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Unit 1 Honesty and responsibility 学案（含答案）—高二英语下学期牛津译林版（2020）选择性必修第四册期末复习
一、学习目标整合
知识目标 Students can be able to master the new words, phrases and key sentence patterns of this unit and be able to use them in specific situations.
能力目标 Students can listen for general understanding and specific information.
情感目标 Students can be able to develop their cross-cultural awareness.
二、思维导图回顾知识
三、重难知识易混易错
1. 表示抽象地点的名词时后接where引导的定语从句
当定语从句的先行词为表示抽象地点的名词，如point，situation，case，stage，condition，job，position等，若关系词在从句中作状语，应用关系副词where引导。
After graduation Li Mei reached a point where she had to decide what to do.
毕业后李梅到了必须决定做什么的关头。
Who can think of a situation where this idiom can be used
谁能想出一个能用到这个习语的情境？
注意：
（1）这些名词后接定语从句时，如果关系词在从句中不作状语，而是作宾语或主语，则关系词不能用 where，而要用that/which。
The job that/which you apply for needs the communication ability as well as sales skills.
你申请的工作需要销售技巧以及沟通能力。
（2）关系副词 where引导定语从句时，可用“介词+关系代词”替换。
They need an activity where (= in which) they can learn to cooperate with each other.
他们需要一项他们能够学习相互协作的活动。
2. with复合结构
with复合结构，即“with+宾语+宾补”结构，在句中通常作状语，表示伴随、方式、原因或条件等，也可作定语。宾语可由名词或代词充当，常见的with复合结构有：
with+宾语+现在分词（表示主动或动作正在进行）
with+宾语+过去分词（表示被动或动作已完成）
with+宾语+动词不定式（通常用to do形式，表示动作尚未进行）
with+宾语+介词短语/形容词/副词（表示宾语所处的状态）
The girl felt very safe with her mother standing behind her.
她的妈妈站在她的身后，这个女孩儿感到很安全。（her mother与stand之间是逻辑上的主谓关系）
With everything well prepared, Tom believed he could succeed.
一切都准备好了，汤姆相信他会成功的。（everything与prepare 之间是逻辑上的动宾关系）
With so many books to read, I have no time to chat with you.
有这么多的书要读，我没时间跟你闲聊。（books与read之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，但不定式用主动形式表示被动意义）
Don't stand with your hands in your pockets.
站着的时候不要把手插在口袋里。
With online shopping increasingly popular, the Internet is seen as an invaluable tool of reaching target customers.
随着网上购物愈发流行，因特网被视为一种吸引目标客户注意的非常有用的工具。
Lisa saw a river with red flowers and green grass on both sides.
莉萨看到一条两岸长着红花绿草的河流。
注意：
在with复合结构中，若with的宾语与构成宾补的动词之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，则用过去分词作宾补；若with的宾语与构成宾补的动词之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，则用现在分词作宾补；若侧重表示将来的动作，则用不定式作宾补，即使with的宾语与不定式中的动词为逻辑上的动宾关系，不定式也通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
练习：
1. _____ we don't stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.
2. On our way to the house, it was raining so hard _____ we couldn't help wondering how long it would take to get there.
3. We all need to get involved in saving energy _____ it's at work, at home, or at school.
4. _____ difficulties we meet, we will try our best to work them out.
5. _____ environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the ecosystem to recover.
6. Hot _____ the night air was, we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.
7. Actually, our new campus is built _____ there used to be nothing but fields.
8. He had barely rested _____ he was called out again.
9. Small sailboats can easily turn over in the water _____ they are not managed carefully.
10. She was holidaying with her family in Ireland _____ an earthquake happened.
四、核心素养对接高考
(A)
Is forgiveness against our human nature To answer our question, we need to ask a further question: What is the essence of our humanity For the sake of simplicity, people consider two distinctly different views of humanity. The first view involves dominance and power. In an early paper on the psychology of forgiveness, Droll (1984) made the interesting claim that humans' essential nature is more aggressive than forgiving allows. Those who forgive are against their basic nature, much to their harm. In his opinion, forgivers are compromising their well-being as they offer mercy to others, who might then take advantage of them.
The second view involves the theme of cooperation, mutual respect, and even love as the basis of who we are as humans. Researchers find that to fully grow as human beings, we need both to receive love from and offer love to others. Without love, our connections with a wide range of individuals in our lives can fall apart. Even common sense strongly suggests that the will to power over others does not make for harmonious interactions. For example, how well has slavery worked as a mode of social harmony
From this second viewpoint of who we are as humans, forgiveness plays a key role in the biological and psychological integrity of both individuals and communities because one of the outcomes of forgiveness, shown through scientific studies, is the decreasing of hatred and the restoration of harmony. Forgiveness can break the cycle of anger. At least to the extent the people from whom you are estranged accept your love and forgiveness and are prepared to make the required adjustments. Forgiveness can heal relationships and reconnect people.
As an important note, when we take a Classical philosophical perspective, that of Aristotle, we see the distinction between potentiality and actuality. We are not necessarily born with the capacity to forgive, but instead with the potential to learn about it and to grow in our ability to forgive. The actuality of forgiving, its actual appropriation in conflict situations, develops with practice.
1．What is Droll's idea about forgiveness
A．People should offer mercy to others.
B．People who forgive can have their own welfare affected.
C．Forgiveness depends on the nature of humanity.
D．Aggressive people should learn to forgive.
2．What does the example in Paragraph 2 illustrate
A．To forgive is to love. B．To fight is to grow.
C．To dominate is to harm. D．To give is to receive.
3．What is the writer's attitude toward forgiveness
A．Objective. B．Reserved. C．Favorable. D．Skeptical.
4．What is message of the last paragraph
A．Forgiveness is in our nature. B．Forgiveness grows with time.
C．Actuality is based on potentiality. D．It takes practice to forgive.
(B)
Throughout the cultures of the world, wisdom has been considered one of the most admirable human qualities. Although the truly wise may seem few and far between, research suggest that it isn't an exceptional quality possessed by a small handful of bearded philosophers a feral. 5
"It appears that experiential, situational, and cultural factors are even more powerful in shaping wisdom than previously imagined," says Associate Professor Igor Grossmann of the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada. "Recent findings suggest that people's ability to reason wisely varies dramatically a across situational contexts. 6 Understanding the role of such contextual factors offers unique insights into understanding wisdom in daily life, as well as how it can be enhanced and taught."
7 Grossmann and his colleagues, however, have identified four key characteristics, as part of a framework of wise reasoning. One is intellectual humility or recognition of the limits of our own knowledge, and another is appreciation of perspectives wilder than the issue at hand. Sensitivity to the possibility of change in social relations is also key, along with compromise or integration of different attitudes and beliefs.
Grossmann and his colleagues have also found that one of most reliable ways to support wisdom in our own day-to-day decisions is to look at situations from a third-part perspective 8 Research suggests that when adopting a first-person viewpoint we focus on "the focal features of the environment" and when we adopt a third-person, "observer" viewpoint we reason more broadly and focus more on interpersonal and moral ideals such as justice and impartiality. 9
A．as if giving advice to a friend.
B．for instance, negotiating a contract with a customer.
C．Coming up with a definition of wisdom is challenging.
D．Some situations are more likely to promote wisdom than others.
E．Actually, the latest studies suggest most of us have the ability to make wise decisions, given the right context.
F．In other words, wisdom is not solely an "inner quality" but rather unfolds as a function of situations people happen to be in.
G．Looking at problems from this more expansive viewpoints appears to cultivate cognitive processes related to wise decisions.
(C)
If you have a thought in mind that you can achieve the same goal within less amount of time and hard work by cheating to achieve success, then you shall feel bad later in future. You may have achieved a goal but you choose a wrong path. So, always remember that the path you choose in your life chooses your destination and then you shall not have an option to change it.
It is good to fail though it may take you to terrible feelings of life but in return, you will learn many things that life offers. The struggle is true but after that, the sweet of the fruit will build up your confidence to face any kinds of problem in the future. But if you prefer cheating, then you shall always live in fright.
Honour is like a coat, which you can wear confidently. If you cheat to achieve a goal, then you cannot hide it. Billy was lazy in hard work and used to delay all his work. He always thought of taking a fake degree to enter a big company. When the company CEO asked him to write a program for a certain topic, then he was quite shocked as he was unable to do the work, because he had no knowledge on the programming language and had faked his certificate.
Honour teaches you how to be disciplined. Being well-educated people, we should know what is good for us. It is always good to fail because at the end of the day, you will learn something new that will help you grow much stronger rather than cheating to achieve success, which will make you regret sooner or later.
All in all, success can be achieved via shortcuts but honour can never be. It's better to live everyday with honour than to cheat.
10．Which opinion does the author agree with
A．No option can be changed.
B．You can't achieve without cheating.
C．Your path determines your end.
D．With a thought in mind you can realize your dream.
11．What can we conclude from the second paragraph
A．Those things that hurt, instruct.
B．There is honour among thieves.
C．You'll fail if you stop trying.
D．Face the problem and you'll succeed.
12．Why is Billy mentioned in the passage
A．To make you believe hiding is cheating.
B．To prove honour makes you feel confident.
C．To encourage you to wear a coat confidently.
D．To advise you to learn the programming language.
13．Which is the best title of the passage
A．No pains, no gains.
B．Success and honour.
C．Failure is the mother of success.
D．Honour is second to success.
答案以及解析
练习：
1. 答案：If
解析：考查连词。句意：如果我们不阻止气候变化，世界上的许多动植物将会消失。表示条件"如果"。故填If。
2. 答案：that
解析：句意为：在我们去那座房子的路上，雨下得如此大，以至于我们不禁在想还要多久才能到达那里。so...that意为"如此……以至于"，引导结果状语从句。故填that。
3. 答案：whether
解析：句意为：无论是在工作中，在家里，还是在学校，我们都需要参与到节约能源的活动中来。该空需要一个连词引导让步状语从句，根据句意及后面的or可知，此处表示"无论是……还是……"，故填whether。
4. 答案：Whatever
解析：句意为：无论我们遇到什么困难，我们都会尽自己最大的努力解决它们。根据句意可知，设空处引导让步状语从句，引导词在从句中作meet的宾语，表示"无论什么"，故用Whatever引导该从句。
5. 答案：Once
解析：考查条件状语从句。句意为：一旦环境被破坏，恢复生态系统要花费很多年。once意为"一旦"，引导条件状语从句。故填Once。注意首字母大写。
6. 答案：as/though
解析：句意为：虽然晚上很热，我们还是睡得很沉，因为长途跋涉之后我们太累了。分析句子结构可知，此处为让步状语从句的倒装结构，应用as/though引导该从句。although引导的让步状语从句不可用于倒装结构。
7. 答案：where
解析：句意为：事实上，我们的新校园所建的位置，以前除了田地什么也没有。设空处引导地点状语从句，引导词在从句中作地点状语，故填where。
8. 答案：when
解析：根据句意可知，此处表示"刚……就"，应用句型had barely done when...。故填：when。
9. 答案：if
解析：考查状语从句。句意：如果小帆船没有被仔细掌控好的话，那么它在水中就很容易被打翻。if如果，引导条件状语从句，意为"如果"符合句意。故填if。
10. 答案：when
解析：考查状语从句。句意：地震发生时，她正和家人在爱尔兰度假。分析句子，设空处引导的是时间状语从句，根据句意，when意为"当……时候"。故填when。
(A)
答案：
1．B 2．C 3．C 4．D
解析：
1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段"In an early paper on the psychology of forgiveness, Droll (1984) made the interesting claim that humans' essential nature is more aggressive than forgiving allows. Those who forgive are against their basic nature, much to their harm. In his opinion, forgivers are compromising their well-being as they offer mercy to others, who might then take advantage of them. (在一篇关于宽恕心理学的早期论文中，Droll (1984) 提出了一个有趣的观点，即人类的本质比宽恕所允许的更具攻击性。那些宽恕的人违背了他们的本性，对他们造成了很大的伤害。在他看来，宽恕者在向他人提供仁慈的同时，也在损害自己的幸福，而这些人可能会利用他们。)"可知，Droll认为宽恕的人违背了他们的本性，对他们造成了很大的伤害，他认为宽恕者在向他人提供仁慈的同时，也在损害自己的幸福。故选B。
2．推理判断题。根据文章第二段所举例子上文"Researchers find that to fully grow as human beings, we need both to receive love from and offer love to others. Without love, our connections with a wide range of individuals in our lives can fall apart. Even common sense strongly suggests that the will to power over others does not make for harmonious interactions. (研究人员发现，为了全面成长为人类，我们既需要从别人那里接受爱，也需要向别人提供爱。没有爱，我们与生活中各种各样的人的联系就会破裂。甚至常识也强烈表明，控制他人的意愿并不会促成和谐的互动。)"可知，没有爱，我们与他人的联系就会破裂，控制他人的意愿并不会促成和谐的互动；奴隶制是一个基于对他人的支配和控制的制度，它造成了大量的伤害和痛苦。"For example, how well has slavery worked as a mode of social harmony (例如，奴隶制作为社会和谐的一种模式发挥了多大的作用 )"通过以奴隶社会举例，以反问的方式，来阐明试图通过支配和权力来控制他人并不能带来真正的和谐或幸福，即控制就是伤害。故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段"From this second viewpoint of who we are as humans, forgiveness plays a key role in the biological and psychological integrity of both individuals and communities because one of the outcomes of forgiveness, shown through scientific studies, is the decreasing of hatred and the restoration of harmony. Forgiveness can break the cycle of anger. At least to the extent the people from whom you are estranged accept your love and forgiveness and are prepared to make the required adjustments. Forgiveness can heal relationships and reconnect people. (从作为人类的第二种观点来看，宽恕在个人和社区的生理和心理完整性方面都起着关键作用，因为科学研究表明，宽恕的结果之一是减少仇恨，恢复和谐。宽恕可以打破愤怒的循环。至少在某种程度上，与你疏远的人接受你的爱和宽恕，并准备做出必要的调整。宽恕可以治愈人际关系，重新连接人际关系。)"可知，作者认为原谅在个体和社区生物学和心理学完整性中的关键作用，指出原谅能够减少仇恨、恢复和谐，并且能够打破愤怒的循环。作者还提到原谅可以治愈关系，让人们重新建立联系。这些观点都表明作者对于原谅持有支持的态度。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段"As an important note, when we take a Classical philosophical perspective, that of Aristotle, we see the distinction between potentiality and actuality. We are not necessarily born with the capacity to forgive, but instead with the potential to learn about it and to grow in our ability to forgive. The actuality of forgiving, its actual appropriation in conflict situations, develops with practice. (值得注意的是，当我们从古典哲学的角度，即亚里士多德的角度来看，我们会看到潜在性和现实性之间的区别。我们不一定天生就有宽恕的能力，但我们有潜力去学习宽恕，并在宽恕的能力中成长。宽恕的现实性，它在冲突情境中的实际运用，是随着实践而发展的。)"可知，最后一段主要传达了原谅需要实践的信息。作者通过引用古典哲学中关于潜在性和实际性的观点，指出我们并不是天生就具备原谅的能力，而是需要通过学习和实践来培养和发展这种能力。因此，原谅并不是一种自然而然的行为，而是需要我们付出努力去实践的。故选D。
(B)
答案：
5．E 6．F 7．C 8．A 9．G
解析：
5．前文"Although the truly wise may seem few and far between, research suggest that it isn't an exceptional quality possessed by a small handful of bearded philosophers a feral. (虽然真正有智慧的人似乎少之又少，但研究表明，这并不是少数大胡子哲学家或野人所拥有的特殊品质)"指出智慧并非少数人拥有的特殊品质，因此E项"Actually, the latest studies suggest most of us have the ability to make wise decisions, given the right context. (事实上，最新的研究表明，在适当的环境下，我们大多数人都有能力做出明智的决定)"符合语境，指出大多数人都能做出明智的决定，承接前文。故选E。
6．前文"Recent findings suggest that people's ability to reason wisely varies dramatically a across situational contexts. (最近的研究结果表明，人们的理性推理能力在不同的情境下变化很大)"指出理性推理能力会随情境变化，因此F项"In other words, wisdom is not solely an 'inner quality' but rather unfolds as a function of situations people happen to be in. (换句话说，智慧不仅仅是一种'内在品质'，而是随着人们所处环境的变化而展现出来的)"符合语境，解释智慧会随着人们所处环境的变化而展现出来，承接前文。故选F。
7．后文"Grossmann and his colleagues, however, have identified four key characteristics, as part of a framework of wise reasoning. (然而，Grossmann和他的同事们已经确定了四个关键特征，作为明智推理框架的一部分)"和前文有转折，提到研究人员确定了明智推理框架中的四个关键特征，因此C项"Coming up with a definition of wisdom is challenging. (给智慧下一个定义是很有挑战性的)"符合语境，指出很难给智慧下定义，和后文构成转折。故选C。
8．前文"Grossmann and his colleagues have also found that one of most reliable ways to support wisdom in our own day-to-day decisions is to look at situations from a third-part perspective (Grossmann和他的同事们还发现，在我们自己的日常决策中，支持智慧的最可靠方法之一是从第三方的角度来看待情况)"指出从第三方的角度来看待情况有助于做出明智决定，因此A项"as if giving advice to a friend. (就像给朋友提建议一样)"符合语境，是方式状语，指出这就像给朋友提建议一样，承接前文。故选A。
9．前文"Research suggests that when adopting a first-person viewpoint we focus on 'the focal features of the environment' and when we adopt a third-person, 'observer' viewpoint we reason more broadly and focus more on interpersonal and moral ideals such as justice and impartiality. (研究表明，当我们采用第一人称视角时，我们会关注'环境的焦点特征'，而当我们采用第三人称'观察者'视角时，我们的推理范围更广，更关注人际关系和道德理想，如正义和公正)"介绍采用第三人称"观察者"视角带来更广的推理范围，因此G项"Looking at problems from this more expansive viewpoints appears to cultivate cognitive processes related to wise decisions. (从更广阔的角度看待问题似乎可以培养与明智决策相关的认知过程)"符合语境，指出更广的推理范围带来的好处，承接前文。故选G。
(C)
答案：
10．C 11．A 12．B 13．B
解析：
10．细节理解题。根据第一段中"So, always remember that the path you choose in your life chooses your destination and then you shall not have an option to change it. (所以，永远记住，你在生活中选择的道路选择了你的目的地，然后你将没有改变它的选择)"可知，作者认为你选择的道路决定了你的终点。故选C项。
11．推理判断题。根据第二段中"It is good to fail though it may take you to terrible feelings of life but in return, you will learn many things that life offers. The struggle is true but after that, the sweet of the fruit will build up your confidence to face any kinds of problem in the future. (失败是件好事，尽管它可能会让你对生活产生糟糕的感觉，但作为回报，你会学到生活提供的许多东西。挣扎是真实的，但在那之后，果实的甜味会建立你的信心，以面对未来的任何问题)"可知，虽然失败会让人感觉很糟糕，但它可以让人学到有益的东西，帮助人自信地面对未来的问题。由此可知，我们应该从痛苦艰辛中学习和获得指示。B. 盗亦有道；C. 只要你努力去尝试，总会成功；D. 直面问题，你就会成功。故选A项。
12．推理判断题。根据第三段"Honour is like a coat, which you can wear confidently. If you cheat to achieve a goal, then you cannot hide it. Billy was lazy in hard work and used to delay all his work. He always thought of taking a fake degree to enter a big company. When the company CEO asked him to write a program for a certain topic, then he was quite shocked as he was unable to do the work, because he had no knowledge on the programming language and had faked his certificate. (高尚的品德就像一件外套，你可以自信地穿上它。如果你为了达到一个目标而欺骗，那么你就无法隐藏它。Billy在艰苦的工作中很懒，经常拖延他的工作。他一直想拿个假学位进入一家大公司。当公司CEO让他写一个特定主题的程序时，他很震惊，因为他不懂编程语言，而且他的证书是伪造的，所以他无法完成这项工作)"可知，此处先提到高尚的品德好比可以让人自信穿上的外套，而欺骗的行为最终将暴露，然后举出Billy伪造学位，欺骗他人，最后被揭露的故事。由此推知，提到Billy的故事是为了支撑前面的观点，证明人不应该欺骗，只有高尚的品德才能让人感到自信。故选B项。
13．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中"So, always remember that the path you choose in your life chooses your destination and then you shall not have an option to change it. (所以，永远记住，你在生活中选择的道路选择了你的目的地，然后你将没有改变它的选择)"和最后一段"All in all, success can be achieved via shortcuts but honour can never be. It's better to live everyday with honour than to cheat. (总而言之，成功可以走捷径，但高尚的品德却永远走不了。与其欺骗，不如用高尚的品德过好每一天)"可知，文章主要论述了获得成功依赖于选择正确的道路，而非选择欺骗，我们应当正视走向成功道路上的失败，从中学习，获得启示，同时保持高尚的品德，变得自信和自律。文章的核心在于秉承高尚的品德去追求成功，因此B项"成功和高尚的品德"契合文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。A. 不劳则无获；C. 失败是成功之母；D. 高尚的品德次于成功。故选B项。

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