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（3）Unit 3 Environmental Protection—高二英语人教版（2019）选择性必修第三册期末易错题集训
一、易错点分析
直接引语与间接引语
直接引语如果改为间接引语，须在连接词、人称、时态、状语、个别指示代词和动词等方面做相应的变化。
1. 连接词的选择
（1）直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，常变成由that引导的宾语从句。在口语中that可以省略。
例：The little boy said, "I was playing with my toys when someone knocked at the door."
小男孩说："我在玩我的玩具，这时有人敲门。"
(直接引语为陈述句)
→The little boy said (that) he was playing with his toys when someone knocked at the door.
小男孩说，他在玩他的玩具，那时有人敲门。
(间接引语为that引导的宾语从句)
（2）直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句时，间接引语中用whether(...or...或……or not)或if引导。
例：Mother said to her daughter, "Are you satisfied with your new room "
妈妈对她的女儿说："你对你的新房间满意吗？"
(直接引语为一般疑问句)
→Mother asked her daughter whether/if she was satisfied with her new room.
妈妈问她女儿是否对她的新房间满意。
(间接引语改为whether/if引导的宾语从句)
（3）直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语仍用原句中的特殊疑问词来引导，其余的变化遵照直接引语和间接引语之间的转换规则来进行。
例："When will the sports meet be held " he said.
他说："什么时候举行运动会？"
(直接引语为特殊疑问句)
→He asked when the sports meet would be held.
他问什么时候举行运动会。
(间接引语改为由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句)
注意：
（1）直接引语是陈述句时，若变为间接引语，主句谓语动词"said to sb."常改为told sb.。
（2）直接引语是疑问句时，如果主句中谓语动词是said，则将其改为asked。
（3）疑问句的直接引语变间接引语时，要把疑问语序变成陈述语序。
练习：将直接引语变换为间接引语
① The patient asked, "Is Dr. Li at the hospital "
→The patient asked whether/if Dr. Li was at the hospital.
② "Who lost the key to the room " asked Miss Green.
→Miss Green asked who had lost the key to the room.
2. 人称的变化
直接引语变为间接引语时，人称代词要根据转述人立场的变化作相应的改变。
记忆口诀：一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新。
（1）"一随主"
指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。
例：Mary said, "I want to have a computer of my own."
玛丽说，"我想拥有一台我自己的电脑。"
→Mary said that she wanted to have a computer of her own.
玛丽说她想拥有一台自己的电脑。
（2）"二随宾"
指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人称修饰，从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。
例：Her colleague said to her, "Who did you ask for a leave "
她的同事对她说，"你向谁请了假？"
→Her colleague asked her who she had asked for a leave.
她的同事问她向谁请了假。
（3）"第三人称不更新"
指直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称修饰，从句中的人称一般不需要变化。
例：The workers said, "The leaders often make the workers work extra hours."
工人们说："领导经常让工人们加班。"
→The workers said that the leaders often made the workers work extra hours.
工人们说领导经常让工人们加班。
练习：将直接引语变换为间接引语
① John said, "Tomorrow I'm going to attend this party."
→John said (that) the next day he was going to attend this party.
② She said, "I worked in Shanghai three years ago."
→She said (that) she had worked in Shanghai three years before.
3. 时态的变化
直接引语变间接引语时句子时态变化如下表：
直接引语 间接引语
句 子 时 态 一般现在时 一般过去时
现在进行时 过去进行时
现在完成时 过去完成时
一般过去时 过去完成时
过去完成时 不变
一般将来时 过去将来时
例：His friend said to him, "We are planning to have a picnic."
他的朋友对他说："我们计划去野餐。"
(直接引语为现在进行时)
→His friend told him that they were planning to have a picnic.
他的朋友告诉他说，他们计划去野餐。
(间接引语为过去进行时)
The organizer said, "We have begun our plan."
组织者说："我们已开始了我们的计划。"
(直接引语为现在完成时)
→The organizer said that they had begun their plan.
组织者说，他们已开始了他们的计划。
(间接引语为过去完成时)
注意：
直接引语变为间接引语时，时态不发生变化的情况：
（1）直接引语是客观真理、谚语和格言时；
（2）直接引语中有具体的过去的某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变；
（3）主句的谓语时态为现在进行时态。
练习：将直接引语变换为间接引语
① My mother said, "The door isn't locked."
→My mother said that the door wasn't locked.
② The patient said, "The doctors have discussed the mysterious disease."
→The patient said (that) the doctors had discussed the mysterious disease.
③ Tom said, "I am reading in my room."
→Tom said that he was reading in his room.
4. 指示词、状语及动词的变化
直接引语 间接引语
指示代词 this that
these those
时间状语 now then
today that day
tonight that night
yesterday the day before
tomorrow the next (following) day
last month (week) the month (week) before
next month (week) the next month (week)
the day before yesterday two days before
地点状语 here there
动词 come go
bring take
5. 当祈使句作直接引语表示要求和命令时，变间接引语时常采用ask/tell/order sb.to do sth.的形式。
例："Follow his instructions," she said to me.
→She told me to follow his instructions.
她告诉我要听他的指令。
6. 若直接引语中祈使句是否定形式，变间接引语时，不定式符号to前要加not或never。
例：She said, "Don't make so much noise, children!"
→She told the children not to make so much noise.
她告诉孩子们不要制造这么多噪音。
7. 当直接引语为表示建议、提议的祈使句或表示请求、提议、劝告、建议的疑问句时，多采用"suggest＋doing/that从句(如suggest后接that从句时，从句使用虚拟语气should＋动词原形，should也可省略)，offer to do和ask/advise/want sb.＋to do"等结构。
例：Jack said, "Let's go to the cinema tonight."
→Jack suggested that we should go to the cinema that night.
→Jack suggested our going to the cinema that night.
那天晚上杰克建议我们去看电影。
8. 如果直接引语部分是感叹句，改为间接引语时，引导词可以用该感叹句的感叹词(即what或how)引导，也可以用that引导。
例：She said, "What a lovely day it is!"
→She said what a lovely day it was.
她说天气不错。
9. 若直接引语中的一般疑问句是由表示委婉语气的would，could等构成的疑问句，转换为间接引语时句子的谓语动词常用asked。
"Can you lend me two yuan " he asked me.
→He asked me if I could lend him two yuan.
他问我是否能借给他两元钱。
二、语法填空
1. 句型转换（合并句子）
—What did your son say in the letter
—He told me that he _____ (visit) the Disney World the next day.
2.句型转换（合并句子）
"I am going to have a walk with my mother, "he said.
He said that _____ _____ _____ _____ have a walk with _____ mother.
3.句型转换（合并句子）
"I will go shopping," my mother said to me.
My mother told me she _____ _____ _____.
4.句型转换（合并句子）
"I will be happy if I hear from my uncle, "Li Ming said.
Li Ming said that he _____ _____ happy if he _____ _____ _____ uncle.
5.把下列句子变为直接引语
Xiao Ming's brother asked him what he was doing in his room.
Xiao Ming's brother said to him, "What _____ _____ _____ in your room "
6.把下列句子变为直接引语
The teacher told us that she had left her book in the office.
The teacher said to us, "I _____ _____ _____ book in the office."
7.—The plane is leaving right now, but Tom hasn't arrived yet.
—Well, he said he _____(come) here on time. I don't know what happened.
8.把下列句子变为直接引语
He asked me whether I would go to the concert with him the next evening.
He said to me, "_____ you go to the concert with me _____ _____ "
9.把下列句子变为间接引语
I asked Tom, "How long have you been employed at this job "
I asked Tom how long _____ _____ _____ employed at _____ job.
10.把下列句子变为间接引语
He said, "I'm afraid I can't finish the book within this week."
He said that _____ _____ afraid _____ _____ finish the book within _____ week.
三、阅读理解
In 1973, when Melissa Greene was in 6th grade, her parents bought the first apartment on Hutchinson Island on the southeastern Atlantic coast. The first time she and her siblings ran down to the wild shore, they were shocked by the seashells there. Every tide left a wrack line of seashells. Today, on the same stretch of beach, she rarely finds the large, undamaged shells that were common in her childhood. “It’s a shocking difference,” she says, “what you don’t see any more are the deep piles of whole shells, quarter-sized and above, and the largest shells that we saw for years.”
Among the most admirable natural objects throughout human history, seashells contain both the surprise and wonder still promised by a trip to the beach and the profound changes underway on our coasts. Some of the largest and best-known marine mollusks (软体动物) have declined under fishing pressure. They are also harmed by rising ocean temperatures and acidifying waters and by other pollution. They can be reduced by the severe erosion-a persistent problem on Hutchinson Island.
With beaches seeing record tourism numbers, more people can mean fewer shells. “It is not as much individual collecting as the many ramifications of massive tourism,” says the paleo-biologist Michal Kowalewski at the Florida Museum of Natural History. “Mass tourism means more boats, more beach maintenance, more machinery, all contributing to changes in shorelines.”
Over twenty years ago, Sanibel became the first city in the U.S. to ban the practice of collecting and killing mollusks for their shells. Delaware’s state parks are among increasing numbers of state and national parks taking so-called low-impact beach combing a step further: Asking visitors to leave empty shells alone, too. At Delaware Seashore State Park, signs advise visitors to “Leave shells where they lay or snap a photo of a marine critter in the sand. After all, the point of enjoying nature is because it is in a natural state.”
1.Why is the story of Melissa Greene mentioned in the first paragraph
A. To introduce readers to the Atlantic coast.
B. To share Melissa’s attitude towards shells.
C. To show an ocean village’s development.
D. To lead in the topic of seashells’ disappearance.
2.How does the author state the reasons for the great decline of mollusks
A. By comparing different conclusions.
B. By collecting the supporting data.
C. By listing the related factors.
D. By quoting the opinions of experts.
3.What does the underlined word ramifications in paragraph 3 mean
A. Consequences. B. Industries. C. Branches D. Benefits.
4.What is the last paragraph mainly about
A. The common phenomenon of shell collecting.
B. Different measures taken to protect the seashells.
C. Future anticipation of seashells’ condition.
D. The effectiveness of bans on seashells’ development.
四、七选五
Back-to-school shopping is an expensive business in a normal year. And with August upon us, stores are putting out back-to-school displays expecting the arrival of children and their parents. ① _________.
Shop for the short term
If COVID-19 has taught us anything it’s that careful budgeting works. ② _________ Do not buy too much at the moment. Plan to add those purchases as the semester unfolds. You may find that some items get less expensive as the seasons change.
③ _________
Price matching involves comparing the same items at other stores and asking a retailer (零售商) to match a lower price. The trick may make sense for clothing, electronics and other expensive items. Check a retailer’s website for its price matching policy details. Many will also refund the price difference if you spot a cheaper price within a certain time frame after the purchase.
Team up to buy in bulk (大批地)
④ _________. So by teaming up with other parents, you can purchase things like hand sanitizer (洗手液) and supplies for homework and note-taking in bulk. If your child’s teacher is unwilling to give out parents’ contact information, ask if he/she would send out yours in a group email so other parents can reach you if they’re interested in group savings.
Shop on tax-free holidays
Sixteen states have sales tax holidays in August this year. ⑤ _________ Retailers that offer online ordering for in-store pickup may require you to order and pick up on those particular days to gain the tax-free benefits. Generally, the stores allow you to purchase certain back-to-school items without paying sales tax.
A. It is an easy way to save money.
B. Check prices before and after shopping.
C. Do price analysis before you go shopping.
D. So purchase what you need most to get the school year started.
E. Most of them last through a full weekend, and some even longer.
F. Here are some ways of how to save money on back-to-school shopping.
G. Wherever your child is learning, they’ll need supplies that most students need.
答案以及解析
二、语法填空
1.答案：would visit
2.答案：he was going to；his
3.答案：would go shopping
4.答案：would be；heard from his
5.答案：are you doing
6.答案：have left my
7.答案：would come
8.答案：Will; tomorrow evening
9.答案：he had been; that
10.答案：he was; he couldn't; that
三、阅读理解
1.答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据第一段Today, on the same stretch of beach, she rarely finds the large, undamaged shells that were common in her childhood.(今天，在同一片海滩上，她很少能找到她童年时常见的大而完好的贝壳。)可知第一段提到的梅丽莎·格林的故事引出了贝壳失踪的话题。故选D。
2.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。由文第二段最后三句"Some of the largest and best-known marine mollusks (软体动物) have declined under fishing pressure. They are also harmed by rising ocean temperatures and acidifying waters and by other pollution. They can be reduced by the severe erosion-a persistent problem on Hutchinson Island."(一些最大和最著名的海洋软体动物在捕鱼压力下有所下降。它们还受到海洋温度上升、海水酸化和其他污染的危害。它们可以通过严重的侵蚀来减少——这是哈钦森岛上一个持续存在的问题。)可知，作者通过列举出一些相关的因素来指出软体动物减少的原因。A. By comparing different conclusions.通过比较不同的结论；B. By collecting the supporting data.通过收集支持数据；C. By listing the related factors.通过列出相关因素；D. By quoting the opinions of experts.通过引用专家的意见。故选C项。
3.答案：A
解析：词义猜测题。由文第三段最后一句“Mass tourism means more boats, more beach maintenance, more machinery, all contributing to changes in shorelines.”(团队旅游意味着更多的船只、更多的海滩维护、更多的机械，所有这些都导致海岸线的变化。)可知，这些都是团队旅游带来的后果。由此猜测，划线意为“后果”。A. Consequences.结果，后果；B. Industries.工业；C. Branches分支；D. Benefits.好处。故选A项。
4.答案：B
解析：段落大意题。由文末段一二句"Over twenty years ago, Sanibel became the first city in the U.S. to ban the practice of collecting and killing mollusks for their shells. Delaware’s state parks are among increasing numbers of state and national parks taking so-called low-impact beachcombing a step further: Asking visitors to leave empty shells alone, too."(20多年前，萨尼贝尔成为美国第一个禁止采集和杀死软体动物以获取贝壳的城市。特拉华州的州立公园是越来越多的采取措施的州立公园和国家公园之一，它们进一步采取了所谓的低影响海滩清理措施：要求游客也不要理会空壳。)可知，本段主要介绍不同的保护软体动物的措施，故选B项。
四、七选五
答案：①-⑤FDBGE
解析：①细节理解题。根据上文And with August upon us, stores are putting out back-to-school displays expecting the arrival of children and their parents(随着八月的到来，商店纷纷推出返校展览，期待着孩子们和他们的父母的到来。)可知，返校前采购学习用品花费不菲，后又提到八月在即，商家将返校用品陈列出来等着孩子和家长的到来，由此可知，F项"Here are some ways of how to save money on back-to-school shopping这是一些在返校购物时如何省钱的方法。"符合语境。故选F。
②推理判断题。根据上文If COVID-19 has taught us anything, it's that careful budget works(如果说2019冠状病毒疾病教会了我们什么的话，那就是谨慎的预算管用。)及下文Do not buy too much at the moment.(现在不要买太多。)可知，购买开学物品不要太多。D项"So purchase what you need most to get the school year started.因此购买你开学最需要的东西。"符合语境。故选D。
③标题归纳题。根据下文Price matching involves comparing the same items at other stores and asking a retailer(零售商)to match a lower price The trick may make sense for clothing, electronics and other expensive items.(价格匹配包括在其他商店比较相同的商品，并要求零售商匹配一个较低的价格。这个技巧对于服装、电子产品和其他昂贵的物品来说可能是有意义的。)可知，本段主要介绍要进行价格对比。B项"Check prices before and after shopping.在购物前后核实价格。"符合语境。故选B。
④推理判断题。根据下文So by teaming up with other parents, you can purchase things like hand sanitizer(洗手液)and supplies for homework and note-taking in bulk(因此，通过与其他家长合作，你可以大量购买洗手液、家庭作业和笔记用品等物品。)可知，通过与其他父母合作，家长可以大批地购买洗手液、作业和笔记用品等。G项"Wherever your child is learning, they'll need supplies that most students need.无论你的孩子在哪里学习，他们都会需要大多数学生需要的东西。"符合语境。故选G。
⑤细节理解题。根据该部分小标题Shop on tax-free holidays(在免税日购物。)及上文Sixteen states have sales tax holidays in August this year(今年8月，有16个州有免税日。)可知，此处讲述了免税日。E项"Most of them last through a full weekend, and some even longer.它们中的大多数持续整个周末，一些甚至(持续)更长时间。"符合语境。故选E。

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