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专题14.定语从句精讲
一．定语从句的结构
　　在复合句中,修饰一个名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。英语中的定语从句放在被修饰的名词或代词之后,一般用关系代词或副词来引导。例如:
(1)He is the boy. 他是那个男孩。
(2)We want to look for the boy. 我们想找这个男孩。
我们可以把这两个句子合并:
　　　　　　　　　　定语从句
He is the boy who (whom) we want to look for
　 　先行词 　关系词
先行词是被修饰的名词或代词。关系词是用来引导定语从句的词,包括关系代词(who, whom, whose, that, which)和关系副词(where, when, why)。当关系代词作从句的主语时,谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
二．定语从句的关系词
所作成分 关系词
主语 who(指人)、which(指物)、that(指人或物)
宾语 who/whom(指人)、which(指物)、that(指人或物)
定语 whose(指人或物)
状语 where(指地点)、when(指时间)、why(指原因)
易混易错
引导定语从句的关系代词有who、whom、whose、which、that等。当关系代词在从句中作动词的宾语时,关系代词常可以省略。引导定语从句的关系副词有where、when和why。注意what不能引导定语从句。
三．辨析定语从句的关系词
who/whom who/whom引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词必须指人。who在从句中作主语、宾语;whom在从句中作宾语,常可省略。在从句中作介词的宾语时,只能用whom,即“介词+whom” This is the man who helped me. 这就是帮助过我的那个人。 That is the girl (whom/who) I have taught. 那就是我教过的女孩。 He is the boy with whom I went there. 他就是和我一起去那里的男孩。
who/ that 当先行词指人时,引导词用who或that均可。如果先行词是one、ones、anyone或those时,一般用who The man who/that is playing the piano is my music teacher. 正在弹钢琴的那个人是我的音乐老师。
that/ which 多数情况下,不管关系代词在从句中是作主语还是宾语,两者都可替换使用。当先行词是anything、everything、nothing等不定代词,或先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词既指人又指物时,只能用that。如果关系代词作介词的宾语时,只能用which,不能用that This is the biggest ship that I've ever seen. 这是我见过的最大的轮船。 This is the room in which you will stay. 这是你将要住的房间。
where/ whose 关系副词where在从句中作地点状语,它引导的定语从句修饰表地点的先行词。whose引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词既可以指人也可以指物,意为“某(些)人/物的……” This is the place where he was born. 这是他出生的地方。 Please show me the book whose cover is black.请把封面是黑色的那本书给我看看。
注意：
1.只用that不用which的情况
先行词是 all,much,little,few,something,anything,everything,none, nothing 等不定代词时 Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？ He did everything that could help us.
先行词有the only,the same,the very 修饰时 This is the same bike that I lost. Cheating was the only thing that interested her most.
先行词既有人又有物时 I am going to talk about the countries and people that I have visited.
先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best film that has been shown so far in the city. The first thing that we should do now is to find a local guide.
2.只用which不用that的情况
在非限制性定语从句中 She lost the game,which depressed her greatly. 她输了比赛，这使她很沮丧。 Tokyo,which is the capital of Japan,sees great changes every day. 日本的首都东京每天都有巨大的变化。
介词后用which,不用that The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop. 我过去住的房子已经变成了一家鞋店。 The pen with which you are writing is Jeff's. 你现在正用来写字的那支钢笔是杰夫的。
专项训练
1.It is the same with our lives. Those　　　choose to live in peace must help their neighbors to live in peace.
2.“Anyone　　　has heard about Seattle’s train may think this is kind of fun,”McKaulay said.
3.Theaters may have a brighter future if they can provide a movie experience 　　　people cannot get at home.
4.Great changes have taken place in our city in the past ten years. Everything　　　comes into sight is so new to me.
5.—Why don’t you like fishing
—Fishing is a hobby　　　 needs much patience,but I’m not patient at all.
6.Running Man is a very relaxing TV program　　　 is hot among the young people.
7.China is a great country with about 5,000 years of history. There are many places of interest w　　　 attract millions of tourists from all over the world every year.
8.The earth is the planet 　　　 provides us with everything we need, fresh air, clean water and so on. It’s our duty to protect it.
9.Have you ever heard of the news　　　 is about the Strawberry Concert
考点二 关系副词引导的定语从句
when、where 和 why引导定语从句时,它们在从句中分别作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语。
when表示时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。
I still remember the year when you graduated from No.8 Middle School.我依然记得你从八中毕业的那一年。
(2)why表示原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,其先行词通常是表示原因的reason一词。
We don’t know the reason why he was late for school.我们不知道他为什么上学迟到。
(3)where表示地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。
That is the school where I studied three years ago.那是我三年前就读的学校。
(4)介词+关系代词
关系副词when, where和why也可用“介词+which”来代替，要注意其先行词(名词）与介词的合理搭配，介词根据先行词或定语从句的谓语动词来确定。
when 相当于“at/in/on/during + which”
where 相当于“in/at/on + which”
why 相当于“for + which”
王先生工作的那家工厂是一家鞋厂。
The factory is a shoe factory. Mr.Wang works in the factory.
这个句子有以下三种表达方式：
The factory is a shoe factory which/that Mr. Wang works in.
The factory is a shoe factory in which Mr. Wang works.
The factory is a shoe factory where Mr. Wang works.
并非先行词是表示时间、地点和原因的词时都用when, where, why，若先行词在定语从句中不作状语，而是作主语或宾语，就必须用which或that。
(5)易混易错
1.只能用which引导的定语从句
(1)在引导非限制性定语从句时,不能用that。如:
The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.(此句中的which不能换成that)
这棵有四百年树龄的树在这里很有名。
(2)介词后不能用that。如:
We depend on the land from which we get our food.(介词from后不能用that)
我们依靠土地获得食物。
2.判断关系代词与关系副词
用关系代词还是关系副词取决于从句中的谓语动词。若谓语动词是及物动词且后面无宾语,就用关系代词;若谓语动词是及物动词且后面有宾语或谓语动词是不及物动词,则要用关系副词。如:
I’ll never forget the day when I first met him.我永远不会忘记我第一次见到他的那一天。
The house where I live now was bought five years ago.我现在住的房子是五年前买的。
1．（2024·黑龙江绥化·一模）October1, 1949 is the day ______ the PRC was founded.
A．which B．when C．on that
2．（2024·四川成都·二模）Xiao Wang, we will graduate from this school in about three months. I believe we will never forget this school ________ we have studies for three years.
A．where B．which C．who
3．（2024·黑龙江哈尔滨·二模）—Is there a restaurant around ________ I can have something to eat
—Yes, there is a Chinese restaurant near here.
A．which B．that C．where
综合训练
一．选择题
1．（2024·黑龙江绥化·中考真题）—I feel so nervous. What should I do
—You’d better listen to music that ________.
A．helps you relax B．you can dance C．makes you sad
2．（2024·四川乐山·中考真题）—I’ll never forget the experiences ______ we had in the volunteer work last summer.
—Me too. The 3 days were meaningful and full of fun.
A．when B．who C．that
3．（2024·甘肃临夏·中考真题）A true friend is a person ________ can help you when you are in trouble.
A．who B．whom C．whose D．which
4．（2024·黑龙江牡丹江·中考真题）The “Kemusan” dance is an eye-catching dance performance ________ is quite popular these days.
A．who B．which C．whose
5．（2024·吉林长春·中考真题）As a science lover, I hope I can invent a bike ________ can fly in the sky.
A．where B．when C．which D．who
二．填空题
1．[2023郴州改编]Tea is the leaf of a plant ____________ grows widely in China, Japan and other countries.
2．[2023岳阳改编]Lei Feng is a great person __________ sets a good example to us.
3．[2023株洲改编]Today’s China is a country ____________ keeps to this national character.
4．[2022邵阳改编]—What kind of music do you like, Linda
—I like music____________ I can dance to.
5．[2022郴州改编]—Do you know the woman __________ is giving a lesson in space now
—Of course. She is Wang Yaping.
6．[2022株洲改编]Yuan Longping is a great scientist __________ will live in our heart forever.
7．[2019杭州改编]There is no central heating, but there's a wood-burner and solar panels（太阳能电池板） on the top ____________ can provide power for lighting, music and computing.
三．语法选择
One day, 14-year-old Wen Jiayi posted a photo on QQ 　1　 she took when she graduated (毕业) from primary school. However, one of her classmates wrote “You're so ugly” and “Idiot” under the photo. Wen was shocked 　2　 didn't know how to reply.
This is a typical example of cyber bullying (网络欺凌), 　3　 refers to sending, posting, or sharing negative (消极的) contents about someone else online. Lots of kids these days have experienced some form of cyber bullying. According to a recent survey by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (中国社会科学院), there are nearly 30 percent of teenagers in China 　4　 have been bullied online. The most common form of cyber bullying is the use of abusive (辱骂的) language, such as calling somebody's names or saying rude things about them.
Nearly 70 percent of cyber bullying happens through social media, similar to 　5　 Wen experienced. Other kinds of bullying happen in online communities and on video and news sites. This is familiar to Sun Zhenyao, 14, 　6　 studies in Hefei No. 50 Middle School in Anhui. 　7　 he comments (评论) on news articles, he sometimes receives rude messages from strangers. “It comes out of nowhere and drives me crazy,” Sun said. He adds the bullies to his blacklist and reports them to the sites he posts on.
“However, most victims don't take this kind of action. About 60 percent of cyber bullying victims stay silent,” experts say. But 　8　 you receive threatening (威胁性的) messages, you should ask your parents or teachers for help. Cyber bullying can be a real threat. “I think 　9　 it's as harmful as physical bullying. It does harm to our mental health, 　10　 is hard to deal with,” Wen said.
1.A.what　　　 B.that　　　 C.when　　　 D.who
2.A.and　　　 B.but　　　 C.or　　　 D.so
3.A.that　　　 B.what　　　 C.which　　　 D.where
4.A.which　　　 B.who　　　 C.whom　　　 D.whose
5.A.that　　　 B.which　　　 C.what　　　 D.who
6.A.which　　　 B.who　　　 C.whom　　　 D.whose
7.A.If　　　 B.Though　　　 C.When　　　 D.Before
8.A.if　　　 B.unless　　　 C.because　　　 D.until
9.A.whether　　 B.why　　　 C.when　　　 D.that
10.A.where　　　 B.what　　　 C.which　　　 D.that
四．短文填空
During the Jin Dynasty (266—420), there was a child 　1　 name was Che Yin. He was smart and loved to read. He grew up in a poor family 　2　 couldn't afford lamp oil (灯油) to study at night.
One night, he saw fireflies (萤火虫) outside his house and came up with an idea. He caught some fireflies in a bag 　3　 he hung up as a lamp. It is said 　4　 he spent all of his summer nights reading like this.
Another child named Sun Kang also loved reading. One night during winter, Sun used up all of his lamp oil and couldn't study at night. 　5　he woke up at midnight, he saw the snow reflecting (反射) the moonlight outside his house. “Oh, I can use the reflected light to read!” he thought. He took out his books and read, 　6　he was cold.
Both of these kids later became successful government officials (官员). People were touched by their hardworking spirit and turned their stories into the Chinese idiom (成语) nangying yingxue.
1.　　　　2.　　　　3.　　　 4.　　　　5.　　　　6.　　　
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)专题14.定语从句精讲
一．定语从句的结构
　　在复合句中,修饰一个名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。英语中的定语从句放在被修饰的名词或代词之后,一般用关系代词或副词来引导。例如:
(1)He is the boy. 他是那个男孩。
(2)We want to look for the boy. 我们想找这个男孩。
我们可以把这两个句子合并:
　　　　　　　　　　定语从句
He is the boy who (whom) we want to look for
　 　先行词 　关系词
先行词是被修饰的名词或代词。关系词是用来引导定语从句的词,包括关系代词(who, whom, whose, that, which)和关系副词(where, when, why)。当关系代词作从句的主语时,谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
二．定语从句的关系词
所作成分 关系词
主语 who(指人)、which(指物)、that(指人或物)
宾语 who/whom(指人)、which(指物)、that(指人或物)
定语 whose(指人或物)
状语 where(指地点)、when(指时间)、why(指原因)
易混易错
引导定语从句的关系代词有who、whom、whose、which、that等。当关系代词在从句中作动词的宾语时,关系代词常可以省略。引导定语从句的关系副词有where、when和why。注意what不能引导定语从句。
三．辨析定语从句的关系词
who/whom who/whom引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词必须指人。who在从句中作主语、宾语;whom在从句中作宾语,常可省略。在从句中作介词的宾语时,只能用whom,即“介词+whom” This is the man who helped me. 这就是帮助过我的那个人。 That is the girl (whom/who) I have taught. 那就是我教过的女孩。 He is the boy with whom I went there. 他就是和我一起去那里的男孩。
who/ that 当先行词指人时,引导词用who或that均可。如果先行词是one、ones、anyone或those时,一般用who The man who/that is playing the piano is my music teacher. 正在弹钢琴的那个人是我的音乐老师。
that/ which 多数情况下,不管关系代词在从句中是作主语还是宾语,两者都可替换使用。当先行词是anything、everything、nothing等不定代词,或先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词既指人又指物时,只能用that。如果关系代词作介词的宾语时,只能用which,不能用that This is the biggest ship that I've ever seen. 这是我见过的最大的轮船。 This is the room in which you will stay. 这是你将要住的房间。
where/ whose 关系副词where在从句中作地点状语,它引导的定语从句修饰表地点的先行词。whose引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词既可以指人也可以指物,意为“某(些)人/物的……” This is the place where he was born. 这是他出生的地方。 Please show me the book whose cover is black.请把封面是黑色的那本书给我看看。
注意：
1.只用that不用which的情况
先行词是 all,much,little,few,something,anything,everything,none, nothing 等不定代词时 Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？ He did everything that could help us.
先行词有the only,the same,the very 修饰时 This is the same bike that I lost. Cheating was the only thing that interested her most.
先行词既有人又有物时 I am going to talk about the countries and people that I have visited.
先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best film that has been shown so far in the city. The first thing that we should do now is to find a local guide.
2.只用which不用that的情况
在非限制性定语从句中 She lost the game,which depressed her greatly. 她输了比赛，这使她很沮丧。 Tokyo,which is the capital of Japan,sees great changes every day. 日本的首都东京每天都有巨大的变化。
介词后用which,不用that The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop. 我过去住的房子已经变成了一家鞋店。 The pen with which you are writing is Jeff's. 你现在正用来写字的那支钢笔是杰夫的。
专项训练
1.It is the same with our lives. Those　　　choose to live in peace must help their neighbors to live in peace.
答案　who　设空处所在句含有定语从句,先行词为“Those”,指代人,故关系代词用“who”。从后一句“Those who choose”也可知答案。
2.“Anyone　　　has heard about Seattle’s train may think this is kind of fun,”McKaulay said.
答案　who　句意:“任何听说过西雅图火车的人可能认为这有点好玩。”McKaulay说道。由句子结构可判断出此处引导定语从句,先行词为anyone,故填关系代词who。
3.Theaters may have a brighter future if they can provide a movie experience 　　　people cannot get at home.
答案　that/which　句意:电影院可能会有一个更光明的未来,如果它们能提供给人们一种在家里无法获得的电影经历。本题考查定语从句。当先行词是表示事物的名词时,关系代词用that 或 which。
4.Great changes have taken place in our city in the past ten years. Everything　　　comes into sight is so new to me.
答案　that　句意:在过去的10年里我们的城市发生了巨大的变化。对我来说,出现在我眼前的一切都是那么新。本题考查定语从句。由先行词Everything可知关系代词只能使用that。
5.—Why don’t you like fishing
—Fishing is a hobby　　　 needs much patience,but I’m not patient at all.
答案　that/which　句意:——你为什么不喜欢钓鱼 ——钓鱼是一项需要许多耐心的爱好,但是我一点耐心都没有。本题考查定语从句。先行词hobby(爱好)指事物,关系代词应用that或which。
6.Running Man is a very relaxing TV program　　　 is hot among the young people.
答案　that/which　句意:《奔跑吧兄弟》是一个十分令人放松而且在年轻人中很受欢迎的电视节目。本题考查定语从句。由先行词program可知关系代词应用that/which。
7.China is a great country with about 5,000 years of history. There are many places of interest w　　　 attract millions of tourists from all over the world every year.
答案　which　设空处为定语从句的关系词,指物,在从句中作主语,故用which。
8.The earth is the planet 　　　 provides us with everything we need, fresh air, clean water and so on. It’s our duty to protect it.
答案　that/which　句意:地球是给我们提供新鲜的空气、干净的水等我们所需要的一切的行星。保护它是我们的责任。本题考查定语从句。先行词planet指物,关系词在从句中作主语,故答案为that/which。
9.Have you ever heard of the news　　　 is about the Strawberry Concert
答案　that/which　句意:你曾经听说过关于草莓音乐会的新闻吗 本题考查定语从句。由设空处前指物的先行词news且关系词在从句中作主语可知定语从句关系代词用that/which。
考点二 关系副词引导的定语从句
when、where 和 why引导定语从句时,它们在从句中分别作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语。
when表示时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。
I still remember the year when you graduated from No.8 Middle School.我依然记得你从八中毕业的那一年。
(2)why表示原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,其先行词通常是表示原因的reason一词。
We don’t know the reason why he was late for school.我们不知道他为什么上学迟到。
(3)where表示地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。
That is the school where I studied three years ago.那是我三年前就读的学校。
(4)介词+关系代词
关系副词when, where和why也可用“介词+which”来代替，要注意其先行词(名词）与介词的合理搭配，介词根据先行词或定语从句的谓语动词来确定。
when 相当于“at/in/on/during + which”
where 相当于“in/at/on + which”
why 相当于“for + which”
王先生工作的那家工厂是一家鞋厂。
The factory is a shoe factory. Mr.Wang works in the factory.
这个句子有以下三种表达方式：
The factory is a shoe factory which/that Mr. Wang works in.
The factory is a shoe factory in which Mr. Wang works.
The factory is a shoe factory where Mr. Wang works.
并非先行词是表示时间、地点和原因的词时都用when, where, why，若先行词在定语从句中不作状语，而是作主语或宾语，就必须用which或that。
(5)易混易错
1.只能用which引导的定语从句
(1)在引导非限制性定语从句时,不能用that。如:
The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.(此句中的which不能换成that)
这棵有四百年树龄的树在这里很有名。
(2)介词后不能用that。如:
We depend on the land from which we get our food.(介词from后不能用that)
我们依靠土地获得食物。
2.判断关系代词与关系副词
用关系代词还是关系副词取决于从句中的谓语动词。若谓语动词是及物动词且后面无宾语,就用关系代词;若谓语动词是及物动词且后面有宾语或谓语动词是不及物动词,则要用关系副词。如:
I’ll never forget the day when I first met him.我永远不会忘记我第一次见到他的那一天。
The house where I live now was bought five years ago.我现在住的房子是五年前买的。
1．（2024·黑龙江绥化·一模）October1, 1949 is the day ______ the PRC was founded.
A．which B．when C．on that
【答案】B
【详解】句意：1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。
考查定语从句。which先行词表物，在从句中作主语或宾语；when先行词表时间，在从句中作时间状语；on that先行词表物，在从句中作主语或宾语。分析题干可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词day是表示时间的名词，关系词在从句中作状语，应用关系副词when引导定语从句。故选B。
2．（2024·四川成都·二模）Xiao Wang, we will graduate from this school in about three months. I believe we will never forget this school ________ we have studies for three years.
A．where B．which C．who
【答案】A
【详解】句意：小王，我们大约三个月后就要从这所学校毕业了。我相信我们永远不会忘记这所学校，我们在那里学习了三年。
考查定语从句。句子是定语从句，先行词是this school，关系词在从句中作地点状语，用where引导定语从句。故选A。
3．（2024·黑龙江哈尔滨·二模）—Is there a restaurant around ________ I can have something to eat
—Yes, there is a Chinese restaurant near here.
A．which B．that C．where
【答案】C
【详解】句意：——附近有没有餐馆可以让我吃点东西？——是的，这附近有一家中国餐馆。
考查定语从句。分析句子可知，空后是定语从句部分，修饰限定先行词restaurant，定语从句成分完整，应用关系副词，where符合，故选C。
综合训练
一．选择题
1．（2024·黑龙江绥化·中考真题）—I feel so nervous. What should I do
—You’d better listen to music that ________.
A．helps you relax B．you can dance C．makes you sad
【答案】A
【详解】句意：——我感到很紧张，我该怎么办？——你最好听听能帮助你放松的音乐。
考查定语从句和情景交际。helps you relax帮你放松；you can dance你能跳舞；makes you sad让你伤心。分析句子可知，that后是定语从句，修饰名词music，B项语法上错误，应是you can dance to；结合“I feel so nervous, what should I do ”可知，空处给出的建议应是帮助对方消除紧张，所以A项符合语境，故选A。
2．（2024·四川乐山·中考真题）—I’ll never forget the experiences ______ we had in the volunteer work last summer.
—Me too. The 3 days were meaningful and full of fun.
A．when B．who C．that
【答案】C
【详解】句意：——我永远不会忘记去年夏天我们在志愿者工作中的经历。——我也是。这三天是有意义的，充满了乐趣。
考查定语从句。when先行词为时间，在从句中作状语；who先行词为人，在从句中作主语/宾语；that先行词为人/物。根据“experiences”可知，先行词为物，且关系词在从句中作宾语，用that引导。故选C。
3．（2024·甘肃临夏·中考真题）A true friend is a person ________ can help you when you are in trouble.
A．who B．whom C．whose D．which
【答案】A
【详解】句意：真正的朋友是在你困难的时候能帮助你的人。
考查定语从句引导词。who指人，在句中作主语/宾语；whom指人，在句中作宾语；whose在句中作定语；which在句中指物。空格所在句为定语从句，修饰名词person，指人，并且在句中作主语，用引导词who。故选A。
4．（2024·黑龙江牡丹江·中考真题）The “Kemusan” dance is an eye-catching dance performance ________ is quite popular these days.
A．who B．which C．whose
【答案】B
【详解】句意：“科目三”是最近很受欢迎的引人注目的舞蹈表演。
考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，这是一个定语从句，先行词dance performance指物，在从句中作主语，关系词用which，故选B。
5．（2024·吉林长春·中考真题）As a science lover, I hope I can invent a bike ________ can fly in the sky.
A．where B．when C．which D．who
【答案】C
【详解】句意：作为一个科学爱好者，我希望我能发明一辆能在空中飞行的自行车。
考查定语从句。句子是定语从句，先行词是a bike，关系词在从句中作主语，用which引导定语从句。故选C。
二．填空题
1．[2023郴州改编]Tea is the leaf of a plant ____________ grows widely in China, Japan and other countries.
[答案]that/which
[解析]考查定语从句。句意：茶是植物的叶子，它在中国、日本及其他国家广泛生长。空处引导定语从句，先行词是a plant，指物，且空处在定语从句中作主语。故填that/which。
2．[2023岳阳改编]Lei Feng is a great person __________ sets a good example to us.
[答案]that/who
[解析]考查定语从句。设空处引导定语从句，先行词是person，指人，且设空处在定语从句中作主语。故填that/who。
3．[2023株洲改编]Today’s China is a country ____________ keeps to this national character.
[答案]that/which
[解析]考查定语从句。句意：今天的中国是一个保持这种民族特色的国家。空处引导定语从句，先行词是a country，指物，且空处在从句中作主语，故填that/which。
4．[2022邵阳改编]—What kind of music do you like, Linda
—I like music____________ I can dance to.
[答案]that/which
[解析]考查定语从句。句意:——琳达,你喜欢哪种音乐 ——我喜欢我能跟着跳舞的音乐。空处引导定语从句,修饰先行词music,且空处在从句中作宾语,故填that/which。
5．[2022郴州改编]—Do you know the woman __________ is giving a lesson in space now
—Of course. She is Wang Yaping.
[答案]that/who
[解析]考查定语从句。句意:——你知道那位现在正在太空授课的女士是谁吗 ——当然,她是王亚平。空处引导定语从句,先行词是woman,指人,且设空处在从句中作主语,故填that/who。
6．[2022株洲改编]Yuan Longping is a great scientist __________ will live in our heart forever.
[答案]that/who
[解析]考查定语从句。句意:袁隆平是一位永远会活在我们心里的伟大的科学家。空处引导定语从句，先行词是scientist，指人，且空处在从句中作主语，故
填that/who。
7．[2019杭州改编]There is no central heating, but there's a wood-burner and solar panels（太阳能电池板） on the top ____________ can provide power for lighting, music and computing.
[答案]which/that
[解析]考查定语从句。此处引导定语从句,先行词为solar panels,关系词在从句中作主语,故填关系代词which/that。
三．语法选择
One day, 14-year-old Wen Jiayi posted a photo on QQ 　1　 she took when she graduated (毕业) from primary school. However, one of her classmates wrote “You're so ugly” and “Idiot” under the photo. Wen was shocked 　2　 didn't know how to reply.
This is a typical example of cyber bullying (网络欺凌), 　3　 refers to sending, posting, or sharing negative (消极的) contents about someone else online. Lots of kids these days have experienced some form of cyber bullying. According to a recent survey by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (中国社会科学院), there are nearly 30 percent of teenagers in China 　4　 have been bullied online. The most common form of cyber bullying is the use of abusive (辱骂的) language, such as calling somebody's names or saying rude things about them.
Nearly 70 percent of cyber bullying happens through social media, similar to 　5　 Wen experienced. Other kinds of bullying happen in online communities and on video and news sites. This is familiar to Sun Zhenyao, 14, 　6　 studies in Hefei No. 50 Middle School in Anhui. 　7　 he comments (评论) on news articles, he sometimes receives rude messages from strangers. “It comes out of nowhere and drives me crazy,” Sun said. He adds the bullies to his blacklist and reports them to the sites he posts on.
“However, most victims don't take this kind of action. About 60 percent of cyber bullying victims stay silent,” experts say. But 　8　 you receive threatening (威胁性的) messages, you should ask your parents or teachers for help. Cyber bullying can be a real threat. “I think 　9　 it's as harmful as physical bullying. It does harm to our mental health, 　10　 is hard to deal with,” Wen said.
1.A.what　　　 B.that　　　 C.when　　　 D.who
2.A.and　　　 B.but　　　 C.or　　　 D.so
3.A.that　　　 B.what　　　 C.which　　　 D.where
4.A.which　　　 B.who　　　 C.whom　　　 D.whose
5.A.that　　　 B.which　　　 C.what　　　 D.who
6.A.which　　　 B.who　　　 C.whom　　　 D.whose
7.A.If　　　 B.Though　　　 C.When　　　 D.Before
8.A.if　　　 B.unless　　　 C.because　　　 D.until
9.A.whether　　 B.why　　　 C.when　　　 D.that
10.A.where　　　 B.what　　　 C.which　　　 D.that
本文介绍了“网络欺凌”这一现象。
1.B　本题考查定语从句。先行词a photo 指物,且关系词在定语从句中作宾语,所以关系词用that/which, 故选B。
2.A　本题考查连词。根据语境可知,设空处前后是并列关系,故选A。
3.C　本题考查非限制性定语从句。设空处引导非限制性定语从句,指代先行词cyber bullying,故选C。
4.B　本题考查定语从句。先行词teenagers指人,且关系词在定语从句中作主语,因此要用关系代词who/that。故选B。
5.C　本题考查宾语从句。what在从句中充当experienced的宾语。故选C。
6.B　本题考查定语从句。先行词Sun Zhenyao指人,且关系词在非限制性定语从句中作主语,因此要用关系代词who。故选B。
7.C　本题考查状语从句。When在本句中引导时间状语从句。故选C。
8.A　本题考查状语从句。if 在本句中引导条件状语从句。故选A。
9.D　本题考查宾语从句。设空处引导宾语从句,从句意义完整,且不缺成分,故应用只有连接作用而没有词汇意义的that。
10.C　本题考查非限制性定语从句。设空处引导非限制性定语从句指代前面的mental health。故选C。
四．短文填空
During the Jin Dynasty (266—420), there was a child 　1　 name was Che Yin. He was smart and loved to read. He grew up in a poor family 　2　 couldn't afford lamp oil (灯油) to study at night.
One night, he saw fireflies (萤火虫) outside his house and came up with an idea. He caught some fireflies in a bag 　3　 he hung up as a lamp. It is said 　4　 he spent all of his summer nights reading like this.
Another child named Sun Kang also loved reading. One night during winter, Sun used up all of his lamp oil and couldn't study at night. 　5　he woke up at midnight, he saw the snow reflecting (反射) the moonlight outside his house. “Oh, I can use the reflected light to read!” he thought. He took out his books and read, 　6　he was cold.
Both of these kids later became successful government officials (官员). People were touched by their hardworking spirit and turned their stories into the Chinese idiom (成语) nangying yingxue.
1.　　　　2.　　　　3.　　　 4.　　　　5.　　　　6.　　　
本文属于国学经典,文章讲述了“囊萤映雪”这个成语的来历。
1.whose　本题考查定语从句的引导词。在本句中,先行词和从句的主语name是所属关系,故填whose。
2.and　根据语境可知,应填and。
3.that/which　本题考查定语从句。在本句中,先行词a bag 为物,故关系词应填that/which。
4.that　本题考查主语从句。It is said that...据说。 It是形式主语,that引导的从句为真正的主语,故填that。
5.When　本题考查时间状语从句。根据语境可知,此处应填When表示“当他半夜醒来时”。句首单词首字母大写。
6.though/although　本题考查让步状语从句。根据语境可知,填though/although表让步。
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