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（4）Unit 4 A glimpse of the future—高二英语外研版（2019）选择性必修三期末易错题集训
主谓一致
一、数量概念作主语时的主谓一致
1. 表示时间、距离、长度、重量等的复数名词短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Ten years feels like a moment in the journey of life.
十年在人生旅程中感觉就像一瞬间。
2. some，most，rest及分数、百分数等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数根据some等所代替的名词而定。
Most of the water is polluted. 大部分水被污染了。
Most of the students are against the plan. 大部分学生反对这个计划。
3. “a number of＋可数名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。但是，“the number of＋可数名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
A number of tourists have visited the ancient town this year.
今年有许多游客参观了这座古镇。
The number of wild tigers has decreased sharply in the past decade.
过去十年里，野生老虎的数量急剧减少。
二、不定代词作主语时的主谓一致
1. either，each，little，much等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Each of the children owns a unique storybook.
每个孩子都有一本独特的故事书。
2. both，few，many，several等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
Both of my parents work in the medical field.
我的父母都在医疗领域工作。
3. all指可数名词复数，作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；若指不可数名词，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
All the tickets are sold out. 所有的票都卖完了。
All the information is strictly confidential. 所有信息都严格保密。
4. none指可数名词复数，作主语时，谓语动词用单、复数形式均可；若指不可数名词，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
None of the applicants has/have met the requirements. 没有一位申请者满足条件。
None of the milk is left in the bottle. 瓶子里一点牛奶都没剩。
三、其他情况作主语时的主谓一致
1. 单个动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Reading novels is her favorite pastime. 读小说是她最喜欢的消遣方式。
2. 当what引导的主语从句表示复数概念时，谓语动词用复数。
What we need are more volunteers to help with the event.
我们需要的是更多志愿者来协助这次活动。
3. there be句型中，be动词的单复数与最靠近它的主语一致。
There is a book and two pens on the desk. 桌子上有一本书和两支钢笔。
4. 定语从句中关系代词作主语，谓语动词与先行词一致。
The girl who sings beautifully is my classmate. 唱歌好听的那个女孩是我的同学。
5. the＋adj.指一类人谓语动词用复数。
The young are the future of our society. 年轻人是我们社会的未来。
易错题
一、句子填空
1.Ten thousand dollars ______ (be) quite a large sum of money.
2.To gain a good reputation ______ (call) for great achievements and good qualities.
3.There ______ (be) something highly exciting and someone interesting in his memory.
4.This kind of visual impact has a great effect on those who ______ (be) engaged in design.
5.Writing stories and articles ______ (be) what I enjoy most.
6.A number of students ______ (be) from the south.
7.50% of the land ______ (be) now suitable to grow plants.
8.The publication of Great Expectations, which ______ (be) both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens' status as a leading novelist.
9.This is why decorating with plants, fruits and flowers ______ (carry) special significance.
10.As they’re handmade, each one ______ (vary) slightly.
二、阅读理解
Batteries have become an essential part of our daily lives, powering everything from our smartphones to electric vehicles. A battery, which consists of two electrodes, the anode and the cathode(正极和负极), is essentially an electrochemical cell that changes stored chemical energy into electrical energy.
When a battery is connected to a device and begins to discharge, a chemical reaction occurs at the anode, causing it to release electrons. These electrons then flow to the cathode, providing the electrical energy needed to power the device. As the chemical reactions continue, the battery’s stored energy is gradually used up. Recharging a battery involves reversing the chemical reactions. By applying an outside voltage (电压) to the battery, electrons are forced to flow from the cathode back to the anode, restoring the battery’s stored energy.
As for the time it takes to recharge a battery, there are several physical and chemical limitations that prevent us from recharging batteries in a matter of seconds. For instance, when a battery is charged rapidly, the flow of electrons and ions (电子和离子) within the battery increases, which in turn generates more heat. The rise in temperature, in extreme cases, causes a risk of a thermal runaway (热失控) — a chain reaction that can result in a fire or explosion.
Besides, the ability of a battery to accept charge is directly related to the rate at which the chemical reactions can occur at the anode and the cathode. If the charging current is too high, the reactions may not be able to keep up, resulting in a phenomenon called charge polarization. This can cause a buildup of ions at the electrode surfaces, which reduces the battery’s ability to accept further charge and can lead to a loss of capacity over time.
Despite these challenges, researchers are continually working on developing new battery technologies and charging methods. Advances in materials science, such as the development of solid-state batteries, hold promise for improving charging times and overall battery performance. However, until these technologies become widely available, the search for super-fast charging will remain a complex and ongoing challenge.
1. What does the underlined word “reversing” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A. Making up. B. Taking over.
C. Turning around. D. Speeding up.
2. What limiting factor for quick charging is mentioned in paragraph 3
A. Slow chemical reactions. B. Inactive electrons and ions.
C. Overheating-related safety risks. D. Limited battery size and capacity.
3. Which of the following can cause charge polarization
A. Ions build up at the electrode surfaces.
B. Electrons are balanced at the two electrodes.
C. Electrons run out during chemical reactions.
D. High currents go beyond electrodes’ reaction rate.
4. What does the author say about improving battery technologies
A. It is difficult yet hopeful. B. It has to rely on new materials.
C. It will help solve energy problems. D. It is achievable and rapidly advancing.
三、七选五
Children love playing outdoors. They usually get muddy, with no regard for the colour of their clothing. “Don’t get dirty!” was once a constant family warning, as parents watched their children ruin their best clothes. They were happy running through farmer’s fields or climbing trees. ①______
According to the experts, parents don’t have to concern too much about it. Recent research shows that the dirt outside can develop resistance to a range of illnesses. Certain natural materials, such as mud, contain surprisingly powerful microorganisms (微生物群) whose positive impact on children’s health we are only beginning to fully understand. ②______
Many of the psychological benefits of outdoor play are established as well. Our brains evolved in beautiful landscapes, and the way we perceive the world is particularly suited to wild outdoor spaces. This means that natural scenes provide the perfect level of stimulation (刺激). ③______ One study found that children with ADHD (注意力缺陷多动症) were better able to concentrate following a 20-minute walk in the park. Being close to grass and trees seemed to have a beneficial effect on their minds.
Outdoor play can also offer valuable learning experiences. ④______ Thus they gradually understand the external environment and the internal connections of things in different ways. If children play with others, they can develop effective strategies to promote communication and socialization.
Today, with the attraction of video games and social media, contact with nature is rarer than in the past. More and more parents begin to recognize the importance of outdoor play. ⑤______ They believe that not only does it make children emotionally happy but it also has a powerful effect on their well-being.
A. Outdoor play does better to children’s physical growth, compared with getting muddy.
B. For many, it is simply an opportunity to get close to nature.
C. They may secretly wish their children had the chance to pick up a bit of dirt.
D. They recommend using nature as an accessible way of interacting with others.
E. It helps children develop the way their senses and movement interact.
F. It helps refresh the brain and even reduce depression and anxiety.
G. It was obvious that children’s whites would turn brown before the day was over.
答案以及解析
一、
1.答案：is
解析：句意:一万美元是相当大的一笔钱。主语是复数形式,但从意义上将其看作一个整体,谓语动词应用单数形式, 故填is。
2.答案：calls
解析：考查动词时态和主谓一致。分析句子成分可知,设空处作谓语,单个不定式短语作主语,谓语动词用单数,故填calls。
3.答案：is
解析：考查主谓一致。句意:他的记忆中有一些非常令人兴奋的事情和有趣的人。在 there be句型中,be动词的形式应遵循就近原则,与邻近的主语即something保持一致,故填is。
4.答案：are
解析：考查时态和主谓一致。句意:这种视觉冲击对那些从事设计的人有很大的影响。根据语境可知,此处表示一般情况,应用一般现在时;who指代 those作从句的主语,谓语动词应用复数,故填 are。
5.答案：is
解析：句意：写故事和文章是我最喜欢的事情。主语是动名词短语,谓语动词应用单数形式,故填is。
6.答案：are
解析：句意:许多学生来自南方。“a number of+复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式,故填are。
7.答案：is
解析：考查时态和主谓一致。句意:现在50%的土地适合种植植物。当“百分数+of+名词”结构作主语时,谓语动词的数与of后的名词的数保持一致。此处land表示“土地”,是不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式,且根据时间状语now可知,应用一般现在时。故填is。
8.答案：was
解析：句意：《远大前程》得到了广泛地评论和高度地赞扬，它的出版巩固了狄更斯作为主要小说家的地位。which指代Great Expectations，故从句谓语用单数形式，根据主句谓语动词strengthened可知，应用一般过去时，故填was。
9.答案：carries
解析：句意：这就是为什么用植物、水果和鲜花装饰具有特殊意义的原因。这是一个表语从句，从句主语为动名词短语decorating with plants, fruits and flowers，所以谓语动词用单数形式。故填carries。
10.答案：varies
解析：考查时态和主谓一致。句意：由于它们是手工制作的，每一件都略有不同。根据从句时态可知，用一般现在时。主语为each one，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。根据句意，故填varies。
二、
1.答案：C
解析：词句猜测题。根据第二段“By applying an outside voltage (电压) to the battery, electrons are forced to flow from the cathode back to the anode, restoring the battery’s stored energy.(通过对电池施加外部电压，电子被迫从负极流回正极，恢复电池储存的能量。)” 可知，充电时发生的反应与放电时相反。给电池充电需要逆转化学反应。所以划线词reverse在此处意为“转换、逆转”，与“Turning around.”同义。故选C。
2.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段“For instance, when a battery is charged rapidly, the flow of electrons and ions(电子和离子)within the battery increases, which in turn generates more heat. The rise in temperature, in extreme cases, causes a risk of a thermal runaway(热失控) — a chain reaction that can result in a fire or explosion.(例如，当电池快速充电时，电池内电子和离子的流动增加，这反过来会产生更多热量。在极端情况下，温度上升会导致热失控风险 —— 一种可能导致火灾或爆炸的连锁反应)” 可知，快速充电的限制因素是与过热相关的安全风险。故选C。
3.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第四段“If the charging current is too high, the reactions may not be able to keep up, resulting in a phenomenon called charge polarization.(如果充电电流过高，反应可能无法跟上，从而导致一种称为电荷极化的现象)” 可知，高电流超过电极的反应速率会导致电荷极化。故选D。
4.答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Despite these challenges, researchers are continually working on developing new battery technologies and charging methods. Advances in materials science, such as the development of solid - state batteries, hold promise for improving charging times and overall battery performance. However, until these technologies become widely available, the search for super - fast charging will remain a complex and ongoing challenge.(尽管存在这些挑战，研究人员仍在不断致力于开发新的电池技术和充电方法。材料科学的进步，如固态电池的开发，有望改善充电时间和整体电池性能。然而，在这些技术得到广泛应用之前，寻找超快充电技术仍将是一个复杂且持续的挑战)” 可知，改善电池技术虽然困难，但有希望。故选A。
三、
答案：GAFEC
解析：①由上文“Children love playing outdoors. They usually get muddy, with no regard for the colour of their clothing. (孩子们喜欢在户外玩耍。不管衣服的颜色如何，它们通常都会泥泞不堪。)”和“They were happy running through farmer’s fields or climbing trees. (他们很高兴在农民的田地里跑步或爬树。)”可知，该空呼应上文讲户外玩耍会让孩子们的衣服变脏，G选项“很明显，孩子们的白色衣服在一天结束之前就会变成棕色。”切合语境。故选G。
②由上文“Recent research shows that the dirt outside can develop resistance to a range of illnesses. Certain natural materials, such as mud, contain surprisingly powerful microorganisms (微生物群) whose positive impact on children’s health we are only beginning to fully understand. (最近的研究表明，外面的污垢可以对一系列疾病产生抵抗力。某些天然材料，如泥浆，含有令人惊讶的强大微生物，它们对儿童健康的积极影响我们才刚刚开始完全了解。)”可知，本段主要讲户外玩耍为孩子们的健康带来好处，A选项“与泥泞相比，户外玩耍对孩子的身体成长更有好处。”切合语境。故选A。
③由上文“Many of the psychological benefits of outdoor play are established as well. Our brains evolved in beautiful landscapes, and the way we perceive the world is particularly suited to wild outdoor spaces. (户外玩耍的许多心灵或精神益处也已确立。我们的大脑在美丽的风景中进化，我们感知世界的方式特别适合野外空间。)”和下文“One study found that children with ADHD (注意力缺陷多动症) were better able to concentrate following a 20-minute walk in the park. Being close to grass and trees seemed to have a beneficial effect on their minds. (一项研究发现，患有多动症的儿童在公园散步20分钟后能够更好地集中注意力。靠近草地和树木似乎对他们的思想产生了有益的影响。)”可知，该空承接上下文讲户外玩耍给孩子们带来的心灵或精神益处，F选项“它有助于刷新大脑，甚至减少抑郁和焦虑。”切合语境，是心灵或精神益处之一。故选F。
④承接上文“Outdoor play can also offer valuable learning experiences. (户外游戏也可以提供宝贵的学习经验。)”进一步讲户外玩耍给孩子们带来的学习益处，再结合下文“Thus they gradually understand the external environment and the internal connections of things in different ways. If children play with others, they can develop effective strategies to promote communication and socialization. (因此，他们逐渐以不同的方式理解事物的外部环境和内部联系。如果孩子们和其他人一起玩，他们可以制定有效的策略来促进沟通和社会化。)”可知，户外玩耍有助于孩子们感知世界，发展促进沟通和社会化的技能，E选项“它有助于儿童发展他们的感官和动作的沟通方式。”切合语境。故选E。
⑤由上文“Today, with the attraction of video games and social media, contact with nature is rarer than in the past. More and more parents begin to recognize the importance of outdoor play. (如今，随着电子游戏和社交媒体的吸引，与大自然的接触比过去更加罕见。越来越多的家长开始认识到户外游戏的重要性。)”可知，比起孩子们接触电子产品，家长更希望孩子们接触自然，该空应进一步说明家长愿意让孩子们进行户外玩耍，C选项“他们可能私下里希望自己的孩子有机会捡一点脏东西。”切合语境。故选C。

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