资源简介 高考英语基础语法一轮复习学案——被动语态一、被动语态的核心概念与基础结构被动语态(Passive Voice)是英语语法体系中用于强调动作承受者的重要语法形式,其核心在于将主动语态中动作的承受者变为句子主语,动作执行者(通常由by引出)退居次要位置或省略。被动语态的基本结构为 “be动词 + 过去分词(done)”,通过be动词的时态变化(一般现在时、一般过去时、将来时等)实现不同时间维度的表达。被动语态常用于:强调动作承受者(如The book was written by a famous author)、无需提及执行者(如The window was broken)、使表达更客观(如It is widely believed that...)等场景。(一)被动语态的基本结构与用法1. 结构公式:主语(动作承受者) + be + 过去分词 + (by + 动作执行者) 例句:The report is reviewed by the committee.(报告由委员会审阅) 省略规则:当执行者不明确或不重要时,by短语可省略。例如:The bridge was completed last year.(桥梁去年竣工)2. 不同时态的被动语态 一般现在时:am/is/are + done例句:Water is used to produce electricity.(水被用来发电) 一般过去时:was/were + done例句:The ancient temple was destroyed in the war.(古庙在战争中被毁) 一般将来时:will be + done 或 be going to be + done例句:A new stadium will be built in the city center.(市中心将建一座新体育场) 现在完成时:have/has been + done例句:The project has been finished ahead of schedule.(项目已提前完成) 过去完成时:had been + done例句:By the time she arrived, the work had been completed.(她到达时,工作已完成) 含有情态动词:情态动词(can/must/should等) + be + done例句:These rules must be followed strictly.(这些规则必须严格遵守)(二)被动语态与主动语态的转换规则1. 基础转换步骤 将主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语。 主动句的谓语动词变为“be + 过去分词”形式,be动词时态与原句一致。 主动句的主语若需保留,用by引出;若不重要则省略。 例句:主动句:They planted the trees last spring.被动句:The trees were planted (by them) last spring.2. 特殊结构转换 双宾语结构:主动句中含双宾语(如give sb. sth.),可将直接宾语(sth.)或间接宾语(sb.)变为主语。例句:She gave me a book. → ① I was given a book (by her). ② A book was given to me (by her). 复合宾语结构:主动句中“动词 + 宾语 + 宾补”(如make sb. do sth.),变为被动句时需还原to(感官动词和使役动词后宾补的to在主动句中省略,但被动句中需恢复)。例句:The teacher made the students write a report. → The students were made to write a report (by the teacher).二、高考高频被动语态考点详解(一)被动语态的时态与语态结合高考常通过时间状语或上下文语境考查被动语态的时态变化,需精准判断动作发生的时间。 真题示例1(2023全国甲卷)题目:The museum, which ______ in 1980, has attracted millions of visitors since then.答案:was built解析:“in 1980”为过去时间,博物馆是“被建造”,用一般过去时被动语态。 真题示例2(2023新高考Ⅱ卷)题目:Many cultural relics ______ (discover) in this area in recent years.答案:have been discovered解析:“in recent years”是现在完成时标志,文物“被发现”,用现在完成时被动。 真题示例3(2022全国乙卷)题目:The new bridge ______ (complete) by the end of next month.答案:will have been completed解析:“by the end of next month”表将来完成,桥“被建成”,用将来完成时被动。(二)被动语态的特殊结构与易错点1. 系动词 + 过去分词(表状态而非被动) 部分过去分词(如interested、surprised、excited)与系动词(look、feel、seem等)连用,表主语状态,而非被动动作。 例句:She looks tired after work.(她下班后看起来很累,非“被累”) 真题示例(2021新高考Ⅰ卷):The audience seemed ______ (impress) by his performance.答案:impressed解析:“seem + 过去分词”表状态,意为“观众似乎对他的表演印象深刻”。2. 不及物动词无被动语态 如happen、occur、take place、belong to、break out等,需用主动形式表含义。 例句:The accident happened yesterday.(√);The accident was happened yesterday.(×) 真题示例(2020全国Ⅲ卷):The story ______ (take place) in a small town.答案:takes place解析:“take place”为不及物短语,无被动,用主动形式。3. 主动形式表被动含义 感官动词:taste(尝起来)、smell(闻起来)、sound(听起来)、feel(摸起来)。例句:The cake tastes delicious.(蛋糕尝起来美味) 动词 + 副词结构:sell(销售)、write(书写)、wash(清洗)等,常用于“物 + 动词 + 副词”。例句:This type of cloth washes well.(这种布料耐洗) 真题示例(2019全国Ⅰ卷):The book sells so well that it ______ (print) several times.答案:has been printed解析:前半句“书畅销”用主动表被动,后半句“被印刷多次”用现在完成时被动。(三)被动语态在复合句中的应用1. 宾语从句中的被动语态 若主句为过去时,宾语从句的被动语态需用相应过去时态。 例句:He said that the project had been started.(他说项目已启动,过去完成时被动) 真题示例(2022新高考Ⅱ卷):She believed that the problem ______ (solve) soon.答案:would be solved解析:主句“believed”为过去时,从句用过去将来时被动,表“问题将被解决”。2. 定语从句中的被动语态 关系代词作从句宾语时,从句可用被动结构。 例句:The house which was built last year is very expensive.(去年建的房子很贵) 真题示例(2021全国乙卷):The museum, ______ (locate) in the city center, ______ (visit) by thousands of tourists every day.答案:located; is visited解析:第一空“located”为过去分词作定语(= which is located);第二空“博物馆被参观”,用一般现在时被动。三、高考真题中的被动语态考点剖析1. (2023全国乙卷) 题目:The old temple ______ (restore) at present and will be open to the public next year. 答案:is being restored 解析:“at present”表现在进行,寺庙“被修复”,用现在进行时被动。2. (2022新高考Ⅰ卷) 题目:When the car ______ (repair), it will be as good as new. 答案:is repaired 解析:时间状语从句中,用一般现在时表将来,车“被修理”,用一般现在时被动。3. (2021全国甲卷) 题目:The problem ______ (discuss) at the meeting yesterday turned out to be difficult to solve. 答案:discussed 解析:“yesterday”表过去,问题“被讨论”,用过去分词作后置定语(= which was discussed)。4. (2020全国Ⅱ卷) 题目:It is reported that another new school ______ (build) in the city next year. 答案:will be built 解析:“next year”表将来,学校“被建造”,用一般将来时被动。5. (2019全国Ⅲ卷) 题目:The exhibition ______ (hold) in the museum last month attracted many visitors. 答案:held 解析:“last month”表过去,展览“被举办”,用过去分词作后置定语(= which was held)。6. (2018全国Ⅰ卷) 题目:The classroom ______ (clean) every day to keep it tidy. 答案:is cleaned 解析:“every day”表习惯,教室“被打扫”,用一般现在时被动。四、被动语态易错点深度总结1. 时态判断失误:未根据时间状语(如by + 时间点、in recent years)选择正确被动时态。2. 不及物动词误用:误将happen、occur等词用于被动结构,忽略其主动表义特性。3. 主动表被动遗漏:未识别taste、sell等词的特殊用法,导致语态混淆。4. 复合句时态不一致:宾语从句或定语从句中,被动语态时态与主句逻辑矛盾。5. 系动词与被动混淆:将“系动词 + 过去分词”(如look interested)错判为被动结构。通过对高考真题的高频考点分析与典型错题归纳,可系统性掌握被动语态在不同语境中的应用规则,提升语法题与写作中的表达准确性。 展开更多...... 收起↑ 资源预览