资源简介 高考英语基础语法一轮复习学案——宾语从句一、宾语从句的核心概念与基础结构宾语从句是英语复合句中充当宾语的从句,用于表达动作的对象或内容。它可作及物动词的宾语(如I know that he is right)、介词的宾语(如He is worried about whether he can pass the exam)或形容词的宾语(如I’m sure that she will come)。其基本结构为 “引导词 + 陈述句语序”,通过不同引导词和时态变化实现多样化表达。(一)宾语从句的引导词分类与用法1. that引导的宾语从句 用法:无实际意义,在从句中不充当成分,常用于及物动词(如think、believe、know、say)后,且在口语或非正式语境中可省略。 例句: I believe that he will succeed.(及物动词后,that可省) It’s important to remember that grammar is the foundation of English.(that不可省,避免歧义) 特殊情况:当动词后接多个that引导的宾语从句时,仅第一个that可省略,其余需保留。例句:He said that he was busy and that he couldn’t attend the meeting.2. whether/if引导的宾语从句 用法:表示“是否”,在从句中不充当成分,常用于ask、wonder、doubt等动词后。 区别: if:一般用于宾语从句,不与or not直接连用;不能作介词宾语。例句:I don’t know if he will come. whether:可用于各类名词性从句(宾语、主语、表语等),可与or not连用;可作介词宾语。例句:The question is whether he can finish it on time.(表语从句);I’m worried about whether it will rain.(介词宾语)3. 连接代词引导的宾语从句 who、whom、whose、what、which:在从句中充当主语、宾语或定语,有具体含义。 例句: Do you know who will give us a speech (who作主语) She asked me what I wanted.(what作宾语) I don’t know whose book this is.(whose作定语)4. 连接副词引导的宾语从句 when、where、why、how:在从句中充当状语,表时间、地点、原因或方式。 例句: Can you tell me when the train leaves (时间状语) I wonder how he solved the problem.(方式状语)(二)宾语从句的语序与时态规则1. 陈述句语序:无论引导词为何,宾语从句需用 “主语 + 谓语” 的正常语序,避免疑问句语序。 例句: 错误:I don’t know when does the train arrive. 正确:I don’t know when the train arrives.2. 时态呼应原则 主句为现在时态:从句时态根据实际情况选择(可现在时、过去时或将来时)。例句:He says that he is reading a book.(现在进行时);He says that he will go to Beijing tomorrow.(一般将来时) 主句为过去时态:从句需用相应的过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时等)。例句:He said that he was busy yesterday.(一般过去时);She told me that she had seen the movie.(过去完成时) 客观真理或普遍事实:即使主句为过去时,从句仍用一般现在时。例句:The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.二、高考高频宾语从句考点详解(一)引导词的选择与辨析高考常考查根据语境选择合适的引导词,需结合从句的意义和成分判断。 真题示例1(2023全国甲卷)题目:I’m not sure ______ I can finish the work on time.答案:whether/if解析:表示“是否能按时完成工作”,且从句不缺成分,用whether/if引导。 真题示例2(2022新高考Ⅰ卷)题目:Could you tell me ______ the nearest post office is 答案:where解析:从句缺地点状语,询问“最近的邮局在哪里”,用where引导。(二)时态与语序的综合考查1. 时态错误:未遵循主句与从句的时态呼应原则。 真题示例(2021全国乙卷)题目:He asked me ______ (if/whether I saw) the film yesterday.答案:if/whether I had seen解析:主句“asked”为过去时,从句动作“看电影”发生在“问”之前,用过去完成时。2. 语序错误:误将疑问句语序用于宾语从句。 真题示例(2020全国Ⅲ卷)题目:The teacher asked ______ (when will the students have) the exam.答案:when the students would have解析:宾语从句需用陈述句语序,且主句为过去时,从句用过去将来时。(三)特殊结构与易错点1. 否定转移:当主句谓语动词为think、believe、suppose等,且主语为第一人称(I/we)时,若从句为否定意义,需将否定词转移到主句。 例句: 错误:I think that he doesn’t like the movie. 正确:I don’t think that he likes the movie.2. 介词后的宾语从句:引导词不可用if,常用whether或连接代词/副词。 例句:We are talking about whether we should go there.(介词about后用whether)3. “疑问词 + 动词不定式”结构:可与宾语从句互换,但需注意人称和时态一致。 例句: I don’t know what I should do. → I don’t know what to do. 错误:He told me how I to solve the problem.(×) 正确:He told me how to solve the problem.(√)三、高考真题中的宾语从句考点剖析1. (2023全国乙卷) 题目:I want to know ______ the new library will open. 答案:when 解析:从句缺时间状语,询问“新图书馆何时开放”,用when引导。2. (2022全国乙卷) 题目:She asked me ______ I had received her email. 答案:if/whether 解析:表示“是否收到邮件”,从句不缺成分,用if/whether引导。3. (2021新高考Ⅰ卷) 题目:The problem is ______ we can find enough volunteers. 答案:whether 解析:表语从句(相当于宾语从句“the problem is that...”),表示“是否能找到志愿者”,用whether。4. (2020全国Ⅰ卷) 题目:He believed ______ he could achieve his goal with hard work. 答案:that 解析:从句不缺成分,用that引导,且可省略。5. (2019全国Ⅱ卷) 题目:Could you tell me ______ the price of the computer is 答案:what 解析:从句缺表语,询问“电脑价格是多少”,用what引导。6. (2018全国Ⅲ卷) 题目:I wonder ______ you can help me with my English. 答案:if/whether 解析:表示“是否能帮忙”,从句不缺成分,用if/whether引导。四、宾语从句易错点深度总结1. 引导词误用:混淆if与whether的使用场景,或忽略连接代词/副词在从句中的成分作用。2. 时态不一致:未根据主句时态调整从句时态,尤其忽略客观真理的特殊规则。3. 语序错误:习惯性使用疑问句语序,未遵循宾语从句的陈述句结构。4. 否定转移遗漏:未识别think/believe等动词的否定转移用法。5. 介词宾语混淆:在介词后误用if引导从句,或遗漏连接词。通过对高考真题的高频考点分析与典型错题归纳,可系统掌握宾语从句的引导词选择、语序调整和时态呼应规则,避免在语法填空、短文改错和写作中出现错误。 展开更多...... 收起↑ 资源预览