资源简介 专题06 名词、代词和介词(思维导图+解题必备+易混易错)目录知识点一 名词 1知识点二 代词 7知识点三 介词 15知识点一 名词1.(2024·湖北武汉·中考真题)—Have you set a ________ on your new phone —Certainly. I have to protect my personal information.A.date B.lock C.wallpaper D.language2.(2024·天津·中考真题)Don’t speak loudly on the bus. You should keep your _________ down.A.body B.voice C.interest D.service3.(2024·福建·中考真题)It is a good ________ to do some reading before you go to bed every day.A.habit B.excuse C.result4.(2024·安徽·中考真题)—Art serves as a ________ between different nations.—Yes. It really helps cross-cultural communication.A.river B.wall C.palace D.bridge5.(2024·江苏扬州·中考真题)—Do you know why zebrafish are taken to Shenzhou-18 —They have ________ like small size and short development cycle.A.stages B.advantages C.messages D.passages6.(2024·江西·中考真题)I like acting and I’m in the ________ group at school.A.theater B.chess C.speech D.ping-pong7.(2024·山东滨州·中考真题)—On April 25, 2024, China’s Shenzhou-18 spacecraft (宇宙飞船) flew to space successfully.—Wow, China’s space technology has reached a new _________.A.method B.energy C.height D.industry8.(2024·吉林长春·中考真题)My birthday ________ is a toy panda. It’s from my grandma.A.trip B.month C.gift D.color9.(2024·西藏·中考真题)________ father works in the police station.A.Eric and Helen’s B.Eric and Helen C.Eric’s and Helen D.Eric’s and Helen’s10.(2024·黑龙江哈尔滨·中考真题)—What’s your favourite weekday, Frank —________, because the next day is Saturday. Then I can have a rest.A.Monday B.Friday C.Sunday1. 名词复数的规则变化2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化3. 可数名词与不可数名词 易混归纳名词 可数名词 不可数名词 名词 可数名词 不可数名词experience 经历 经验 paper 报纸、文件 纸work 作品 工作 exercise 练习 锻炼orange 橙子 橙汁 room 房间 空间time 词数、倍数 时间 chicken 鸡 鸡肉glass 玻璃杯 玻璃 fish 鱼 鱼肉light 电灯 光 life 性命 生活4. 名词所有格①可数名词一般直接在其前加基数词表示计量。There is also a golf course five miles away. 五英里外还有个高尔夫球场。②可数名词前也可以用few、a few、many、a lot of、lots of、some、any、several、a(large/ great)、number of、a great many、plenty of、most等修饰词或短语来计量。She has lived in Spain for many years. 她在西班牙已经生活多年。③可以在不可数名词前加little、a little、much、a lot of、lots of、some、any、plenty of、a good/ great deal of、a bit of、most等修饰词或短语来计量。There was much discussion about the reasons for the failure. 就失败的原因进行了大量的讨论。I like some modern music. 有些现代音乐我喜欢。④可数名词和不可数名词还可以用由单位词构成的短语来计量,如a piece of 一片/段/块……、a cup/glass of一杯……、a bottle of一瓶……、a bag of一袋……、a box of一盒……等。5.名词词义辨析中考常考形似/同根名词汇总(1)以-tion/-sion结尾的名词 attention 注意 celebration 庆祝 communication 交流 comparision 比较 competition 比赛 completion 完成 condition 状况 connection 联系 consideration 考虑 conversation 谈话 creation 创造 decision 决定 description 描述 direction 方向 discussion 讨论 education 教育 explanation 解释 expression 表达 imagination 想象 information 信息 instruction 指导 introduction 介绍 invention 发明 pollution 污染 population 人口 preparation 准备 production 生产 pronunciation 发音 question 问题 reception 接待仪式 satisfaction 满意 situation 情况 solution 解决方法 suggestion 建议 translation 翻译(2)以-ce结尾的名词 appearance 出现 balance 平衡 chance 机会 choice 选择 confidence 信心 convenience 便利 dependence 依靠 difference 差别 entrance 入口 experience 经历,经验 importance 重要性 influence 影响 patience 耐心 performance 表演 presence 出现 silence 沉默(3)以-ment结尾的名词 achievement 成就 advertisement 广告 agreement 同意 development 发展 encouragement 鼓励 environment 环境 government 政府 instrument 器械 management 管理 punishment 惩罚 requirement 需要 treatment 对待(4)以-ness结尾的名词 awareness 意识 business 生意 darkness 黑暗 fairness 公正性 happiness 幸福 illness 疾病 kindness 善良 laziness 懒惰 politeness 礼貌 sadness 难过 shyness 害羞 sickness 疾病 thickness 厚(度) tiredness 疲劳 weakness 虚弱,弱点(5)形容词/动词+-y合成的名词 difficulty 困难 discovery 发现(6)名词+-ship合成的名词 friendship 友谊 relationship 关系名词语境辨析:名词词义辨析是必考点。其中,单选和完形必考,每年单选考查1道,完形1-2道。1.对于名词语境辨析,考生应考虑从以下方面解题:分析语境和逻辑关系;掌握四个选项的含义;将选项筛选、排除或代入题干中;确定最终答案。此外,也可结合生活经验、知识积累来推测出空格处所要表达的意思。知识点二 代词1.(2024·江苏无锡·中考真题)We’re looking for ________ who can deal with the new computer virus.A.someone B.everyone C.something D.everything2.(2024·山东东营·中考真题)—Mom, which club should I choose, the art club or the science club —It’s up to ________. Just follow your heart.A.me B.us C.you D.them3.(2024·四川雅安·中考真题)—Amy, there is a book on the floor. Is it ____________ —No, it’s not mine. My book is on the desk.A.you B.yours C.your D.yourself4.(2024·天津·中考真题)When ________ parents went away on business, I looked after ________.A.my; myself B.my; mine C.me; myself D.me; mine5.(2024·河北·中考真题)—Mary, is this your sister’s smartwatch —No, ________ is pink.A.his B.mine C.hers D.yours6.(2024·湖北武汉·中考真题)—More and more teenagers are becoming interested in Xiangsheng and Xiaopin nowadays.—Yeah, that’s because ________ can give people a big laugh.A.all B.none C.both D.neither7.(2024·江苏扬州·中考真题)“What’s that ” is ________ of the first things that children say.A.some B.each C.one D.that8.(2024·四川凉山·中考真题)—Did you watch To the Wonder with your parents last night —No, I watched it alone. ______ of them were busy.A.All B.Both C.Neither9.(2024·四川成都·中考真题)Miss Lin teaches piano very well. With ________ help, I’ve made great progress.A.his B.her C.their10.(2024·山东菏泽·中考真题)—Hey! Our father’s birthday is coming.—Let’s buy a T-shirt for ________ this afternoon.A.him B.her C.you1.人称代词、物主代词和反身代词类别 人称代词 物主代词 反身代词主格 宾格 形容词性 名词性第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself复数 we us our ours ourselves第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself复数 you you your yours yourselves第三人称 单数 he him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its itself复数 they them their theirs themselves①人称代词主格用作主语,位于谓语动词之前;人称代词宾格用作宾语,常用在动词和介词后,也可作表语,用在系动词后。②形容词性物主代词可作定语,置于名词之前。③反身代词,主要考查反身代词在动词后作宾语的用法以及在固定搭配中的用法。人称代词解答此类试题,分为以下两步:1.分析句子结构,确定空格处的成分:2.分析选项属于人称代词的主格还是宾格形式,结合句意,确定答案。3.形容词性物主代词不能单独使用,用于名词前作定语,相当于形容词的作用。名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词;具有名词的特征,后面不带名词,须单独使用。如:This watch is hers. =This is her watch.这块手表是她的。4.物主代词前后不能有this, that, some, a, an, the等词修饰。如不能说the my right hand。5.当表示强调时,形容词性物主代词可与own连用,意为“某人自己的”。如:my own room我自己的房间常见含反身代词的短语①动词之后enjoy oneself 玩得愉快 teach oneself=learn by oneself 自学hurt oneself伤到自己 dress oneself自己穿衣服help oneself to随便吃/喝…… lose oneself in沉浸在……中make oneself at home别拘束,别客气 prove oneself 证明自己②介词之后keep...to oneself保守秘密 laugh to oneself 暗自发笑look after/take care of oneself照顾自己 say to oneself自言自语think to oneself盘算,自思自忖 leave sb. by oneself把某人单独留下believe in oneself相信自己2.普通不定代词1.表示数量的词或短语many 修饰可数名词,表示“许多;大量”much 修饰不可数名词,表示“许多;大量”a lot of/lots of 既可以修饰可数名词,也可以修饰不可数名词some 既可以修饰可数名词,也可以修饰不可数名词; 多用在肯定句中;还可以用在表示邀请、请求或期待得到肯定回答的疑问句中any 既可以修饰可数名词,也可以修饰不可数名词; any多用在否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中few 修饰可数名词,表否定意义,意为“不多,很少”a few 修饰可数名词,表肯定意义,意为“几个;有些”little 修饰不可数名词,表否定意义,意为“几乎没有”a little 修饰不可数名词,表肯定意义,意为“少量;一些”2.either, neither, both, all, noneeither 表示“两者中的任何一个”,可以和or搭配neither 表示“两者都不”,可以和nor搭配both 表示“两者都”,可以和and搭配all 表示“都”,适用于三者或三者以上的人或物none 表示“没有一个”,适用于三者以上的人或物3.every, each侧重点 each强调个体;every强调整体。两者都和可数名词的单数搭配,each和“every+名词”作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式适用范围 each适用于两个或两个以上的人或物;every用于三个或三个以上的人或物4.other, the other, others, the others, another不定代词 意义 用法说明other 另外的 可作定语,常与复数名词连用;但如果前面有 the, some, any, every, no,one, my, your, his等时,则可与单数名词连用the other 两者中的另一个 常与one连用,构成“one...the other...”;作定语修饰复数名词时,表示“其余的全部”others 另一些 泛指别的人或物(但不是全部),不能作定语,构成“some...others...”the others 其余的人或物 特指其余所有的人或物another 另一个 指三者或三者以上中的任何一个用作限定词或代词3.复合不定代词1.初中常见复合不定代词一览表some- any- no- every--body somebody(某人) anybody(任何人) nobody(没有人) everybody(每人)-one someone(某人) anyone(任何人) no one(没有人) everyone(每人)-thing something(某事) anything(任何事) nothing(没有东西) everything(每件事)2.复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语和表语,不能作定语。作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数。如:Someone is crying in the room. 有人在房间里哭泣。3.当形容词或else修饰复合不定代词时,必须放在其后。如:There is nothing difficult in the world if you put your heart into it. 世上无难事,只怕有心人。写作佳句We need one more helper. Can you find anyone else? 我们还需要一名帮手。你能帮我们再找个人吗?【拓展】1.常见含复合不定代词的句型:①There is something wrong with... ……出问题了。②...have something/nothing to do with... ……与……有关/无关③sb. can do nothing but... 某人什么都不能做,只能……④There is nothing to... 没有什么要……2.somebody, anybody可指有一点地位或小有名气的人物;nobody指没有地位或默默无闻的人物。something往往指了不起的东西;nothing指无关紧要的东西。4.指示代词单复数 近指 远指 特殊用法单数 this that (1)打电话时,常用this指代自己,that指代对方。如: This is Mary speaking. Who’s that, please 我是玛丽。请问你是谁? (2)为了避免重复,常用that 和those指代上文提到过的人或物,且常用于比较级。that指代不可数名词或可数名词单数,those指代可数名词复数。如: ①The weather in Guangzhou is much better than that in Beijing today. 今天广州的天气比北京(的天气)好得多。(that = the weather) ②I like these books better than those. 我喜欢这些书胜过那些(书)。复数 these those2.it/one/that(1)it指代上文中提到的同一事物,即同类同物。如: I have a new bike. My father bought it yesterday. 我有一辆新的自行车。我爸爸昨天买的。(2)one表泛指,指代上文提到的同类中的任何一个,即同类不同物,相当于a/an+名词。如: I didn’t bring my pens today. Can you lend me one? 我今天没带钢笔。你能借我一支吗?(3)that指代上文提到过的那个名词。如: The population of China is larger than that of America. 中国的人口比美国的多。【拓展】it的特殊用法1.it作形式主语的句型①It’s + adj. (+for sb.) + to do sth. 做某事(对某人来说)是…… It’s important for us to learn Chinese well. 学好汉语对我们很重要。②It’s + adj. + of sb. + to do sth. 某人做某事是…… It’s nice of you to help me with housework. 你帮我做家务,你真好。③It’s +adj.+that从句 It’s true that she is a great scientist. 她确实是一位伟大的科学家。④It’s + n. +to do sth. /doing sth./that从句 It’s a pity that he can’t come to the party. 很遗憾他不能来参加聚会。⑤It takes/took (sb.) + 一段时间+ to do sth. 做某事花费(某人)多长时间。 It took me two hours to finish my homework. 我花了两个小时完成作业。⑥It is+done+that从句。如: It is said that... 据说……;有人说…… It is believed that... 人们认为/相信…… It is reported that... 据报道…… It is known that... 众所周知……2.it作形式宾语,常用在动词find, think, make, consider, feel等之后。如: I find it impossible to lie to her. 我觉得无法对她撒谎。5.疑问代词疑问代词 意义 用法 举例who 谁 对“人”提问,可作主语、宾语和表语。 Who is your first teacher 你的第一位老师是谁?whom 谁 who的宾格,对“人”提问,只能作宾语。 Whom are you going with 你(们)要跟谁一起去?whose 谁的 who 的所有格,一般作定语。 Whose gloves are they 这是谁的手套?which 哪一个; 哪些 对“人”或“物”提问,可作主语、定语和宾语。 Which is your favorite player 哪一个是你最喜欢的运动员?what 什么 对“物”“职业”“外貌”“品行”等提问。 What’s your favorite subject 你最喜欢的学科是什么? (RJ七上U4)知识点三 介词1.(2024·江苏宿迁·中考真题)Fan Jinshi, born _______ 1938, has devoted all her time to protecting Dunhuang cultural heritage.A.at B.on C.in D.by2.(2024·北京·中考真题)The Chang’e-6 landed on the far side of the moon ________ June 2, 2024.A.at B.on C.to D.in3.(2024·山东东营·中考真题)Jack: When it thunders (打雷), why do we see lightning (闪电) first, then hear thunder Tom: Because our eyes are _______ ears. Ha-ha! Just a joke!A.before B.opposite C.between D.beside24.(2024·河北·中考真题)Hurry up, Nancy! The meeting will start ________ ten minutes.A.by B.in C.for D.to5.(2024·江苏扬州·中考真题)The Marco Polo Memorial Hall stands at the east end of Dongguan Street ________ Yangzhou.A.to B.on C.at D.in6.(2024·四川凉山·中考真题)—Did you have fun watching the volleyball game —No. A tall man stood ______ me. I couldn’t see the players at all.A.next to B.across from C.in front of7.(2024·江苏扬州·中考真题)You can’t eat an elephant all at once. Eat it one bite ________.A.on time B.at a time C.all the time D.at the same time8.(2024·福建·中考真题)—May I take your order, Mr. Chen —I’d like a cup of coffee and a cake ________.A.by mistake B.at times C.as usual9.(2024·甘肃临夏·中考真题)Finally, Li Hua got better grades with his teacher’s help.A.At first B.At last C.In the middle D.In the beginning10.(2024·甘肃临夏·中考真题)The health website provides a lot of useful advice ________ teenagers.A.with B.for C.to D.on介词 意义及示例about ①关于: a movie about love and sharing 一部关于爱与分享的电影 ②目的是,为了: The purpose of the meeting is about raising money for sick children. 会议的目的是帮生病的孩子筹钱。above ①在……上方(不接触,不一定垂直):I heard a strange noise coming from the tree above us. 我听见头顶的树上传来一种奇怪的声音。 ②高于;超出(海拔、温度、年龄、职位等):She is above 60 years old and she always keeps the room temperature above 26°C. 她已年过60,经常把室内温度调在26°C之上。across ①横过(从一边到另一边):run across the road 跑过马路 ②在……对面:My home is across from the street. 我家就在街对面。 ③在……各处,遍及:Her friends are across the world. 她的朋友遍及世界各地。after ①在……之后:(+时间点,常与将来时连用)I will call you after three. 我三点后给你打电话。 (+时间段,常与过去时连用)I met him after two days. 两天后我见到了他。 ②反复不断或一个接一个:day after day 日复一日;year after year 年复一年against ①紧靠,倚,碰,撞:The rain beat against the window. 雨打在窗户上。 ②反对,违反,与……相反;逆:That’s against the law. 那是违法的。We will play against Class Four next week. 下周我们要和四班比赛。along 沿着,顺着:I like running along the river in the morning. 我喜欢早上沿着河跑步。among 在(大于等于三者)之间:The song is popular among the teenagers. 这首歌在青少年中很流行。around 环绕,在……周围: He looked around the hall but didn’t find his mom. 他环顾了大厅一圈,没找到他妈妈。as ①作为,当作:He gave me a card as the gift. 他给我一张卡片作为礼物。 ②像,如同:They were all dressed as clowns. 他们都打扮成小丑。at ①在(某个地点)/在……时刻/在……岁时/在(某方面):at home; at three o’clock; at noon; at five years old; be good at English ②以……速度/价格/程度:The goods there are sold at good prices. 那里的商品卖得很便宜。before ①在……之前(时间):Call me before 9 this evening. 今晚九点前给我打电话。 ②在……前面/面前:Please pass me the book before you. 麻烦把你面前的书递给我。 ③比……更重要:She puts her family before everything. 她以家庭为重。behind ①在……后面:There is a park behind our house. 我们房子后面有个公园。 ②落后于:He’s behind the rest of the class in reading. 他的阅读能力不及班上其他人。 ③支持,赞成:Come on, Tom. We are all behind you. 振作点儿,汤姆。我们都支持你。below ①在……下面:Don’t write below this line. 不要在这条线下面书写。 ②少于,低于:Her work was well below average for the class. 她的功课远在班里的中等水平之下。beside 在……旁边/附近:She lives beside a river. 她住在一条河附近。between 在(两者)之间:between...and... 在……和……之间by 通过... ; 乘坐down ①从高处往下;向下:The cat climbed down the tree. 这只猫从树上爬下来了。 ②沿着,顺着:Go down the road and turn right at the second corner. 沿着这条路走,在第二个街角右转。during 在……期间:Zach moved to a new city during the holiday. 扎克在假期期间搬到了一个新的城市。except 除……之外:Everybody except Tom came to the party. 除了汤姆,大家都来参加聚会了。for ①表对象,“为,给”:Someone left a message for you. 有人给你留了口信。 ②表原因,“因为”:Sydney is famous for its Opera House. 悉尼因歌剧院而闻名于世。 ③表目的,“为了”:Let’s go for a walk. 咱们去散步吧。 ④表一段时间或距离:They always play for hours on weekends. 周末他们总是一起玩上几个小时。 ⑤支持,拥护:Are you for or against the idea? 你支持还是反对这个主意?from ①来自;源于,始于:He came from Henan, China. 他来自中国河南。 ②from...to...,从……到……(时间/空间):The store opens from 10:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. 这家商店从早上十点到晚上八点营业。 ③使免于;使免受:The elephants could break away from their ropes but they didn’t do that. 大象可以挣脱绳索的束缚,但是它们并没有那样做。 ④由……制成:Wine is made from grapes. 葡萄酒是由葡萄制成的。in ①在……内/在(某范围或空间)某一点:in the room;in the park;a country in Africa ②用……(方式、语言、工具或颜色等):in English; in a different way; in a loud voice ③在(某段时间)内:in 2009; in spring/summer; in March; in the morning/afternoon ④在(某段时间)之后:It will be ready in a week’s time. 只需一周的时间就会准备好。 ⑤在(某段时间)之内:I haven’t seen him in years. 我有好些年没见过他了。 ⑥穿着:She was all in black. 她穿着一身黑。 ⑦关于,在……方面:She does well in maths. 她数学学得很好。including 包括;包含:I’ve got three days’ holiday including New Year’s Day. 包括元旦在内我有三天假。like ①像……一样:He is very tall, like his father. 他很高,像他爸爸一样。 ②例如,比如:You should eat more fruit, like apples. 你应该多吃水果,比如苹果。off ①从……离开:Keep off the grass! 勿践踏草坪! ②从(交通工具)下来:She got off the bus. 她下了公共汽车。 ③休假,离开:He’s had ten days off school. 他有十天没上学了。on ①在……上面:There is a book on the desk. 书桌上有一本书。 ②表示两地接壤:Guangxi lies on the west of Guangdong. 广西在广东的西边。 ③在(某一天):We have art on Friday. 我们周五有美术课。 ④关于;涉及:a book on South Africa 一本关于南非的书 ⑤以……方式(一般指通过网络、电脑、电视、电话):on the Internet; on TV; 【易混辨析】in, on 和to 表示方位的用法 介词用法例句in表示在某一范围之内(属于该范围)Hainan is in the south of China. 海南位于中国南部。on表示与某地是毗邻关系Hebei lies on the north of Henan. 河北在河南的北边。to表示在某一范围之外(不属于该范围)Japan lies to the east of China.日本位于中国的东部。opposite 与……相对;在……对面:The bank is opposite the school. 银行在学校对面。over ①在……上方(不接触):There is a lamp hanging over the table. 桌子上方吊着一盏灯。 ②横过,越过:a bridge over the river ③多于(数量、时间、花费等):She has stayed here for over a month. 她已经在这里逗留一个多月了。through ①穿过,贯穿:Light came in through the window. 光透过窗户照了进来。 ②自始至终,从头到尾:The child is too young to sit through the whole concert. 孩子太小了,不能坐着听完整场音乐会。 ③以;凭借;因为;由于:You can only achieve success through hard work. 你得孜孜不倦方能成功。to ①到,往:the way to the cinema 去电影院的路 ②(引出接受者)给,予,向: He gave it to his sister. 他把它给了他的妹妹。 ③(表示范围或一段时间的结尾或界限)到,至:We only work from Monday to Friday. 我们仅从星期一工作到星期五。 ④固定搭配:stick to doing, look forward to doing, pay attention to doing, be/get used to doingwith ①和……一起:I like going shopping with Mom. 我喜欢和妈妈一起购物。 ②带有,具有;穿,戴:The boy with glasses is Jim. 戴眼镜的男孩是吉姆。 ③用,以,借助(工具):He can’t eat with chopsticks. 他不会用筷子吃饭。without 不,没有:She ran away quickly, without saying a word. 她没说一句话就很快跑掉了。常见介词短语1. at短语at birth出生时 at first起初 at home在家 at last最后at least至少 at most最多 at night在晚上 at once马上;立刻at present目前 at times有时 at work在工作 at the moment此时at the same time同时 at the age of在……岁时 at the beginning of 在……开始时at the end of在……结束时 at the foot of 在……底部 at the top of在……顶端2. by短语by+交通工具 乘坐…… by accident偶然;意外地 by chance偶然;碰巧by hand手工 by mistake错误地 by the time到……的时候by the way顺便说一下 by the end of到……结束时3. in短语in agreement达成一致 in all 总共 in danger处于危险中in fact 事实上 in general总体而言 in hand在手头;在进行中in need在困境中 in pain 痛苦地 in peace和平地in person亲自 in public公开地 in order井然有序in return作为回报 in short 简言之 in silence沉默in surprise惊奇地 in time及时 in total总共in trouble处于困境中 in turn 轮流 in a hurry匆忙地in a minute 立刻;马上 in a word总而言之 in one’s opinion 在某人看来in that case既然那样 in the end最后 in the future在将来in the past 在过去 in this way 用这种方式in other words 换句话说 in control of掌管 in front of 在……前面(外部)in the front of在……前面(内部) in the middle of在……中间 in the face of 面对in order to 为了 in the way妨碍4. on短语on business出差 on duty值日 on foot步行on sale廉价销售 on time准时 on vacation在度假on weekends在周末 on one’s own独自 on the Internet 在网上on the left/right在左边/右边 on one’s way to在某人去……的路上5. from短语across from 在……对面 from...to... 从……到…… from now on从今以后from then on从那时起 from time to time 不时6. of短语ahead of在……之前 because of 因为 instead of 代替a number of 许多 the number of ……的数量 the rest of 其余的the symbol of ……的象征 first of all首先 of medium height 中等身高all of a sudden 突然7. to短语according to 根据 close to 接近 next to 紧靠……thanks to 多亏;由于 to be honest 老实说 to one’s surprise 使某人吃惊的是to start with 起初8. 其他常见介词短语after all 毕竟 along with 连同 as for 至于as usual像往常一样 for example 例如 for sale 待售for sure 无疑;肯定 less than 少于 more than 多于such as 比如 without doubt 毫无疑问 all in all 总的来说as a result 结果;因此 with one’s help = with the help of sb. 在某人的帮助下once in a while偶尔;间或 once upon a time曾经21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)专题06 名词、代词和介词(思维导图+解题必备+易混易错)目录知识点一 名词 1知识点二 代词 7知识点三 介词 15知识点一 名词1.(2024·湖北武汉·中考真题)—Have you set a ________ on your new phone —Certainly. I have to protect my personal information.A.date B.lock C.wallpaper D.language【答案】B【解析】句意:——你的新手机上锁了吗?——当然。我必须保护我的个人信息。考查名词辨析。date日期;lock锁;wallpaper墙纸;language语言。根据“I have to protect my personal information.”可知,用锁保护手机里的个人信息,故选B。2.(2024·天津·中考真题)Don’t speak loudly on the bus. You should keep your _________ down.A.body B.voice C.interest D.service【答案】B【解析】句意:不要在公共汽车上大声说话。你应该小点声。考查名词辨析。body身体;voice嗓音;interest兴趣;service服务。根据“Don’t speak loudly on the bus. You should keep your ... down.”可知,不要大声说话,所以要小点声,故选B。3.(2024·福建·中考真题)It is a good ________ to do some reading before you go to bed every day.A.habit B.excuse C.result【答案】A【解析】句意:每天睡觉前读书是一个好习惯。考查名词辨析。habit习惯;excuse借口;result结果。根据“to do some reading before you go to bed every day.”可知睡前阅读是好习惯。故选A。4.(2024·安徽·中考真题)—Art serves as a ________ between different nations.—Yes. It really helps cross-cultural communication.A.river B.wall C.palace D.bridge【答案】D【解析】句意:——艺术是不同国家之间的桥梁。 ——是的。它真的有助于跨文化交流。考查名词辨析。river河流;wall墙;palace宫殿;bridge桥梁。根据“Art serves as a...between different nations”可知,此处是指艺术是不同国家之间交流的一座桥梁。故选D。5.(2024·江苏扬州·中考真题)—Do you know why zebrafish are taken to Shenzhou-18 —They have ________ like small size and short development cycle.A.stages B.advantages C.messages D.passages【答案】B【解析】句意:——你知道为什么要把斑马鱼带到神舟十八号上去吗?——它们具有体积小、培育周期短等优点。考查名词辨析。stages阶段;advantages优势;messages信息;passages段落。根据“Do you know why zebrafish are taken to Shenzhou-18”可知,答语应是介绍带它们上去的原因,结合“like small size and short development cycle”可知,这些应是它们的优势,故选B。6.(2024·江西·中考真题)I like acting and I’m in the ________ group at school.A.theater B.chess C.speech D.ping-pong【答案】A【解析】句意:我喜欢表演,我是学校剧团的成员。考查名词辨析。theater戏剧;chess象棋;speech演讲;ping-pong乒乓球。根据“I like acting”可知,喜欢表演,所以是戏剧团,故选A。7.(2024·山东滨州·中考真题)—On April 25, 2024, China’s Shenzhou-18 spacecraft (宇宙飞船) flew to space successfully.—Wow, China’s space technology has reached a new _________.A.method B.energy C.height D.industry【答案】C【解析】句意:——2024年4月25日,中国神舟十八号宇宙飞船成功升空。——哇,中国的航天技术达到了一个新的高度。考查名词辨析。method方法;energy能量;height高度;industry工业。根据“China’s Shenzhou-18 spacecraft (宇宙飞船) flew to space successfully”可知,神舟十八号的成功升空标志着中国的航天技术达到了新高度。故选C。8.(2024·吉林长春·中考真题)My birthday ________ is a toy panda. It’s from my grandma.A.trip B.month C.gift D.color【答案】C【解析】句意:我的生日礼物是一只玩具熊猫。是我奶奶送的。考查名词辨析。trip旅行;month月;gift礼物;color颜色。根据“My birthday...is a toy panda. It’s from my grandma.”可知生日礼物是玩具熊猫。故选C。9.(2024·西藏·中考真题)________ father works in the police station.A.Eric and Helen’s B.Eric and Helen C.Eric’s and Helen D.Eric’s and Helen’s【答案】A【解析】句意:Eric和Helen的爸爸在警察局工作。考查名词所有格。此空修饰名词father,应用名词所有格,排除B选项;father是单数,此处表示两个人共同的父亲,在最后一个人名后加’s,故选A。10.(2024·黑龙江哈尔滨·中考真题)—What’s your favourite weekday, Frank —________, because the next day is Saturday. Then I can have a rest.A.Monday B.Friday C.Sunday【答案】B【解析】句意:——你最喜欢的工作日是哪一天,Frank?——星期五,因为第二天是星期六。然后我可以休息一下。考查名词辨析。Monday星期一;Friday星期五;Sunday星期日。根据“because the next day is Saturday.”可知,Frank最喜欢的工作日是星期五。故选B。1. 名词复数的规则变化2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化3. 可数名词与不可数名词 易混归纳名词 可数名词 不可数名词 名词 可数名词 不可数名词experience 经历 经验 paper 报纸、文件 纸work 作品 工作 exercise 练习 锻炼orange 橙子 橙汁 room 房间 空间time 词数、倍数 时间 chicken 鸡 鸡肉glass 玻璃杯 玻璃 fish 鱼 鱼肉light 电灯 光 life 性命 生活4. 名词所有格①可数名词一般直接在其前加基数词表示计量。There is also a golf course five miles away. 五英里外还有个高尔夫球场。②可数名词前也可以用few、a few、many、a lot of、lots of、some、any、several、a(large/ great)、number of、a great many、plenty of、most等修饰词或短语来计量。She has lived in Spain for many years. 她在西班牙已经生活多年。③可以在不可数名词前加little、a little、much、a lot of、lots of、some、any、plenty of、a good/ great deal of、a bit of、most等修饰词或短语来计量。There was much discussion about the reasons for the failure. 就失败的原因进行了大量的讨论。I like some modern music. 有些现代音乐我喜欢。④可数名词和不可数名词还可以用由单位词构成的短语来计量,如a piece of 一片/段/块……、a cup/glass of一杯……、a bottle of一瓶……、a bag of一袋……、a box of一盒……等。5.名词词义辨析中考常考形似/同根名词汇总(1)以-tion/-sion结尾的名词 attention 注意 celebration 庆祝 communication 交流 comparision 比较 competition 比赛 completion 完成 condition 状况 connection 联系 consideration 考虑 conversation 谈话 creation 创造 decision 决定 description 描述 direction 方向 discussion 讨论 education 教育 explanation 解释 expression 表达 imagination 想象 information 信息 instruction 指导 introduction 介绍 invention 发明 pollution 污染 population 人口 preparation 准备 production 生产 pronunciation 发音 question 问题 reception 接待仪式 satisfaction 满意 situation 情况 solution 解决方法 suggestion 建议 translation 翻译(2)以-ce结尾的名词 appearance 出现 balance 平衡 chance 机会 choice 选择 confidence 信心 convenience 便利 dependence 依靠 difference 差别 entrance 入口 experience 经历,经验 importance 重要性 influence 影响 patience 耐心 performance 表演 presence 出现 silence 沉默(3)以-ment结尾的名词 achievement 成就 advertisement 广告 agreement 同意 development 发展 encouragement 鼓励 environment 环境 government 政府 instrument 器械 management 管理 punishment 惩罚 requirement 需要 treatment 对待(4)以-ness结尾的名词 awareness 意识 business 生意 darkness 黑暗 fairness 公正性 happiness 幸福 illness 疾病 kindness 善良 laziness 懒惰 politeness 礼貌 sadness 难过 shyness 害羞 sickness 疾病 thickness 厚(度) tiredness 疲劳 weakness 虚弱,弱点(5)形容词/动词+-y合成的名词 difficulty 困难 discovery 发现(6)名词+-ship合成的名词 friendship 友谊 relationship 关系名词语境辨析:名词词义辨析是必考点。其中,单选和完形必考,每年单选考查1道,完形1-2道。1.对于名词语境辨析,考生应考虑从以下方面解题:分析语境和逻辑关系;掌握四个选项的含义;将选项筛选、排除或代入题干中;确定最终答案。此外,也可结合生活经验、知识积累来推测出空格处所要表达的意思。知识点二 代词1.(2024·江苏无锡·中考真题)We’re looking for ________ who can deal with the new computer virus.A.someone B.everyone C.something D.everything【答案】A【解析】句意:我们在找一个能对付这种新型电脑病毒的人。考查代词辨析。someone某人;everyone每个人;something某事;everything每件事。根据“We’re looking for...who can deal with the new computer virus.”可知,找一个能对付这种新型电脑病毒的人,用someone,故选A。2.(2024·山东东营·中考真题)—Mom, which club should I choose, the art club or the science club —It’s up to ________. Just follow your heart.A.me B.us C.you D.them【答案】C【解析】句意:——妈妈,我应该选择哪个俱乐部,艺术俱乐部还是科学俱乐部?——这取决于你。跟着你的心走。考查代词辨析。me我;us我们;you你;them他们。根据“Just follow your heart.”可知,此处指选择哪个俱乐部都取决于“你”,跟着自己的心走。故选C。3.(2024·四川雅安·中考真题)—Amy, there is a book on the floor. Is it ____________ —No, it’s not mine. My book is on the desk.A.you B.yours C.your D.yourself【答案】B【解析】句意:——艾米,地上有本书。它是你的吗?——不,不是我的。我的书在桌子上。考查代词辨析。you你,人称代词;yours你的,名词性物主代词;your你的,形容词性物主代词;yourself你自己,反身代词。空格后没有名词,此处指这本书是你的吗,故用名词性物主代词yours,指代your book。故选B。4.(2024·天津·中考真题)When ________ parents went away on business, I looked after ________.A.my; myself B.my; mine C.me; myself D.me; mine【答案】A【解析】句意:我父母出差时,我自己照顾自己。考查代词辨析。my我的,形容词性物主代词;myself我自己,反身代词;mine我的,名词性物主代词;me我,宾格。第一处作定语修饰parents,用形容词性物主代词;第二处主语和宾语是同一人,所以是“照顾自己”,用反身代词。故选A。5.(2024·河北·中考真题)—Mary, is this your sister’s smartwatch —No, ________ is pink.A.his B.mine C.hers D.yours【答案】C【解析】句意:——玛丽,这是你姐姐的智能手表吗?——不,她的是粉色的。考查代词辨析。his他的;mine我的;hers她的;yours你的。此处指第三人称“我”的姐姐的手表是粉色的,应用物主代词hers。故选C。6.(2024·湖北武汉·中考真题)—More and more teenagers are becoming interested in Xiangsheng and Xiaopin nowadays.—Yeah, that’s because ________ can give people a big laugh.A.all B.none C.both D.neither【答案】C【解析】句意:——现在越来越多的青少年对相声和小品产生了兴趣。——是的,那是因为两者都能让人开怀大笑。考查代词辨析。all全都;none全都不;both两者都;neither都不。根据“Xiangsheng and Xiaopin”可知相声和小品都可以让人大笑,用both表示“两者都”。故选C。7.(2024·江苏扬州·中考真题)“What’s that ” is ________ of the first things that children say.A.some B.each C.one D.that【答案】C【解析】句意:“那是什么?”这是孩子们说的第一句话。考查代词辨析。some一些;each每个;one一;that那。“What’s that ”是孩子们说的一句话,one of the+名词复数,表“……之一”。故选C。8.(2024·四川凉山·中考真题)—Did you watch To the Wonder with your parents last night —No, I watched it alone. ______ of them were busy.A.All B.Both C.Neither【答案】B【解析】句意:——你昨晚和父母一起看了《通往仙境》吗?——没有,我自己看的。他们都很忙。考查代词辨析。All三者及以上都;Both两者都;Neither两者都不。根据“with your parents”及“No, I watched it alone.”可知,父母两人都很忙,“我”自己看的,应用both。故选B。9.(2024·四川成都·中考真题)Miss Lin teaches piano very well. With ________ help, I’ve made great progress.A.his B.her C.their【答案】B【解析】句意:林小姐钢琴教得很好。在她的帮助下,我取得了很大的进步。考查代词辨析。his他的;her她的;their他们的。根据“Miss Lin teaches piano very well.”可知,此处指在林小姐的帮助下,Miss Lin是女性,应用代词her。故选B。10.(2024·山东菏泽·中考真题)—Hey! Our father’s birthday is coming.—Let’s buy a T-shirt for ________ this afternoon.A.him B.her C.you【答案】A【解析】句意:——嘿!我们爸爸的生日快到了。——今天下午我们给他买件T恤吧。考查代词辨析。him他;her她;you你,你们。根据“Our father’s birthday is coming.”可知,此处指爸爸,用him作宾语,故选A。1.人称代词、物主代词和反身代词类别 人称代词 物主代词 反身代词主格 宾格 形容词性 名词性第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself复数 we us our ours ourselves第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself复数 you you your yours yourselves第三人称 单数 he him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its itself复数 they them their theirs themselves①人称代词主格用作主语,位于谓语动词之前;人称代词宾格用作宾语,常用在动词和介词后,也可作表语,用在系动词后。②形容词性物主代词可作定语,置于名词之前。③反身代词,主要考查反身代词在动词后作宾语的用法以及在固定搭配中的用法。人称代词解答此类试题,分为以下两步:1.分析句子结构,确定空格处的成分:2.分析选项属于人称代词的主格还是宾格形式,结合句意,确定答案。3.形容词性物主代词不能单独使用,用于名词前作定语,相当于形容词的作用。名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词;具有名词的特征,后面不带名词,须单独使用。如:This watch is hers. =This is her watch.这块手表是她的。4.物主代词前后不能有this, that, some, a, an, the等词修饰。如不能说the my right hand。5.当表示强调时,形容词性物主代词可与own连用,意为“某人自己的”。如:my own room我自己的房间常见含反身代词的短语①动词之后enjoy oneself 玩得愉快 teach oneself=learn by oneself 自学hurt oneself伤到自己 dress oneself自己穿衣服help oneself to随便吃/喝…… lose oneself in沉浸在……中make oneself at home别拘束,别客气 prove oneself 证明自己②介词之后keep...to oneself保守秘密 laugh to oneself 暗自发笑look after/take care of oneself照顾自己 say to oneself自言自语think to oneself盘算,自思自忖 leave sb. by oneself把某人单独留下believe in oneself相信自己2.普通不定代词1.表示数量的词或短语many 修饰可数名词,表示“许多;大量”much 修饰不可数名词,表示“许多;大量”a lot of/lots of 既可以修饰可数名词,也可以修饰不可数名词some 既可以修饰可数名词,也可以修饰不可数名词; 多用在肯定句中;还可以用在表示邀请、请求或期待得到肯定回答的疑问句中any 既可以修饰可数名词,也可以修饰不可数名词; any多用在否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中few 修饰可数名词,表否定意义,意为“不多,很少”a few 修饰可数名词,表肯定意义,意为“几个;有些”little 修饰不可数名词,表否定意义,意为“几乎没有”a little 修饰不可数名词,表肯定意义,意为“少量;一些”2.either, neither, both, all, noneeither 表示“两者中的任何一个”,可以和or搭配neither 表示“两者都不”,可以和nor搭配both 表示“两者都”,可以和and搭配all 表示“都”,适用于三者或三者以上的人或物none 表示“没有一个”,适用于三者以上的人或物3.every, each侧重点 each强调个体;every强调整体。两者都和可数名词的单数搭配,each和“every+名词”作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式适用范围 each适用于两个或两个以上的人或物;every用于三个或三个以上的人或物4.other, the other, others, the others, another不定代词 意义 用法说明other 另外的 可作定语,常与复数名词连用;但如果前面有 the, some, any, every, no,one, my, your, his等时,则可与单数名词连用the other 两者中的另一个 常与one连用,构成“one...the other...”;作定语修饰复数名词时,表示“其余的全部”others 另一些 泛指别的人或物(但不是全部),不能作定语,构成“some...others...”the others 其余的人或物 特指其余所有的人或物another 另一个 指三者或三者以上中的任何一个用作限定词或代词3.复合不定代词1.初中常见复合不定代词一览表some- any- no- every--body somebody(某人) anybody(任何人) nobody(没有人) everybody(每人)-one someone(某人) anyone(任何人) no one(没有人) everyone(每人)-thing something(某事) anything(任何事) nothing(没有东西) everything(每件事)2.复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语和表语,不能作定语。作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数。如:Someone is crying in the room. 有人在房间里哭泣。3.当形容词或else修饰复合不定代词时,必须放在其后。如:There is nothing difficult in the world if you put your heart into it. 世上无难事,只怕有心人。写作佳句We need one more helper. Can you find anyone else? 我们还需要一名帮手。你能帮我们再找个人吗?【拓展】1.常见含复合不定代词的句型:①There is something wrong with... ……出问题了。②...have something/nothing to do with... ……与……有关/无关③sb. can do nothing but... 某人什么都不能做,只能……④There is nothing to... 没有什么要……2.somebody, anybody可指有一点地位或小有名气的人物;nobody指没有地位或默默无闻的人物。something往往指了不起的东西;nothing指无关紧要的东西。4.指示代词单复数 近指 远指 特殊用法单数 this that (1)打电话时,常用this指代自己,that指代对方。如: This is Mary speaking. Who’s that, please 我是玛丽。请问你是谁? (2)为了避免重复,常用that 和those指代上文提到过的人或物,且常用于比较级。that指代不可数名词或可数名词单数,those指代可数名词复数。如: ①The weather in Guangzhou is much better than that in Beijing today. 今天广州的天气比北京(的天气)好得多。(that = the weather) ②I like these books better than those. 我喜欢这些书胜过那些(书)。复数 these those2.it/one/that(1)it指代上文中提到的同一事物,即同类同物。如: I have a new bike. My father bought it yesterday. 我有一辆新的自行车。我爸爸昨天买的。(2)one表泛指,指代上文提到的同类中的任何一个,即同类不同物,相当于a/an+名词。如: I didn’t bring my pens today. Can you lend me one? 我今天没带钢笔。你能借我一支吗?(3)that指代上文提到过的那个名词。如: The population of China is larger than that of America. 中国的人口比美国的多。【拓展】it的特殊用法1.it作形式主语的句型①It’s + adj. (+for sb.) + to do sth. 做某事(对某人来说)是…… It’s important for us to learn Chinese well. 学好汉语对我们很重要。②It’s + adj. + of sb. + to do sth. 某人做某事是…… It’s nice of you to help me with housework. 你帮我做家务,你真好。③It’s +adj.+that从句 It’s true that she is a great scientist. 她确实是一位伟大的科学家。④It’s + n. +to do sth. /doing sth./that从句 It’s a pity that he can’t come to the party. 很遗憾他不能来参加聚会。⑤It takes/took (sb.) + 一段时间+ to do sth. 做某事花费(某人)多长时间。 It took me two hours to finish my homework. 我花了两个小时完成作业。⑥It is+done+that从句。如: It is said that... 据说……;有人说…… It is believed that... 人们认为/相信…… It is reported that... 据报道…… It is known that... 众所周知……2.it作形式宾语,常用在动词find, think, make, consider, feel等之后。如: I find it impossible to lie to her. 我觉得无法对她撒谎。5.疑问代词疑问代词 意义 用法 举例who 谁 对“人”提问,可作主语、宾语和表语。 Who is your first teacher 你的第一位老师是谁?whom 谁 who的宾格,对“人”提问,只能作宾语。 Whom are you going with 你(们)要跟谁一起去?whose 谁的 who 的所有格,一般作定语。 Whose gloves are they 这是谁的手套?which 哪一个; 哪些 对“人”或“物”提问,可作主语、定语和宾语。 Which is your favorite player 哪一个是你最喜欢的运动员?what 什么 对“物”“职业”“外貌”“品行”等提问。 What’s your favorite subject 你最喜欢的学科是什么? (RJ七上U4)知识点三 介词1.(2024·江苏宿迁·中考真题)Fan Jinshi, born _______ 1938, has devoted all her time to protecting Dunhuang cultural heritage.A.at B.on C.in D.by【答案】C【解析】句意:樊锦诗,1938年出生,毕生致力于敦煌文化遗产保护。考查介词辨析。at其后加时间点等;on其后加星期或具体的时间;in其后加早中晚,月份,季节,年份等;by到……为止。“1938”是年份,用介词in。故选C。2.(2024·北京·中考真题)The Chang’e-6 landed on the far side of the moon ________ June 2, 2024.A.at B.on C.to D.in【答案】B【解析】句意:嫦娥六号在2024年6月2日成功登上月球背面。考查介词辨析。at用于具体的时刻前面;on用于具体的某一天或具体某一天的上午、下午或晚上;to表示方向或目的地;in用于年、月、季节的前面。根据“June 2, 2024”可知是具体的某一天,因此应用介词on。故选B。3.(2024·山东东营·中考真题)Jack: When it thunders (打雷), why do we see lightning (闪电) first, then hear thunder Tom: Because our eyes are _______ ears. Ha-ha! Just a joke!A.before B.opposite C.between D.beside【答案】A【解析】句意:杰克:打雷的时候,为什么我们先看到闪电,然后才听到雷声?汤姆:因为眼睛在耳朵前面。哈哈!开个玩笑!考查介词辨析。before在之前;opposite在对面;between在……之间;beside在旁边。根据“Because our eyes are ... ears.”可知,眼睛在耳朵前面,故选A。24.(2024·河北·中考真题)Hurry up, Nancy! The meeting will start ________ ten minutes.A.by B.in C.for D.to【答案】B【解析】句意:快点,南希!会议十分钟后开始。考查介词辨析。by到……为止;in其后加早中晚等;for其后加一段时间;to到。根据“The meeting will start ... ten minutes.”可知,用“in+段时间”表将来,故选B。5.(2024·江苏扬州·中考真题)The Marco Polo Memorial Hall stands at the east end of Dongguan Street ________ Yangzhou.A.to B.on C.at D.in【答案】D【解析】句意:马可波罗纪念馆位于扬州东关街东端。考查介词辨析。to到;on在……上面;at在;in在……里面。此处指纪念馆位于扬州……,in Yangzhou“在扬州”,应用介词in。故选D。6.(2024·四川凉山·中考真题)—Did you have fun watching the volleyball game —No. A tall man stood ______ me. I couldn’t see the players at all.A.next to B.across from C.in front of【答案】C【解析】句意:——你看排球比赛玩得开心吗?——不。一个高个子男人站在我面前。我根本看不见球员。考查地点介词。next to在……旁边;across from在……对面;in front of在……前面。根据“A tall man stood … me. I couldn’t see the players at all”可知,看不见球员,所以是这个男人站在了我前面,故选C。7.(2024·江苏扬州·中考真题)You can’t eat an elephant all at once. Eat it one bite ________.A.on time B.at a time C.all the time D.at the same time【答案】B【解析】句意:你不可能立刻吃掉一头大象。每次咬一口。考查介词短语。on time准时;at a time依次,每次;all the time一直;at the same time同时。根据“You can’t eat an elephant all at once.”及语境可知是每次咬一口。故选B。8.(2024·福建·中考真题)—May I take your order, Mr. Chen —I’d like a cup of coffee and a cake ________.A.by mistake B.at times C.as usual【答案】C【解析】句意:——陈先生,我可以给您点单吗?——我照常一杯咖啡和一个蛋糕。考查介词短语。by mistake错误地;at times有时;as usual像往常一样。根据“I’d like a cup of coffee and a cake”可知此处指跟往常一样吃咖啡和蛋糕。故选C。9.(2024·甘肃临夏·中考真题)Finally, Li Hua got better grades with his teacher’s help.A.At first B.At last C.In the middle D.In the beginning【答案】B【解析】句意:最后,在老师的帮助下,李华取得了更好的成绩。考查介词短语。At first 起初;At last最后;In the middle在中间;In the beginning起初,开始。划线单词“Finally”意为“最后”,与B选项意思一样。故选B。10.(2024·甘肃临夏·中考真题)The health website provides a lot of useful advice ________ teenagers.A.with B.for C.to D.on【答案】B【解析】句意:这个健康网站为青少年提供了很多有用的建议。考查介词辨析和动词短语。with和;for为了;to到;on在……上。此处是固定短语provide sth for sb“为某人提供某物”,故选B。介词 意义及示例about ①关于: a movie about love and sharing 一部关于爱与分享的电影 ②目的是,为了: The purpose of the meeting is about raising money for sick children. 会议的目的是帮生病的孩子筹钱。above ①在……上方(不接触,不一定垂直):I heard a strange noise coming from the tree above us. 我听见头顶的树上传来一种奇怪的声音。 ②高于;超出(海拔、温度、年龄、职位等):She is above 60 years old and she always keeps the room temperature above 26°C. 她已年过60,经常把室内温度调在26°C之上。across ①横过(从一边到另一边):run across the road 跑过马路 ②在……对面:My home is across from the street. 我家就在街对面。 ③在……各处,遍及:Her friends are across the world. 她的朋友遍及世界各地。after ①在……之后:(+时间点,常与将来时连用)I will call you after three. 我三点后给你打电话。 (+时间段,常与过去时连用)I met him after two days. 两天后我见到了他。 ②反复不断或一个接一个:day after day 日复一日;year after year 年复一年against ①紧靠,倚,碰,撞:The rain beat against the window. 雨打在窗户上。 ②反对,违反,与……相反;逆:That’s against the law. 那是违法的。We will play against Class Four next week. 下周我们要和四班比赛。along 沿着,顺着:I like running along the river in the morning. 我喜欢早上沿着河跑步。among 在(大于等于三者)之间:The song is popular among the teenagers. 这首歌在青少年中很流行。around 环绕,在……周围: He looked around the hall but didn’t find his mom. 他环顾了大厅一圈,没找到他妈妈。as ①作为,当作:He gave me a card as the gift. 他给我一张卡片作为礼物。 ②像,如同:They were all dressed as clowns. 他们都打扮成小丑。at ①在(某个地点)/在……时刻/在……岁时/在(某方面):at home; at three o’clock; at noon; at five years old; be good at English ②以……速度/价格/程度:The goods there are sold at good prices. 那里的商品卖得很便宜。before ①在……之前(时间):Call me before 9 this evening. 今晚九点前给我打电话。 ②在……前面/面前:Please pass me the book before you. 麻烦把你面前的书递给我。 ③比……更重要:She puts her family before everything. 她以家庭为重。behind ①在……后面:There is a park behind our house. 我们房子后面有个公园。 ②落后于:He’s behind the rest of the class in reading. 他的阅读能力不及班上其他人。 ③支持,赞成:Come on, Tom. We are all behind you. 振作点儿,汤姆。我们都支持你。below ①在……下面:Don’t write below this line. 不要在这条线下面书写。 ②少于,低于:Her work was well below average for the class. 她的功课远在班里的中等水平之下。beside 在……旁边/附近:She lives beside a river. 她住在一条河附近。between 在(两者)之间:between...and... 在……和……之间by 通过... ; 乘坐down ①从高处往下;向下:The cat climbed down the tree. 这只猫从树上爬下来了。 ②沿着,顺着:Go down the road and turn right at the second corner. 沿着这条路走,在第二个街角右转。during 在……期间:Zach moved to a new city during the holiday. 扎克在假期期间搬到了一个新的城市。except 除……之外:Everybody except Tom came to the party. 除了汤姆,大家都来参加聚会了。for ①表对象,“为,给”:Someone left a message for you. 有人给你留了口信。 ②表原因,“因为”:Sydney is famous for its Opera House. 悉尼因歌剧院而闻名于世。 ③表目的,“为了”:Let’s go for a walk. 咱们去散步吧。 ④表一段时间或距离:They always play for hours on weekends. 周末他们总是一起玩上几个小时。 ⑤支持,拥护:Are you for or against the idea? 你支持还是反对这个主意?from ①来自;源于,始于:He came from Henan, China. 他来自中国河南。 ②from...to...,从……到……(时间/空间):The store opens from 10:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. 这家商店从早上十点到晚上八点营业。 ③使免于;使免受:The elephants could break away from their ropes but they didn’t do that. 大象可以挣脱绳索的束缚,但是它们并没有那样做。 ④由……制成:Wine is made from grapes. 葡萄酒是由葡萄制成的。in ①在……内/在(某范围或空间)某一点:in the room;in the park;a country in Africa ②用……(方式、语言、工具或颜色等):in English; in a different way; in a loud voice ③在(某段时间)内:in 2009; in spring/summer; in March; in the morning/afternoon ④在(某段时间)之后:It will be ready in a week’s time. 只需一周的时间就会准备好。 ⑤在(某段时间)之内:I haven’t seen him in years. 我有好些年没见过他了。 ⑥穿着:She was all in black. 她穿着一身黑。 ⑦关于,在……方面:She does well in maths. 她数学学得很好。including 包括;包含:I’ve got three days’ holiday including New Year’s Day. 包括元旦在内我有三天假。like ①像……一样:He is very tall, like his father. 他很高,像他爸爸一样。 ②例如,比如:You should eat more fruit, like apples. 你应该多吃水果,比如苹果。off ①从……离开:Keep off the grass! 勿践踏草坪! ②从(交通工具)下来:She got off the bus. 她下了公共汽车。 ③休假,离开:He’s had ten days off school. 他有十天没上学了。on ①在……上面:There is a book on the desk. 书桌上有一本书。 ②表示两地接壤:Guangxi lies on the west of Guangdong. 广西在广东的西边。 ③在(某一天):We have art on Friday. 我们周五有美术课。 ④关于;涉及:a book on South Africa 一本关于南非的书 ⑤以……方式(一般指通过网络、电脑、电视、电话):on the Internet; on TV; 【易混辨析】in, on 和to 表示方位的用法 介词用法例句in表示在某一范围之内(属于该范围)Hainan is in the south of China. 海南位于中国南部。on表示与某地是毗邻关系Hebei lies on the north of Henan. 河北在河南的北边。to表示在某一范围之外(不属于该范围)Japan lies to the east of China.日本位于中国的东部。opposite 与……相对;在……对面:The bank is opposite the school. 银行在学校对面。over ①在……上方(不接触):There is a lamp hanging over the table. 桌子上方吊着一盏灯。 ②横过,越过:a bridge over the river ③多于(数量、时间、花费等):She has stayed here for over a month. 她已经在这里逗留一个多月了。through ①穿过,贯穿:Light came in through the window. 光透过窗户照了进来。 ②自始至终,从头到尾:The child is too young to sit through the whole concert. 孩子太小了,不能坐着听完整场音乐会。 ③以;凭借;因为;由于:You can only achieve success through hard work. 你得孜孜不倦方能成功。to ①到,往:the way to the cinema 去电影院的路 ②(引出接受者)给,予,向: He gave it to his sister. 他把它给了他的妹妹。 ③(表示范围或一段时间的结尾或界限)到,至:We only work from Monday to Friday. 我们仅从星期一工作到星期五。 ④固定搭配:stick to doing, look forward to doing, pay attention to doing, be/get used to doingwith ①和……一起:I like going shopping with Mom. 我喜欢和妈妈一起购物。 ②带有,具有;穿,戴:The boy with glasses is Jim. 戴眼镜的男孩是吉姆。 ③用,以,借助(工具):He can’t eat with chopsticks. 他不会用筷子吃饭。without 不,没有:She ran away quickly, without saying a word. 她没说一句话就很快跑掉了。常见介词短语1. at短语at birth出生时 at first起初 at home在家 at last最后at least至少 at most最多 at night在晚上 at once马上;立刻at present目前 at times有时 at work在工作 at the moment此时at the same time同时 at the age of在……岁时 at the beginning of 在……开始时at the end of在……结束时 at the foot of 在……底部 at the top of在……顶端2. by短语by+交通工具 乘坐…… by accident偶然;意外地 by chance偶然;碰巧by hand手工 by mistake错误地 by the time到……的时候by the way顺便说一下 by the end of到……结束时3. in短语in agreement达成一致 in all 总共 in danger处于危险中in fact 事实上 in general总体而言 in hand在手头;在进行中in need在困境中 in pain 痛苦地 in peace和平地in person亲自 in public公开地 in order井然有序in return作为回报 in short 简言之 in silence沉默in surprise惊奇地 in time及时 in total总共in trouble处于困境中 in turn 轮流 in a hurry匆忙地in a minute 立刻;马上 in a word总而言之 in one’s opinion 在某人看来in that case既然那样 in the end最后 in the future在将来in the past 在过去 in this way 用这种方式in other words 换句话说 in control of掌管 in front of 在……前面(外部)in the front of在……前面(内部) in the middle of在……中间 in the face of 面对in order to 为了 in the way妨碍4. on短语on business出差 on duty值日 on foot步行on sale廉价销售 on time准时 on vacation在度假on weekends在周末 on one’s own独自 on the Internet 在网上on the left/right在左边/右边 on one’s way to在某人去……的路上5. from短语across from 在……对面 from...to... 从……到…… from now on从今以后from then on从那时起 from time to time 不时6. of短语ahead of在……之前 because of 因为 instead of 代替a number of 许多 the number of ……的数量 the rest of 其余的the symbol of ……的象征 first of all首先 of medium height 中等身高all of a sudden 突然7. to短语according to 根据 close to 接近 next to 紧靠……thanks to 多亏;由于 to be honest 老实说 to one’s surprise 使某人吃惊的是to start with 起初8. 其他常见介词短语after all 毕竟 along with 连同 as for 至于as usual像往常一样 for example 例如 for sale 待售for sure 无疑;肯定 less than 少于 more than 多于such as 比如 without doubt 毫无疑问 all in all 总的来说as a result 结果;因此 with one’s help = with the help of sb. 在某人的帮助下once in a while偶尔;间或 once upon a time曾经21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com) 展开更多...... 收起↑ 资源列表 2025年中考英语查缺补漏训练(通用版)专题06名词、代词和介词(思维导图+解题必备+易混易错)(学生版).docx 2025年中考英语查缺补漏训练(通用版)专题06名词、代词和介词(思维导图+解题必备+易混易错)(教师版).docx