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Unit 3 Sea Exploration 学案（含答案）—高二英语人教版（2019）选择性必修第四册下学期期末复习
一、学习目标整合
1 learn some new words and expressions
2 have a further understanding of the unit
3 learn and master infinitive
二、思维导图回顾知识
三、重难知识易混易错
动词不定式
动词不定式由"to+动词原形"构成（在某些情况下可以省略to），具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。其否定形式为"not + 动词不定式"。
一、动词不定式的时态和语态形式
动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。具体形式如下表所示（以do为例）：
语态 时态 主动语态 被动语态
一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成进行式 to have been doing
二、动词不定式的句法功能
动词不定式在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等多种成分。
1. 作主语
（1）动词不定式作主语时，在很多情况下都可以用v-ing替代，但表示某些具体情况，或表示较强烈的对比，或在某些固定说法中时，通常不用v-ing替代。
（2）动词不定式作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
（3）若动词不定式太长，则往往用it代替动词不定式作形式主语，不定式移至句末，以使句子结构平衡。
例：To err is human.
金无足赤，人无完人。/人非圣贤，孰能无过。
To finish this job in one day is impossible.
要在一天之内完成这项工作是不可能的。
（表示具体的情况）
It is very interesting to play in the snow in winter.
冬天在雪地里玩是很有趣的。
2. 作表语
动词不定式置于be动词后而作表语时，常表示将来的动作或起解释说明的作用，其主语常常是dream，wish，idea，plan，purpose，duty，job等表示意向、打算、职责等意义的词。
例：His dream is to become an astronaut.
他的梦想是成为一名宇航员。
My main task is to get this company running smoothly.
我的主要任务是使这家公司运转顺利。
3. 作宾语
（1）有些动词后常跟不定式（而不跟v-ing）作宾语，如decide，afford，agree，attempt，choose，determine，demand，expect，fail，hope，manage，offer，plan，prepare，pretend，promise，refuse等。
例：Tina's decided to go to Rome for her holidays.
蒂娜已决定去罗马度假。
My dad has offered to pick us up.
我爸爸主动提出开车来接我们。
I can't afford to take flying lessons.
我付不起飞行驾驶课程的费用。
She failed to pass her driving test.
她未能通过驾照考试。
（2）用于"动词+it+adj./n.+动词不定式"结构中，其中it为形式宾语，动词不定式为真正的宾语。能用于该结构的动词有feel，find，think，believe，consider，make 等。
例：I find it pleasant to work with him.
我发现跟他一块儿工作挺愉快的。
I think it useful to learn a foreign language.
我认为学一门外语是有用的。
4. 作定语
动词不定式作定语时，应放在被修饰词的后面。
（1）动词不定式作定语的几种情况：
① 序数词、形容词最高级或the last/the only/the next等后或被这些词修饰的名词后常用动词不定式作定语。
例：He is the best man to do the job.
他是做这项工作的最佳人选。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave.
他总是第一个来，最后一个走。
② 抽象名词time，way，reason，chance，opportunity，ability，promise，attempt等后常用动词不定式作定语。
例：Interest is as vital to learning as the ability to understand，even more so.
对于学习来说，兴趣和理解能力一样重要，甚至更重要。
He made a promise to come here on time tomorrow.
他许诺明天按时来这儿。
③ something，nothing，anything等不定代词后常用动词不定式作定语。
例：Do you have anything to say
你有什么要说的吗？
④ 动词不定式作定语可表示将来的、还没发生的动作。
例：He said he had an important meeting to attend.
他说他有一个重要的会议要参加。
There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the moon.
在我们准备好长时间停留在月球上之前，还有许多问题要解决。
⑤ 在there be句型中，作主语的名词后可接动词不定式作定语，不定式用主动式或被动式均可，一般用主动形式表示被动意义。
例：There is nothing to worry/to be worried about.
没什么可担心的。
注意：
在there be句型中，当由讲话人去执行不定式的动作，表示义务、责任或必要性时，动词不定式多用主动形式；由别人去执行动作，表示可能性时，多用被动形式。如：
例：There are still many things to take care of.
还有许多事需要我们处理。（讲话人处理）
There are still many things to be taken care of.
还有许多事需要处理。（别人处理）
（2）动词不定式中的动词与被修饰词之间的关系
① 动宾关系
当动词不定式中的动词与被修饰词之间是逻辑上的动宾关系时，动词不定式既可以用主动形式，也可用被动形式，这取决于动词不定式所表示的动作是否是由句子的主语发出的。试比较：
例：Do you have anything to send
你有什么东西要寄吗？
（动词不定式to send所表示的动作的执行者是主语"you"）
Do you have anything to be sent
你有什么东西要（我或别人）寄吗？
（动词不定式（to be sent 表示的动作的钱不是主语，而是"我"或"别人"）
② 主谓关系
动词不定式中的动词与被修饰词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，是指被修饰词是动词不定式中的动词的逻辑主语，此时的动词不定式相当于关系代词作主语的定语从句。
例：We need someone to help with the need that can help with the work.
我们需要有人来帮忙做这工作。
In our school she is the only student to attend the important meeting.
= In our school she is the only student that is to attend the important meeting.
她是我们学校唯一一名要去参加这次重要会议的学生。
5. 作状语
动词不定式可用作目的状语、原因状语、结果状语等。
（1）作目的状语
动词不定式作目的状语时，其所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，一般放在句子后部，表示强调，也可位于句首；其前可加in order和so as，但加so as时不能放在句首。
例：I came here to say goodbye to you.
我来这儿是为了向你告别。
He ran fast all the way so as to/in order to catch the first bus.
他一路快速奔跑以便赶上第一班公共汽车。
In order to pass the exam, he studied hard till midnight.
为了通过考试，他努力学习到半夜。
（2）作原因状语
动词不定式常跟在作表语的形容词和过去分词之后，用来说明产生某种情绪或作出某种评价的原因。此类词有happy，lucky，surprised，sorry，glad，delighted，eager，anxious，ready，foolish，interested，careless等。
例：We're quite glad to meet you here.
我们很高兴在这儿见到你。
They were very surprised to be informed of the news.
被告知这个消息他们很吃惊。
You were careless to leave your bike unlocked.
放下自行车不锁，你真粗心。
（3）作结果状语
动词不定式作结果状语时往往表示意想不到的或是不愉快的结果。其前有时可以加上only以加强语气。
例：He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.
他到了车站，却被告知火车已经开走了。
注意：
现在分词（短语）作结果状语多表示顺其自然的结果，即句子和结果状语之间有一定的因果关系。
Jack has made great progress, making his parents very happy.
杰克取得了巨大的进步，这让他的父母很高兴。
6. 作补语
（1）ask，tell，invite，get，advise，allow，want，permit，warm，order，encourage，prefer，expect，force，wish，beg等表示命令、教导、要求、意向、允许、警告等意义的动词后可接动词不定式作宾语补足语。
例：My teacher encouraged me to study abroad.
我的老师鼓励我出国留学。
Her parents don't allow her to go out at night.
她父母不允许她晚上出去。
（2）believe，consider，declare，find，imagine，prove，suppose，think等表示意见、认可、判断、料想、声明等意义的动词后的宾语补足语常是"to be"或"to have been"形式。
例：The answer proved to be wrong.
结果表明这个答案是错的。
I believe him to be honest.
我相信他是诚实的。
They found him to be charming.
他们觉得他很有魅力。
I judged him to have been a teacher.
我判断他曾是一位教师。
练习：
1. She realized that one of the great benefits of the phones was its abilityt ______ (remove) the distance that usually exists between people.
2. Too much meat and sugar may cause you ______ (put) on weight very easily.
3. There will be many tasks for them ______ (complete) next month.
4. She ran all the way up to the station, only ______ (find) that the train had left fifteen minutes before.
5. You can't imagine what trouble he has taken ______ (raise) funds for the poor.
6. The newly-elected president found it impossible ______ (change) the awkward educational situation in the poor area in a short time.
7. I believe I will make new friends here, and there's a lot ______ (explore) at senior high school.
8. David threatened ______ (report)his neighbour to the police if the damages were not paid.
9. His purpose wast ______ (discover) how long these guests intended to stay.
10. Close friendships will help smooth out rocky road that we are all meant ______ (travel).
答案：
1. to remove
2. to put
3. to complete
4. to find
5. to raise
6. to change
7. to explore
8. to report
9. to discover
10. to travel
四、核心素养对接高考
1. Would you like to explore (勘探) the oceans Do you want to find ①________ life than we imagine there For Jacques Cousteau, the answer was "yes". His career was a lifelong dream, and he has been ②________ (probable) the most famous ocean scientist in recent times.
Cousteau was born in France in 1910. Even ③________ a child, he loved water. Cousteau was bright, ④________ he got bored with school and began to cause trouble. His parents sent him to a strict boarding school. There, Cousteau finally ⑤________ (challenge). He studied hard and did well in all his courses. In 1933, he served as a general officer in the French Navy. He also began to explore the life under the water. worked ⑥________ a breathing machine to stay under water longer. It was finished in 1943.
In 1948,Cousteau became a captain, and he had new duties. Even so, he continued to explore the oceans. Two years later, he became the president of the French Oceanographic Campaigns. He also bought a ship ⑦________ (help) with his dives. But he ⑧________ (need) a way to get money for his trips. To do that, he produced many films and published a number of hooks. His films include The Silent World (1956) and World Without Sun (1966). One of his books is The Living Sea (1963).
In 1974, he founded the Cousteau Society, ⑨________ function was to further oceanic research arid encourage people to help protect the oceans and the life within them.
Cousteau won many honors for his work, ⑩________ (include) the Presidential Medal of Freedom and membership in the French Academy in 1989.
2. The sea has always interested man. From it he can get food, minerals, and treasure. For ①________ (thousand) of years, he could sail on it But he could not go far beneath its surface.
Man wants to explore deep into the sea. ②________ ,he is not a fish. He must breathe air, so he can't stay under the water's surface for any ③________ (long) of time. ④________ (explore) deep water,man faces even more dangers and problems.
A diver who wants to stay under water for ⑤________ (much) than a few minutes must breathe air or a special mixture of gases. He can wear a ⑥________ (dive) suit and have air pumped to him from above. He can carry a tank of air on his back and breathe ⑦________ a nose and a mouthpiece. Water weighs 800 times as much ⑧________ air. Tons of water pushes against a diver deep in the sea His body is under great pressure.
When a diver is under great pressure,his blood ⑨________ (take) in some of the gases he breathes. As he rises to the surface,the water pressure becomes less. If the diver rises too ⑩________ (quick), the gases in his blood form bubbles. The diver is then suffering from the bends (减压病). The bends can cause a diver to double up in pain. They can even kill him.
3. RMS Titanic was a British ship that sank (沉没) in the North Atlantic Ocean in the early morning hours of April 15,1912.There were about 2,224 people aboard the ship,more than 1,500 of ①________ died,making it one of the ②________ (bad) ocean disasters in modern history.So far the ship ③________ (rest) on the ocean floor for more than a century.In 2012 the first curious tourists were brought to it and saw the ship themselves.Now people will once again get the chance ④________ (visit) the Titanic.This could be one of the last ⑤________ (chance).A 2016 study showed that a bacteria (细菌) could eat away what ⑥________ (leave) of the famous ship inside 15 or 20 years.
The eight-day journey will transport visitors in an undersea boat ⑦________ the final resting place of the Titanic.The first trip is already⑧________ (full) booked,though the experience costs 105,129 dollars per person.Visitors will have a great time around the vast field where the Titanic rests,home to ⑨________ great many ancient treasures, ⑩________ (remain) untouched for over a century.
1.答案：
①more②probably③as④but/yet⑤was challenged⑥on⑦to help⑧needed⑨whose⑩including
解析：
more考查固定搭配。more... than..."比起……更……"。
probably考査副词。他可能是近代最著名的海洋科学家。此处应用副词修饰动词，故填probably。
as考查介词。共至当他还是个孩子的时候，他就爱上了水。as表示"在某一年龄段时"。
but/yet考査连词。根据语境可知，前后句是转折关系，应用but/yet 。
was challenged考查时态和语态。在那甩，他最终受到了激励。由全文的时态可知，应用一般过去时；Cousteau是被激励的，故应用被动语态。
on考査介词。work on sth."努力改善(或完成)某事"。
to help考査动词不定式。他还买了一艘船来帮助他潜水。此处应用动词不定式表示目的。
needed考査时态。由前面的"bought"可知，此处应用一般过去时。
whose考査定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处引导定语从句，且在从句中作定语，修饰"function"，故填whose。
including考査介词。Cousteau赢得了很多荣誉，包括(including)总统自由勋章和1989年获得的法国学术会员身份。
2.答案：
①thousands②However③length④To explore⑤more⑥diving⑦through⑧as⑨takes⑩quickly
解析：
①thousands of，"成千上万的"。
②上下文是转折关系，由于用逗号隔开，所以填However。
③介词后面接名词。
④此处用动词不定式作目的状语。
⑤根据后面的than可知，此处应该用比较级。
⑥此处用v-ing形式作定语修饰名词suit。
⑦此处表示"通过鼻子"，所以用through。
⑧此处是倍数的表达法，"倍数+as+原级+as"。
⑨主语是第三人称单数，时态是一般现在时，故填takes。
⑩此处用副词修饰动词。
3.答案：
①whom②worst③has rested④to visit⑤chances⑥is left⑦to⑧fully⑨a⑩remaining
解析：
whom，考查定语从句，先行词为人，在定语从句中作介词of的宾语，所以用whom引导。
worst，考查最高级，前面有one of，所以用形容词最高级作定语。
has rested，考查时态，so far和现在完成时态连用。
to visit，考查不定式，the chance后跟不定式作后置定语。
chances，考查名词的数，前面有one of，所以用名词的数复数。
is left，考查语态，句子主语和leave之间是被动关系，所以用被动语态。
to，考查介词，表示"到……地方"，用介词to。
fully，考查副词，修饰动词用副词。
a，考查冠词，a great many很多，后跟复数名词。
remaining，考查现在分词，句子主语和remain之间指主动关系，所以用现在分词作状语。

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