全文，表达象脚鼓舞者会通过自己的方式把这种传统舞蹈传承下去。因此文章是“总—分—总”结构。故选A。
十
[2022丽水,C]
When you, as a child, first picked up a crayon, a line might have been the first mark you made. You use lines to write numbers, symbols, and the letters of the alphabet. The lines on a map help you find the best route from one place to another. You use lines to draw pictures.
▲ You can see lines in the grain（纹理） of a piece of wood or in the cracks on a sidewalk. You can see lines outside a building or in the field. Lines are used to create words, numbers, and symbols. They are also used to create art. In drawing, the line is an element（要素） of art that is the path of a moving point through space.
Artists use lines to lead your eyes through a work of art. They create lines in many ways. A line can be drawn on paper with a pencil or scratched into wet clay with a stick. Depending on its direction, a line can express different ideas or feelings. This is why the line is an important element in the language of art.
Lines are used to express different images in Chinese calligraphic drawings. The word calligraphy means beautiful handwriting. In China, calligraphy is used to form characters （汉字） that represent the language. However, characters are more than just a letter of the alphabet. They are like pictures. They can represent an idea, an object, or a verbal sound.
Calligraphic lines are usually made with brushstrokes that change from thin to thick in one stroke. To make a very thin line, artists use the tip of the brush. As you press on the brush and more of it touches the paper, the line becomes wider. （See the painting on the right, the long, flowing leaves of the orchid ［兰花］ plant in the rocks are made with one flowing brushstroke. ）
Now practice making calligraphic lines with ink or watercolor paint. Use brushes, both thin and thick, to draw a leaf or a vegetable with lines.
1．The passage mainly talks about ______.
A. lines B. calligraphy C. paintings D. brushstrokes
2．Which of the following can be put in ▲ in Paragraph 2 as a topic sentence？
A. Artists love lines. B. Paintings need lines.
C. Lines are everywhere. D. Lines can do everything.
3．Chinese calligraphic drawing is used as a（an） ______ in the passage.
A. reason B. example C. method D. opinion
4．The passage is most probably taken from a textbook of ______.
A. history B. math C. art D. science
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了艺术的要素——线条。
[答案]1．A2．C3．B4．C
[解析]
1．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了线条的各种用途。从人生的第一次拿笔，到书法和绘画等方面，线条发挥了重要作用。故选A。
4．体裁出处题。本文讲述了线条在书法、绘画等方面的使用，而这些都属于艺术表现形式，由此可推断文章出自美术课本。故选C。
十一
[2024山东菏泽]C
Orangutan means “person of the forest” in the Malay language. Orangutans are great apes（猿）. Wild orangutans live on two islands—Sumatra and Borneo in Southeast Asia. Orangutans have long and powerful arms, fingers and toes. These help them climb and swing between trees in the rainforest.
Orangutans mostly eat fruit. They also eat leaves, flowers, and sometimes insects. Over 300 different types of food have been found in their diet. Orangutans play a very important role in spreading fruit and plant seeds in the forest. This helps to keep their rainforest home healthy.
Orangutans are smart and intelligent. They create and use tools to get seeds from fruit. They also use tools to catch insects from the insides of trees. Orangutans memorize the rainforest where they live. This helps them know which trees have ripe（成熟的） fruit. They build a sleeping nest each night made of branches（树枝） and leaves.
However, orangutans are in great danger. Scientists say that there are less than 62,000 orangutans remaining in the wild. Young orangutans are sometimes caught and sold as pets. Orangutans are also hunted for food. The biggest problem is that orangutans are losing their homes. Millions of acres of rainforest are cut down each year for palm oil（棕榈油）. Palm oil can be used to make candy bars, cookies, shampoos, soaps, and pet food. Most of the palm oil produced in the world is from Sumatra and Borneo.
Wildlife organizations are working hard to help protect the remaining rainforests. If the rainforests disappear, orangutans will disappear forever.
1．What are orangutans
A. Rainforests. B. Great apes. C. Islands.
2．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about
A. Why orangutans create and use tools.
B. Where orangutans build a sleeping nest.
C. How smart and intelligent orangutans are.
3．Which is the main reason why orangutans are in great danger
A. Orangutans are caught as pets.
B. People hunt orangutans for food.
C. Millions of acres of rainforest are cut down.
4．In which section of a website can we probably read the passage
A. Fantastic Wildlife.
B. Modern Technology.
C. Famous People.
这是一篇说明文。本文主要向人们介绍了森林之友——红毛猩猩。它们处于濒临灭绝的危险之中，作者呼吁人们保护它们的家园。
[答案]1．B2．C3．C4．A
[解析]
1．细节理解题。由第一段中“Orangutans are great apes.”可知选B。
2．段落大意题。本段围绕中心句“Orangutans are smart and intelligent.”展开，故选C。
3．推理判断题。由第四段语境及关键句“The biggest problem is that orangutans are losing their homes. Millions of acres of rainforest are cut down each year for palm oil.”可知，每年数百万英亩的雨林被砍伐是红毛猩猩处于危险中的主要原因，故选C。
4．文章出处题。本文主要向人们介绍了红毛猩猩的一些基本情况以及它们处于濒临灭绝的危险之中的现状，呼吁人们保护它们的家园，选项中仅A项与野生动物相关，故选A。
十二
[2024台州一模]
A woolly（羊毛的） coat and a head of human hair have more in common than you might think. Both include keratin fibers（纤维） and both provide warmth. A European company, Human Material Loop, is now questioning why one is worn and the other is wasted. They want to change the clothing industry by turning human hair into a textile（纺织品）.
Every year, Europeans produce 72 million kilograms of human hair waste. When hair waste breaks down in a rubbish bag, it gives off greenhouse gases. Many countries burn this waste, but that's not environmentally friendly, either.
Zsofia Kollar, who started Human Material Loop, explains that using the hair textile is not that different from using any other material. Short and broken hairs are made into textiles and colored. Human Material Loop's first product was a sweater. It had a wool-like feel. The company has also made an outdoor coat and shown its ability to keep the wearer warm. These clothes are not for sale, though. The company's purpose is to get the attention of clothing companies. It hopes that one day they will buy its hair textiles to make their own clothes.
Kollar understands that most people aren't ready to wear human hair on their bodies. They may find the idea strange. But historically, Kollar points out, human hair has been used as a textile in many cultures. In the 13th century, for example, people in what is now the southwestern United States used human hair to make socks. “There is much work to do to get people to accept hair textiles,” Kollar says. “But I can see them coming more and more into our daily lives, over time.”
1．What do a woolly coat and human hair have in common
A. They both have keratin fibers.
B. They are both cheap and useful.
C. They can both keep people cool.
D. They are both good for the environment.
2．What does the underlined word “it” refer to in Paragraph 2
A. The textile. B. The hair waste.
C. The woolly coat. D. The rubbish bag.
3．What can we learn from Paragraphs 3 and 4
A. Using human hair textiles is very different from using others.
B. The sweater made of hair by Human Material Loop sells well.
C. Most people think it smart to wear human hair on their body.
D. Human hair was used as a textile hundreds of years ago.
4．How might Kollar feel about the future of hair textiles
A. Worried. B. Bored. C. Hopeful. D. Uncertain.
本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了欧洲一家名为Human Material Loop的公司正在尝试将人类的头发制成纺织品，用于制作衣物，以此来改变服装行业，同时也解决了人类头发废弃物的污染问题。
[答案]1．A2．B3．D4．C
[解析]
4．观点态度题。根据文章最后一段最后的“‘There is much work to do to get people to accept hair textiles,’ Kollar says. ‘But I can see them coming more and more into our daily lives, over time.’”可知，Kollar对头发纺织品的发展充满了希望。故选C。
十三
（2024广东模拟，B）
Plastic is almost everywhere, but now plastic has been found in an unlikely place: on the backs of hermit crabs（寄居蟹）. It's said that hermit crabs are using plastic litter as shells（壳）. Zuzanna Jagiello, a researcher of the study, said, “For me, a hermit crab in a plastic shell could be an icon of our times. They don't have homes, so they use rubbish.” Jagiello studies the Anthropocene（人类世）. It is the period in which human activity has had a strong influence on the environment. Hermit crabs using plastic waste as shells is one example of that influence.
To protect themselves, hermit crabs wear shells of the dead sea snails（海螺）. But according to the study, at least 386 hermit crabs have been recorded wearing waste. Nearly nine out of every 10 of those crabs were wearing plastic waste, such as bottle caps. The others wore glass or metal. Scientists aren't sure why hermit crabs are choosing litter instead of snail shells. But there are some guesses. Hermit crabs could be turning to litter because they can't find enough snail shells. It's also possible that crabs are choosing plastic because it's light and easy to carry. Or they're interested in its bright colors.
Scientists agree that plastic pollution harms wildlife in many ways. But it isn't clear that the crabs are in any danger. “It's really an amazing example of the beauty of adaptation（适应）， which shows how some animals are dealing with the Anthropocene,” Jagiello says.
1．How does the writer start the passage
A. By listing numbers. B. By raising questions.
C. By presenting facts. D. By explaining reasons.
2．What does the underlined word “icon” in Paragraph 1 mean
A. Reason. B. Sign. C. Hero. D. Problem.
3．Which of the following might a hermit crab use as its shell
A. B.
C. D.
4．Which of the following would Jagiello probably agree with
A. Hermit crabs choose metal because of its bright color.
B. Sea snails prefer plastic bottles to other kinds of waste.
C. Hermit crabs eat sea snails for food and then use their shells.
D. Hermit crabs use plastic as shells to get used to the environment.
5．What is the passage mainly about
A. The living habits of sea animals.
B. The ways of doing scientific research.
C. The new findings about hermit crabs.
D. The pollution caused by plastic products.
本文是一篇说明文，文章介绍了寄居蟹利用塑料废弃物作为自己寄居的外壳的原因。
[答案]1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D 5．C
[解析]
1．写作手法题。通读第一段内容可知，作者通过列举一系列的事实引出本文的话题，故选C。
2．词义猜测题。根据画线词后的内容推知，在人类活动的影响下，寄居蟹失去了大量原本可以用的海螺壳。这使它们不得不用塑料废弃物来作为替代品，这一现象是我们所处时代的产物，可以被视作时代的标志。icon意为“标志”，与sign意思相近，故选B。
3．图文理解题。根据第二段中“Nearly nine out of every 10 of those crabs were wearing plastic waste, such as bottle caps.” 可知，选项A中的塑料瓶盖可能会被寄居蟹用作壳，故选A。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“It's really an amazing example of the beauty of adaptation, which shows how some animals are dealing with the Anthropocene”可推知，Jagiello认为寄居蟹用塑料作壳是为了适应环境，故选D。
5．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了关于寄居蟹的新发现，即用塑料作为寄居的壳，故选C。
十四
（2024河南，C）
An old saying used for forecasting（预测） the weather says, “Red sky at night, sailors' delight. Red sky in the morning, sailors（水手） take warning.” Is the saying true It turns out that it is. A red sky at sunset may mean that there are clear skies to the west, where the sun sets. A red sky at sunrise usually means that the clear weather has already passed, so storms might be coming.
Forecasting the weather has been practiced for thousands of years. In the 5th century BC, the Greeks sent out forecasts to sailors. They used signs in nature to forecast the weather. But today, meteorologists send exact forecasts further in advance（提前）. They use scientific instruments to study weather conditions around the world and make forecasts. Pilots, farmers and many other people depend on these forecasts. Luckily, most of us can simply look on the smart phone or turn on the TV to find out what kind of weather is coming.
If you are looking for some signs of the weather, pay attention to nature. There are two basic rules used in weather forecasting: Weather generally moves from west to east, and low air pressure（压力） usually means rain or snow. So pay attention to the signs. If rainbows form in the west at sunrise, the sun is on the way. Smell the flowers—their smells are stronger in wet air. What are the ants doing Are they moving to higher ground This could mean a drop in air pressure. Are the birds flying low or high Falling air pressure may influence birds' ears, so they fly low. And if the sky is red at sunset, you might plan a picnic for the next day!
1．What is the old saying about
A. The beauty of sunrise. B. The night sky.
C. The signs of the weather. D. The sailors' work.
2．What does the underlined word “meteorologists” mean
A. The persons who give daily weather reports on TV.
B. The persons who carry out research on natural history.
C. The persons who take an interest in plants and animals.
D. The persons who do scientific studies of weather conditions.
3．How does the writer develop his idea in Paragraph 2
A. By listing the reasons for terrible weather.
B. By telling a true story about weather forecasting.
C. By introducing different ways of forecasting the weather.
D. By mentioning the difficulties in forecasting the weather.
4．What do we know from the last paragraph
A. It'll be sunny if ants move to higher places.
B. The smells of flowers are stronger in wet air.
C. Birds fly higher because of the low air pressure.
D. It'll rain if rainbows form in the west at sunrise.
5．What is the writer's purpose in writing the text
A. To encourage people to get close to nature.
B. To express the need for weather forecasting.
C. To explain nature can tell us about the weather.
D. To discuss how important weather forecasting is.
本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了可以根据自然界的迹象，如天空颜色、空气湿度、动物的表现等来预测天气。
[答案]1．C 2．D 3．C 4．B 5．C
[解析]
1．推理判断题。由文中谚语后面的解释“A red sky at sunset may mean that there are clear skies to the west, where the sun sets. A red sky at sunrise usually means that the clear weather has already passed, so storms might be coming.”可知，这句谚语是关于天气的迹象或征兆。故选C。
2．词义猜测题。由文中画线词所在句以及后一句“They use scientific instruments to study weather conditions around the world and make forecasts.”可知，meteorologists意为“气象学家”，即对天气状况进行科学研究的人。故选D。
3．写作手法题。由文中“They used signs in nature to forecast the weather.”和“They use scientific instruments to study weather conditions around the world and make forecasts.”可知，作者在第二段主要通过介绍古今不同的预测天气的方法展开他的观点。故选C。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Smell the flowers—their smells are stronger in wet air.”可知，在潮湿的空气中，花香更浓。故选B。
5．写作目的题。本文主要介绍了可以根据自然界的迹象，如天空颜色、空气湿度、动物的表现等来预测天气。因此作者的目的是说明大自然可以告诉我们天气情况。故选C。
十五
（2024福建，C）
Though oceans cover about 71 percent of the earth's surface, there's still a lot we don't know about them. Only about 20 percent of the seafloor has been mapped, and the remaining 80 percent is still a secret to us. Some scientists even think that 91 percent of sea animals have yet to be discovered.
So why do we know so little about the deep sea Well, getting to those depths is very difficult and requires high technology that simply didn't come into being for most of human history. The first navigable submarine （可驾驶的潜水艇）, for example, was built in 1620, and it couldn't go more than five meters below the surface. In fact, for a long time many scientists didn't even think that there could be any life at depths greater than 550 meters and didn't see much need to explore （探索） the deep sea. However, this changed in 1862 when life was discovered as far down as 945 meters below sea level with the help of a digging machine. Ten years later, around 4,700 species （物种） unknown before from the ocean floor were discovered.
Since then, high technology has been developed to help explore the deep sea, including satellites. But why is deep-sea exploration still so difficult Well, at greater depths it is freezing （极冷的）, everything is completely dark, and the pressure can be over 1,000 times greater than that on the surface.
Though we have the difficulties, it's important that we understand the seas. They help control the earth's temperature and produce half of the oxygen （O2） in the air. They can also provide us with information about climate change. Our future depends on learning more about our oceans, and it is possible for us to really understand what is ongoing below the surface.
1．Why are some numbers listed in Paragraph 1
A. To introduce how important oceans are.
B. To discuss why sea animals have yet to be found out.
C. To explain that oceans cover a large area of the earth.
D. To show that we have only a little understanding of oceans.
2．What caused the change of exploration into the deep sea
A. High technology. B. Unknown species.
C. A pleasant environment. D. Valuable information.
3．What does the underlined word “They” in the last paragraph refer to
A. Sea animals. B. The seas.
C. The satellites. D. Many scientists.
4．What can we learn from the text
A. It is difficult to build a navigable submarine.
B. The seas have a strong influence on our future.
C. The seas have no lives at a depth of 550 meters.
D. It is easier to go into the deep sea than we think.
5．What could be the best title of the text
A. Hidden Treasures in Deep Sea
B. Unlocked Secrets of Deep Sea
C. Deep-Sea Exploration: Into the Freezing Depths
D. Deep-Sea Exploration: The Past and the Future
这是一篇说明文，介绍了深海探索的进程、面临的困难及其重要性。
[答案]1．D 2．A 3．B 4．B 5．C
[解析]
1．细节理解题。第一段列举了一些数字，目的是说明我们对海洋的了解非常少，故选D。
2．细节理解题。由第三段中“high technology has been developed to help explore the deep sea”可知，高科技的发展使得深海探索成为可能，故选A。
3．代词指代题。画线词前面提到了解海洋的重要性，后面解释了为什么要了解海洋。因此They指的是the seas。故选B。
4．推理判断题。由最后一段中“Our future depends on learning more about our oceans”可知，海洋对我们的未来有很大的影响，故选B。
5．最佳标题题。本文主要介绍了深海探索的进程、难题及其重要性，标题“Deep-Sea Exploration: Into the Freezing Depths”最能概括全文内容，故选C。
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