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（4）Unit 4 Everyday economics—高二英语外研版（2019）选择性必修四期末易错题集训
定语从句
一、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
1．引导定语从句的有关系代词(who，whom，that，which，as)、关系副词(where，when，why)和介词＋关系代词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。
2．定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
3．限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。该从句与主句的关系十分密切，和先行词之间没有逗号分开，作宾语的关系代词通常可以省略。
4．非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。该从句与主句的关系不是很密切，和先行词之间有逗号分开；不能用why引导，一般不用that引导；关系代/副词均不可省略。
5．定语从句的先行词可以是一个词、几个词或整个句子。
(一)关系代词的用法
关系代词 先行词 句法功能
who 人 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
whom 人 宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
whose 人或物 定语
that 人或物 主语、宾语(可省略)、表语、状语(可省略)
which 物 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
as 人或物 主语、宾语
1.关系代词通常用that的情况：
(1)先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时
Is there anything that needs urgent attention
(2)先行词被序数词，形容词最高级，the only，the very，the last等修饰时
This is the best movie that I've watched this year.
(3)先行词既有人又有物时
The professor and his research that you mentioned are quite remarkable.
(4)定语从句出现在which或who开头的特殊疑问句中时
Who is the girl that you talked to just now
(5)有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词用了which时
They opened a new store, which sells products that are eco-friendly.
(6)先行词在主句中作表语，关系代词在从句中作表语时。
Beijing is not the city that it was ten years ago.
(7)主句是there be句型且关系词在从句中作主语时
There is a book on the shelf that belongs to me.
(8)先行词为the way ，关系代词在从句中作状语时
I like the way that he solves problems.
2．关系代词只用which的情况：
(1)引导非限制性定语从句
She won the competition, which made her family very proud.
(2)关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前
This is the room in which we held the meeting.
(二)关系副词的用法
关系副词 先行词 句法功能
when 时间 时间状语
where 地点 地点状语
why 原因 原因状语
当先行词为situation，case，stage，point等表示抽象意义的词，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where。
We are in a situation where cooperation is essential.
(三)which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别
which as
只能放在主句的后面 位置灵活，可放在主句前，也可放在主句后，有时还可插入主句中
无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see，hear，know，expect，remember等
意为“这一点” 意为“正如……，正像……的那样”
He didn't attend the meeting, which surprised everyone.
As we all know, he is a hardworking student.
二、“(名词/代词/形容词最高级＋)介词＋关系代词(＋名词)”引导的定语从句
1．介词后的关系代词只用which或whom。
2．介词的选用受到三个方面的制约：
(1)介词与先行词的搭配习惯
(2)介词是从句中谓语的组成部分
(3)句子意思表达的需要
3．“名词/代词＋介词＋关系代词”可用“whose＋名词”替换
4．“形容词最高级＋of＋关系代词”可以引导定语从句。另外，“数词/some，many，most，each等不定代词＋of＋关系代词 ”也可以引导定语从句。
5．有时为了表达清楚，用“介词＋关系副词”引导定语从句。
6．“ 介词＋关系代词＋名词 ”引导定语从句，是句子意思表达的需要。
（as引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式：such＋名词＋as(像……一样的，像……之类的)；such(pron.)＋as(像……一样的，像……之类的)；the same＋名词＋as(和……同样的)。）
易错题
一、句子填空
1.The book _______ which we had a discussion yesterday is very interesting.
2.The reason _______ the festival is celebrated every year is to honor the ancient traditions passed down through generations.
3.The local market has everything _______ shows the area’s cooking culture, from fresh seafood to handmade pasta.
4.My sister gave me a book as a present, _______ is quite popular with middle school students.
5.The conclusion drawn by the team, _______ summarized all the key findings, was both clear and compelling.
6.They traveled with a famous scientist _______ name often appears in the newspaper.
7._______ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress.
8.Last Sunday he flew to Beijing, _______ he attended an important meeting.
9.The canal _______ played an important role in ancient China is now being widened.
10.I can introduce Chinese painting skills to visitors, _______ can help them know more about Chinese culture.
二、阅读理解
Years earlier, I’d been a trainee in a lab, which stuck to a traditional format. The lab head would spend much time asking the presenter a series of pointed questions. Presenters would need to know extremely small details about articles they were citing and present their research using picture-perfect analyses and graphs. So the presentation was an untoward thing to almost anyone.
When I started my own lab, I decided to change the routine by being friendly and welcoming while asking my trainees challenging questions about their science. But for 6 years, I felt I hadn’t created the lab environment I wanted.
The turning point came during the pandemic. It hit home to me that one’s life isn’t endless and that I need to make the most of the time I have. I decided that I wanted to become a better professor — to make a mark by training the next generation of scientists.
In my personal life, I had benefited from listening to talks by motivational speakers. So I decided to start there. At the next lab meeting, I showed my students a video about happiness, hoping it would help them in their personal life and give us something light to discuss. I wasn’t sure how they’d respond, hut I was pleased to discover that they were interested in discussing the advice in the video afterward. In the end, I asked them whether they’d like to do similar activities in future meetings, and they said yes.
From then on, I began every lab meeting with a 20-minute team building session. My lab members and I do many activities — including analyzing and appreciating poetry. These sessions have eased tensions and opened minds, helping foster more participation later in the meeting.
So far, I have been hopeful about the lab environment we’re creating. My greatest wish is to see my trainees become their best selves, understand who they are and what they want as well as reach their career goals. I am proud of the change and the difference I’ve made.
1. What does the underlined word “untoward” in paragraph 1 probably mean
A. Harmonious. B. Embarrassing.
C. Stressful. D. Appealing.
2. How did the pandemic affect the author
A. He no longer wasted his time.
B. He decided to become a professor.
C. He realized the benefit of inspiring talks.
D. He wanted to make more contributions.
3. What is paragraph 4 mainly about
A. The change the author made.
B. A video the students liked.
C. The benefit the author got from others.
D. A proposal the students put forward.
4. What message does the author mainly want to deliver
A. Team building sessions can bring unexpected benefits.
B. One should have the courage to make a change.
C. Professors are responsible for teamwork.
D. Motivational talks are the origin of inspiration.
三、七选五
The Ironman Triathlon, which originated in the US state of Hawaii in 1978, is a three-sport competition that combines running, biking, and swimming. Participants swim 2.4 miles, bike 112 miles, and run 26.2 miles during one day of the race. ①________ The swim-bike-run order is consistent for most Ironman Triathlons.
The initial Hawaii event drew just 15 participants. In following years and decades, hundreds of athletes signed up for the 17-hour competition. Original Ironman Triathlons were usually completed outdoors in extreme heat, strong winds, and sometimes rain. ②________
Those participating in an Ironman Triathlon begin training at least four to six months in advance. Typically, three to eight hours a day are devoted to training in all three sports during the week, with one or two days of rest each week. ③________ It is common for athletes to run, bike and swim three to four times the race amount in one week. Many join clubs or train with partners.
Much energy, perseverance, and psychological strength are needed to complete the Ironman Triathlon. At least 10 percent of triathletes give up before completion, according to world championship data. ④________ Although the Ironman competition draws mostly young competitors, some are in their 60s, 70s and occasionally, 80s. Men and women are allowed to compete.
⑤________ Many sustain their energy by devoting 40 percent of their diet to carbohydrates. Protein typically makes up 30 percent of nutrition for competitors. Fat intake can be as high as 30 percent.
A. Even finishers often suffer injuries.
B. Diet is very important for triathletes.
C. This intense schedule makes the athletes powerful.
D. There is generally no break between the sports activities.
E. Athletes have to reduce their food intake on the big day.
F. Modern-day versions of the event follow that outdoor tradition.
G. Competing would give you drive and determination that carry into your life.
答案以及解析
一、
1.答案：about
解析：考查介词+关系代词引导的定语从句。句意:我们昨天讨论过的那本书很有趣。分析句子可知，“have a discussion about sth.”是固定短语，意为“关于某事进行讨论”。在这个句子中，“The book”是先行词,which和about构成“介词+which”结构引导定语从句。故填about。
2.答案：why
解析：这是一个定语从句，先行词是 “the reason”，在从句 “the festival is celebrated every year” 中作原因状语，即 “每年庆祝这个节日的原因是为了尊重世代相传的古老传统”，所以用关系副词 why 来引导定语从句。故填why。
3.答案：that
解析：这是一个定语从句，先行词是 “everything”，为不定代词。在定语从句中，当先行词为不定代词（如 all, everything, nothing, something 等）时，关系代词通常用 that，不用 which 。“that shows the area’s cooking culture” 用来修饰先行词 “everything”，表明 “展示该地区烹饪文化的所有东西”，故填 that。
4.答案：which
解析：此句为非限制性定语从句，先行词是 “a book”，指物。在从句 “______ is quite popular with middle school students” 中，先行词充当主语，且非限制性定语从句不能用 that 引导，所以用关系代词 which。which 指代前面提到的 “a book”，即 “我姐姐给我的那本书很受中学生欢迎”。故填which。
5.答案：which
解析：此处考查非限定性定语从句，先行词是 “The conclusion”，关系代词 “which” 在从句中作主语，指代先行词来进一步说明这个结论的相关情况，故填 which。
6.答案：whose
解析：考查定语从句的关系代词。在定语从句 “whose name often appears in the newspaper” 中，“whose” 引导定语从句，在从句中作定语，修饰先行词 “a famous scientist”，表示 “这位著名科学家的名字”，相当于 “the famous scientist's”。故填 whose。
7.答案：As
解析：“as is reported in the newspaper” 是固定表达，意为 “正如报纸上所报道的”，“as” 引导非限制性定语从句，指代后面整个句子 “talks between the two countries are making progress”，且可置于句首。故填As。
8.答案：where
解析：句意为:上周日他乘飞机到北京,在那儿参加了一个重要会议。分析句子结构可知,设空处引导定语从句,先行词为Beijing,把地点,关系词在从句中作地点状语,应用where 引导该从句。故填where。
9.答案：which/that
解析：考查定语从句的关系代词。在句子 “The canal... played an important role in ancient China is now being widened.” 中，“which/that” 引导定语从句，在从句中作主语，先行词是 “the canal”，指代运河，该定语从句修饰先行词，说明是在古代中国发挥重要作用的那条运河。故填 which/that。
10.答案：which
解析：句意为:我可以介绍中国绘画技巧给游客,这能帮助他们更多地了解中国文化。设空处引导非限制性定语从句,指代前面整个主句,即“介绍中国绘画技巧给游客”这件事,定语从句缺少主语,故填which。
二、
1.答案：C
解析：词句猜测题。根据第一段The lab head would spend much time asking the presenter a series of pointed questions. Presenters would need to know extremely small details about articles they were citing and present their research using picture-perfect analyses and graphs.(实验室负责人会花很多时间向演讲者提出一系列尖锐的问题。演讲者需要知道他们引用的文章的微小细节，并使用完美的分析和图表来展示他们的研究。)So表示因果关系，所以对几乎所有人来说，演讲都是一件令人紧张的事情。故划线词意思是"令人紧张的"。A.Harmonious.和谐的B.Embarrassing.令人尴尬的；C.Stressful.令人紧张的；D.Appealing.吸引人的。故选C。
2.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段The turning point came during the pandemic. It hit home to me that one’s life isn’t endless and that I need to make the most of the time I have. I decided that I wanted to become a better professor — to make a mark by training the next generation of scientists.(转折点出现在大流行期间。我明白了人的生命不是无止境的，我需要充分利用我所拥有的时间。我决定要成为一名更好的教授——通过培养下一代科学家而出名)可知，大流行让作者想做出更多的贡献。故选D。
3.答案：A
解析：段落大意题。根据第四段In my personal life, I had benefited from listening to talks by motivational speakers. So I decided to start there. At the next lab meeting, I showed my students a video about happiness, hoping it would help them in their personal life and give us something light to discuss. I wasn’t sure how they’d respond, hut I was pleased to discover that they were interested in discussing the advice in the video afterward. In the end, I asked them whether they’d like to do similar activities in future meetings, and they said yes.(在我的个人生活中，我从听励志演说家的演讲中获益良多。所以我决定从这里开始。在接下来的实验室会议上，我给学生们看了一个关于幸福的视频，希望它能帮助他们的个人生活，并给我们一些轻松的讨论。我不确定他们会有什么反应，但我很高兴地发现他们对讨论视频中的建议很感兴趣。最后，我问他们是否愿意在以后的会议上做类似的活动，他们说愿意)可知，第四段的主要内容是作者所做的改变。故选A。
4.答案：B
解析：主旨大意题。根据最后一段My greatest wish is to see my trainees become their best selves, understand who they are and what they want as well as reach their career goals. I am proud of the change and the difference I’ve made.(我最大的愿望是看到我的学员成为最好的自己，了解他们是谁，他们想要什么,并实现他们的职业目标。我为自己带来的改变感到骄傲)结合文章主要讲述了作者在疫情期间决定做出更多的贡献，决定要成为一名更好的教授——通过培养下一代科学家而出名。作者的改变最终带来良好的效果。可推知，作者主要想传达的是：一个人应该有勇气做出改变。故选B。
三、
答案：DFCAB
解析：①前文“Participants swim 2.4 miles, bike 112 miles, and run 26.2 miles during one day of the race.”（在比赛的一天时间里，参赛者要游泳2.4英里，骑自行车112英里，跑步26.2英里），后文“The swim-bike-run order is consistent for most Ironman Triathlons.”（在大多数铁人三项比赛中，游泳、骑自行车、跑步的顺序是一致的）。D选项“There is generally no break between the sports activities.”（在这些运动项目之间通常没有休息时间），“There is generally no break”承接前文一天内完成多项运动的情况，进一步说明运动的连贯性，“between the sports activities”与后文运动顺序的内容相呼应，起到了承上启下的作用，故选D。
②前文“Original Ironman Triathlons were usually completed outdoors in extreme heat, strong winds, and sometimes rain.”（最初的铁人三项比赛通常在户外进行，要经历酷热、强风，有时还会下雨）。F选项“Modern-day versions of the event follow that outdoor tradition.”（如今的铁人三项比赛仍然遵循那种户外比赛的传统），“Modern-day versions of the event”承接前文最初的铁人三项比赛，“follow that outdoor tradition”呼应前文比赛在户外进行的情况，故选F。
③前文“Typically, three to eight hours a day are devoted to training in all three sports during the week, with one or two days of rest each week.”（通常情况下，一周内每天要花三到八个小时进行这三项运动的训练，每周休息一到两天），后文“It is common for athletes to run, bike and swim three to four times the race amount in one week.”（运动员在一周内跑步、骑自行车和游泳的量达到比赛量的三到四倍是很常见的）。C选项“This intense schedule makes the athletes powerful.”（这种高强度的训练安排让运动员们变得强大），“This intense schedule”指代前文每天三到八小时的训练安排，“makes the athletes powerful”引出后文运动员训练量达到比赛量多倍的内容，解释了这种训练安排的效果，故选C。
④前文“Much energy, perseverance, and psychological strength are needed to complete the Ironman Triathlon. At least 10 percent of triathletes give up before completion, according to world championship data.”（完成铁人三项比赛需要大量的精力、毅力和心理力量。根据世界锦标赛的数据，至少10%的铁人三项运动员在完成比赛前就放弃了），后文“Although the Ironman competition draws mostly young competitors, some are in their 60s, 70s and occasionally, 80s. Men and women are allowed to compete.”（尽管铁人三项比赛吸引的大多是年轻的参赛者，但也有一些参赛者年龄在六七十岁，偶尔甚至有八十岁的。男性和女性都可以参赛）。A选项“Even finishers often suffer injuries.”（即使是完成比赛的人也经常受伤），“Even finishers often suffer injuries”承接前文完成比赛需要很多条件且有人放弃的情况，进一步说明比赛的艰难，引出后文不同年龄参赛者的内容，故选A。
⑤后文“Many sustain their energy by devoting 40 percent of their diet to carbohydrates. Protein typically makes up 30 percent of nutrition for competitors. Fat intake can be as high as 30 percent.”（许多人通过使饮食中40%的成分是碳水化合物来维持体力。对参赛者来说，蛋白质通常占营养成分的30%。脂肪摄入量可高达30%），整段围绕参赛者的饮食展开。B选项“Diet is very important for triathletes.”（饮食对铁人三项运动员来说非常重要），能准确概括该段内容，作为段落起始句合适，引出后文对饮食具体成分的说明，故选B。

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