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Unit 3 Environmental Protection 学案（含答案）—高二英语人教版（2019）选择性必修第三册下学期期末复习
一、学习目标整合
1 learn some new words and expressions
2 have a further understanding of the unit
3 learn and master direct speech and indirect speech
二、思维导图回顾知识
三、重难知识易混易错
直接引语与间接引语
直接引语如果改为间接引语，须在连接词、人称、时态、状语、个别指示代词和动词等方面做相应的变化。
1. 连接词的选择
（1）直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，常变成由that引导的宾语从句。在口语中that可以省略。
例：The little boy said, "I was playing with my toys when someone knocked at the door."
小男孩说："我在玩我的玩具，这时有人敲门。"
(直接引语为陈述句)
→The little boy said (that) he was playing with his toys when someone knocked at the door.
小男孩说，他在玩他的玩具，那时有人敲门。
(间接引语为that引导的宾语从句)
（2）直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句时，间接引语中用whether(...or...或...or not)或if引导。
例：Mother said to her daughter, "Are you satisfied with your new room "
妈妈对她的女儿说："你对你的新房间满意吗？"
(直接引语为一般疑问句)
→Mother asked her daughter whether/if she was satisfied with her new room.
妈妈问她女儿是否对她的新房间满意。
(间接引语改为whether/if引导的宾语从句)
（3）直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语仍用原句中的特殊疑问词来引导，其余的变化遵照直接引语和间接引语之间的转换规则来进行。
例："When will the sports meet be held " he said.
他说："什么时候举行运动会？"
(直接引语为特殊疑问句)
→He asked when the sports meet would be held.
他问什么时候举行运动会。
(间接引语改为由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句)
注意：
（1）直接引语是陈述句时，若变为间接引语，主句谓语动词"said to sb."常改为told sb.。
（2）直接引语是疑问句时，如果主句中谓语动词是said，则将其改为asked。
（3）疑问句的直接引语变间接引语时，要把疑问语序变成陈述语序。
练习：将直接引语变换为间接引语
① The patient asked, "Is Dr. Li at the hospital "
→The patient asked whether/if Dr. Li was at the hospital.
② "Who lost the key to the room " asked Miss Green.
→Miss Green asked who had lost the key to the room.
2. 人称的变化
直接引语变为间接引语时，人称代词要根据转述人立场的变化作相应的改变。
记忆口诀：一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新。
（1）"一随主"
指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。
例：Mary said, "I want to have a computer of my own."
玛丽说，"我想拥有一台我自己的电脑。"
→Mary said that she wanted to have a computer of her own.
玛丽说她想拥有一台自己的电脑。
（2）"二随宾"
指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人称修饰，从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。
例：Her colleague said to her, "Who did you ask for a leave "
她的同事对她说，"你向谁请了假？"
→Her colleague asked her who she had asked for a leave.
她的同事问她向谁请了假。
（3）"第三人称不更新"
指直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称修饰，从句中的人称一般不需要变化。
例：The workers said, "The leaders often make the workers work extra hours."
工人们说："领导经常让工人们加班。"
→The workers said that the leaders often made the workers work extra hours.
工人们说领导经常让工人们加班。
练习：将直接引语变换为间接引语
① John said, "Tomorrow I'm going to attend this party."
→John said (that) the next day he was going to attend this party.
② She said, "I worked in Shanghai three years ago."
→She said (that) she had worked in Shanghai three years before.
3. 时态的变化
直接引语变间接引语时句子时态变化如下表：
直接引语 间接引语
句 子 时 态 一般现在时 一般过去时
现在进行时 过去进行时
现在完成时 过去完成时
一般过去时 过去完成时
过去完成时 不变
一般将来时 过去将来时
例：His friend said to him, "We are planning to have a picnic."
他的朋友对他说："我们计划去野餐。"
(直接引语为现在进行时)
→His friend told him that they were planning to have a picnic.
他的朋友告诉他说，他们计划去野餐。
(间接引语为过去进行时)
The organizer said, "We have begun our plan."
组织者说："我们已开始了我们的计划。"
(直接引语为现在完成时)
→The organizer said that they had begun their plan.
组织者说，他们已开始了他们的计划。
(间接引语为过去完成时)
注意：
直接引语变为间接引语时，时态不发生变化的情况：
（1）直接引语是客观真理、谚语和格言时；
（2）直接引语中有具体的过去的某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变；
（3）主句的谓语时态为现在进行时态。
练习：将直接引语变换为间接引语
① My mother said, "The door isn't locked."
→My mother said that the door wasn't locked.
② The patient said, "The doctors have discussed the mysterious disease."
→The patient said (that) the doctors had discussed the mysterious disease.
③ Tom said, "I am reading in my room."
→Tom said that he was reading in his room.
4. 指示词、状语及动词的变化
直接引语 间接引语
指示代词 this that
these those
时间状语 now then
today that day
tonight that night
yesterday the day before
tomorrow the next (following) day
last month (week) the month (week) before
next month (week) the next month (week)
the day before yesterday two days before
地点状语 here there
动词 come go
bring take
5. 当祈使句作直接引语表示要求和命令时，变间接引语时常采用ask/tell/order sb.to do sth.的形式。
例："Follow his instructions," she said to me.
→She told me to follow his instructions.
她告诉我要听他的指令。
6. 若直接引语中祈使句是否定形式，变间接引语时，不定式符号to前要加not或never。
例：She said, "Don't make so much noise, children!"
→She told the children not to make so much noise.
她告诉孩子们不要制造这么多噪音。
7. 当直接引语为表示建议、提议的祈使句或表示请求、提议、劝告、建议的疑问句时，多采用"suggest＋doing/that从句(如suggest后接that从句时，从句使用虚拟语气should＋动词原形，should也可省略)，offer to do和ask/advise/want sb.＋to do"等结构。
例：Jack said, "Let's go to the cinema tonight."
→Jack suggested that we should go to the cinema that night.
→Jack suggested our going to the cinema that night.
那天晚上杰克建议我们去看电影。
8. 如果直接引语部分是感叹句，改为间接引语时，引导词可以用该感叹句的感叹词(即what或how)引导，也可以用that引导。
例：She said, "What a lovely day it is!"
→She said what a lovely day it was.
她说天气不错。
9. 若直接引语中的一般疑问句是由表示委婉语气的would，could等构成的疑问句，转换为间接引语时句子的谓语动词常用asked。
"Can you lend me two yuan " he asked me.
→He asked me if I could lend him two yuan.
他问我是否能借给他两元钱。
练习：
把下列句子变为直接引语
1. Xiao Ming's brother asked him what he was doing in his room.
Xiao Ming's brother said to him, "What _____ _____ _____ in your room "
2. The teacher told us that she had left her book in the office.
The teacher said to us, "I _____ _____ _____ book in the office."
3. John asked me how many of us had taken part in the sports meeting the Friday before.
John said to me, "How many of _____ _____ part in the sports meeting _____ _____ "
4. Mother said that she had already prepared supper for us.
Mother said, "_____ have already prepared supper for _____."
5. He asked me whether I would go to the concert with him the next evening.
He said to me, "_____ you go to the concert with me _____ _____ "
把下列句子变为间接引语
6. Mary said to me, "I'm not feeling well in the stomach."
Mary _____ me that _____ _____ not feeling well in the stomach.
7. He said, "It will not be long before we know the result of the experiment."
He said that it _____ not be long before _____ _____ the result of the experiment.
8. He said, "I'm afraid I can't finish the book within this week."
He said that _____ _____ afraid _____ _____ finish the book within _____ week.
9. My father said, "How I wish every family had a large house with a beautiful garden!"
My father said _____ _____ _____ every family had had a large house with a beautiful garden!
10. The teacher said to me, "Is this the reason Tom explained at the meeting for his carelessness "
The teacher asked me _____ _____ _____ the reason Tom had explained at the meeting for his carelessness.
答案：
1. are you doing
2. have left my
3. you took; last Friday
4. I; you
5. Will; tomorrow evening
6. told; she was
7. would; they knew
8. he was; he couldn't; that
9. how he wished
10. if that was
四、核心素养对接高考
1. Located in Ordos, North China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Kubuqi Desert (库布齐沙漠) is the closest desert to China's capital Beijing. It was once known as the "sea of death". However, in the past 30 years, the government, social organizations and local farmers① _____ (work) together to control desertification (沙漠化) in Kubuqi Desert.
Historically, Kubuqi was a rich city flld with water and grass. But due to climate change and over-exploitation from humans, the farmlands gradually turned to desert. Controlling desertification was the only way out for people still living in Kubuqi. With the first highway going through the desert② _____ (build) here, people started planting trees in③ _____ whole desert. It was common for planted trees to die. The next year, people just continued to plant more trees and attended to them regardless④ _____ the difficulty. Their hard work fuelled the term "Kubugi spirit", inspiring local people⑤ _____ (enhance) the skills of planting trees greatly. Over three decades, tree planting technology saw further⑥ _____ (innovate) and development in Kubuqi. Now workers can plant a tree in just ten⑦ _____ (second), and the survival rate of trees is over 80 percent.
The 102, 000 residents in the desert have⑧ _____ (frequent) enjoyed the benefits of managing with desertification. Meng Keda,⑨ _____ family has lived deep in Kubuqi Desert for generations, began a tourism business in 2006⑩ _____ earned about 300, 000 yuan last year.
2. The World Health Organization(WHO) has① _____ (official) announced a shocking finding about the air we breathe. It has found that almost everyone on Earth breathes unhealthy air. The WHO made② _____ (it) air quality update ahead of World Health Day on April 7. The update reported that 99 percent of the world's population breathes air③ _____ goes beyond WHO air quality limits. It looked at data from over 6000 cities in 117 nations. People④ _____ (live) in lower-and middle-income nations breathe the poorest-quality air. Millions of people die in these countries because of pollution-related diseases. The WHO said: "After surviving a pandemic, it is unacceptable to still have 7 million preventable deaths owing⑤ _____
air pollution."
The WHO said its report highlighted the need to move away from fossil fuels. It asked governments to do more⑥ _____ (reduce) levels of air pollution. It said: "Current energy concerns highlight the importance of speeding up the transition to cleaner and⑦ _____ (healthy) energy systems." It added that high gas prices, energy⑧ _____ (secure), the dangers of air pollution and climate change mean the world must be less dependent on fossil fuels. The WHO report⑨ _____ (involve) many recommendations for change. One of these is⑩ _____ use of clean energy for cooking, heating and lighting. Another is to "build safe and affordable public transport systems and pedestrian-and cycle-friendly networks".
3. In Wei Yuansong's office drawer is a thank-you letter① _____ (sign) by an entire Sri Lankan village. It contains the shared memories of② _____ decade-long fight against a killer kidney disease that had troubled villagers for years for their lack of safe drinking water.
Now director of the Laboratory of Water Pollution Control Technology at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wei says his connection to Sri Lanka began in August 2013,③ _____ he received an email from Dr S. K. Weragoda about collaboration on water treatment④ _____ (deal) with Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu). Then, CKDu was a major public health issue in Sri Lanka,⑤ _____ over 40,000 people affected by the disease since the mid-1990s. In 2016, then Sri Lankan President referred to it as a national disaster that was causing 5,000 deaths a year.
In August 2014, Wei made his first visit to Sri Lanka with Weragoda. "Many local residents thought we, like other foreign researchers, were there to write papers, not to⑥ _____ (genuine) help them," Wei says. The two scientists had to try to win their trust, and were eventually welcomed to take crucial samples for⑦ _____ (analyze).
Following extensive coordination between the two sides, a deal was inked in March 2015,⑧ _____ (enable) joint research into the causes of CKDu and drinking water safety. Since then, Wei⑨ _____ (frequent) Sri Lanka with other Chinese scientists to conduct research into water treatment solutions⑩ _____ (suit) for local conditions. During the following years, the Chinese academy and its partners built four drinking water facilities in Sri Lanka, providing safe drinking water to over 5,000 villagers and more than 1, 300 students.
答案
1.答案：
①have worked②built③the④of⑤to enhance⑥innovation⑦seconds⑧frequently⑨whose⑩which/that
解析：
考查时态。句意：然而，在过去的30年里，政府、社会组织和当地农民一起努力控制库布齐沙漠的沙漠化。Work (工作) 是谓语动词，根据时间状语"in the past 30 years"可知，该动作从过去持续到现在，应用现在完成时，主语"the government, social organizations and local farmers"是复数，谓语动词用复数形式。故填have worked。
考查非谓语动词。句意：随着第一条穿过沙漠的公路在这里建成，人们开始在整个沙漠中植树。动词build (建造，修建) 作with复合结构中宾语补足语，是非谓语动词，与其逻辑主语the first highway之间是被动关系，应用过去分词表被动。故填built。
考查冠词。句意：随着第一条穿过沙漠的公路在这里建成，人们开始在整个沙漠中植树。desert指前面指到的"Kubuqi Desert (库布齐沙漠)"，特指，用定冠词the限定。故填the。
考查介词。句意：第二年，人们不顾困难，继续种植更多的树并照料它们。regardless of是固定短语，意为"不管，不顾"。故填of。
考查非谓语动词。句意：他们的辛勤工作催生了"库布齐精神"，极大地激励了当地人提高植树技能。inspire sb. to do sth.是固定用法，意为"激励某人做某事"，用不定式作宾语补足语。故填to enhance。
考查名词。句意：三十多年来，库布齐的植树技术有了进一步的创新和发展。根据and后的名词development可知，此处应用名词innovation (创新)，作saw的并列宾语，是不可数名词。故填innovation。
考查名词复数。句意：现在工人只需十秒钟就能种一棵树，树木的成活率超过80%。Second (秒) 是可数名词，根据前面的数词ten可知，应用复数形式。故填seconds。
考查副词。句意：沙漠中的10.2万居民经常享受到治理沙漠化带来的好处。提示词修饰动词enjoyed，应用副词frequently (经常) 作状语。故填frequently。
考查定语从句。句意：孟克达的家族世世代代生活在库布齐沙漠深处，他在2006年开始了一项旅游业务，去年赚了约30万元。"_____ family has lived deep in Kubuqi Desert for generations"是定语从句，修饰先行词Meng Keda，关系词在从句中作family的定语，表示"孟克达的家族"，应用表示所属关系的关系代词whose引导该从句。故填whose。
考查定语从句。句意：孟克达的家族世世代代生活在库布齐沙漠深处，他在2006年开始了一项旅游业务，去年赚了约30万元。"_____ earned about 300, 000 yuan last year"是定语从句，修饰先行词a tourism business，指物，关系词将其代入从句中作主语，应用关系代词which或that引导该从句。故填which/that。
2.答案：
①officially②its③which/that④living⑤to⑥to reduce⑦healthier/more healthy⑧security⑨involves⑩the
解析：
考查副词。句意：世界卫生组织 (WHO) 正式宣布了一项关于我们呼吸的空气的令人震惊的发现。副词officially作状语修饰动词。故填officially。
考查代词。句意：世界卫生组织在4月7日世界卫生日之前更新了空气质量。空处应使用形容词性物主代词its，在句中作定语修饰air quality。故填its。
考查定语从句。句意：最新报告称，世界上99%的人口呼吸的空气超出了世卫组织的空气质量限制。该句为限定性定语从句，先行词是air，指物，且从句中缺少主语成分，因此可使用关系代词that/which引导。故填which或that。
考查非谓语动词。句意：生活在低收入和中等收入国家的人们呼吸着质量最差的空气。句中已有谓语breathe，空处需使用非谓语动词，且主语people与live之间是逻辑上的主动关系，因此需使用现在分词，作定语。故填living。
考查介词。句意：世界卫生组织表示："在经历了一场大流行之后，仍然有700万人死于空气污染，这是不可接受的。"此处是固定短语owing to，意为"由于；因为"，to是介词。故填to。
考查非谓语动词。句意：它要求各国政府采取更多措施降低空气污染水平。此处表示目的，空处可使用不定式，在句中作目的状语。故填to reduce。
考查形容词比较级。句意：报告称："当前的能源担忧凸显了加快向更清洁、更健康的能源系统过渡的重要性。"and前后连接的词应在词性、比较级等方面保持一致，且此处表示"更健康的"，因此需使用其比较级形式，healthy的比较级为healthier或more healthy。故填healthier或more healthy。
考查名词。句意：报告补充说，高昂的天然气价格、能源安全、空气污染的危险以及气候变化意味着世界必须减少对化石燃料的依赖。空处与high gas prices和the dangers of air pollution为并列关系，因此空处需使用其名词形式，security"安全"是不可数名词。故填security。
考查时态。句意：世卫组织的报告设计了对许多改革建议。陈述客观事实，为一般现在时，主语单数，谓语用第三人称单数。故填involves。
考查定冠词。句意：其中之一是使用清洁能源做饭、取暖和照明。此处是固定短语the use of，意为"使用……"，表示特指，用定冠词the。故填the。
3.答案：
①signed②a③when④to deal⑤with⑥genuinely⑦analysis⑧enabling⑨has frequented⑩suitable
解析：
考查非谓语动词。句意：在魏源送的办公室抽屉里，有一封由整个斯里兰卡村庄署名的感谢信。空处为非谓语动词作后置定语，且letter和sign之间为逻辑被动关系，sign应用过去分词形式。故填signed。
考查冠词。句意：它承载着共同的记忆，那是一场长达十年的与一种致命肾病的斗争，由于缺乏安全的饮用水，这种肾病多年来一直困扰着村民。fight为可数名词，表示泛指，应用不定冠词，且decade-long是以辅音音素开头的单词，应用a。故填a。
考查定语从句。句意：魏源送现在是中国科学院水污染控制技术实验室主任，他说他与斯里兰卡的联系始于2013年8月，当时他收到了S.K.韦拉戈达博士的一封电子邮件，内容是关于合作进行水处理以应对病因不明的慢性肾病 (CKDu)。空处为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词August 2013，且从句中缺少时间状语，应用关系副词when引导该从句。故填when。
考查非谓语动词。句意：魏源送现在是中国科学院水污染控制技术实验室主任，他说他与斯里兰卡的联系始于2013年8月，当时他收到了S.K.韦拉戈达博士的一封电子邮件，内容是关于合作进行水处理以应对病因不明的慢性肾病 (CKDu)。空处作目的状语，应用动词不定式。故填to deal。
考查with复合结构。句意：当时，病因不明的慢性肾病是斯里兰卡的一个主要公共卫生问题，自上世纪90年代中期以来，已有超过4万人受到这种疾病的影响。"with+宾语+宾语补足语"的复合结构，在句中作伴随状语，应用介词with。故填with。
考查副词。句意："许多当地居民认为我们和其他外国研究人员一样，只是去那里写论文，而不是真正地帮助他们。"魏源送说。空处为副词作状语修饰动词help，genuine的副词形式为genuinely。故填genuinely。
考查名词。句意：两位科学家不得不努力赢得他们的信任，最终被允许采集重要样本用于分析。空处为名词作介词for的宾语，analyze的名词形式为analysis，为不可数名词。故填analysis。
考查非谓语动词。句意：在双方进行了广泛的协调之后，2015年3月签署了一项协议，使得对病因不明的慢性肾病的病因和饮用水安全的联合研究成为可能。空处为非谓语动词作状语，该空后内容是前句造成的意料之中的结果，enable应用现在分词形式做结果状语。故填enabling。
考查时态和主谓一致。句意：从那以后，魏源送频繁地和其他中国科学家一起前往斯里兰卡，进行适合当地情况的水处理解决方案的研究。frequent是谓语动词，根据时间状语"Since then"可知，此处应用现在完成时，主语Wei为单数名词，助动词应用has。故填has frequented。
考查形容词。句意：从那以后，魏源送频繁地和其他中国科学家一起前往斯里兰卡，进行适合当地情况的水处理解决方案的研究。空处为形容词作后置定语修饰名词solutions，suit的形容词形式为suitable。故填suitable。

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