资源简介 高考英语基础语法一轮复习学案——非谓语动词一、非谓语动词的核心概念与三大形式非谓语动词是英语语法体系中的关键难点,指在句中不能充当谓语的动词形式,包括动词不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)和分词(现在分词doing/过去分词done)。它们虽不能作谓语,但可充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾补等多种成分,通过不同的形式变化表达主动/被动、进行/完成等逻辑关系。(一)动词不定式(to do):表目的、将来或具体动作1. 基本形式与功能 结构:to + 动词原形(有时可省略to,如使役动词let/make/have和感官动词see/watch/hear后的宾补)。 作主语:常用于“It + be + 形容词/名词 + to do sth.”结构,避免句子头重脚轻。例句:To learn a foreign language is difficult. → It is difficult to learn a foreign language.(真正主语后置) 作宾语:常见于want/decide/plan/agree/hope等动词后。例句:She wants to become a doctor.(to become作wants的宾语) 作宾补:用于ask/tell/allow/encourage等动词后,构成“动词 + 宾语 + to do”结构。例句:The teacher told us to finish the homework. 作定语:位于被修饰词后,与被修饰词存在逻辑动宾关系。例句:I have a lot of homework to do.(do与homework是动宾关系) 作状语:可表目的(to do)、结果(only to do,出乎意料的结果)、原因(be + 形容词 + to do)。例句:He came here to see his parents.(目的);He rushed to the station, only to find the train had left.(结果)2. 特殊用法 省略to的情况:在“let/make/have sb. do sth.”(使役动词)和“see/watch/hear/notice sb. do sth.”(感官动词,强调全过程)中,宾补的to需省略。例句:The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day. 疑问词 + to do:可作主语、宾语或表语,相当于名词性从句。例句:How to solve the problem is a big challenge.(作主语);I don’t know what to do.(作宾语)(二)动名词(doing):表抽象、习惯或主动1. 基本形式与功能 结构:动词原形 + -ing,兼具动词和名词特性。 作主语:谓语动词用单数,可与动词不定式互换,但动名词更强调抽象、习惯性动作。例句:Reading is a good habit.(抽象行为);To read this book takes patience.(具体动作) 作宾语:常见于enjoy/mind/finish/practice/keep等动词及look forward to/be used to等短语后。例句:She enjoys listening to music.;We are looking forward to meeting you. 作表语:说明主语内容,可与主语互换位置。例句:My hobby is collecting stamps.(= Collecting stamps is my hobby.) 作定语:表示被修饰词的用途或功能,位于名词前。例句:a swimming pool(游泳池,表用途);a sleeping bag(睡袋)2. 特殊用法 动名词复合结构:“形容词性物主代词/名词所有格 + 动名词”,在句中作主语或宾语。例句:His coming made us happy.(作主语);Do you mind my opening the window (作宾语) 既可接动名词又可接不定式的动词: 意义不同:remember/forget/regret(doing表已做,to do表未做);stop(doing停止当前动作,to do停下来去做另一件事)。例句:I remember turning off the light.(已关灯);Remember to turn off the light.(未关灯) 意义相近:begin/start/continue(后接doing或to do均可)。(三)分词:现在分词(doing)与过去分词(done)1. 现在分词(doing):表主动、进行 作定语:单个分词前置,分词短语后置,相当于定语从句。例句:A sleeping child(前置);The girl standing under the tree is my sister.(后置,= The girl who is standing under the tree...) 作状语:可表时间(Hearing the news...)、原因(Being ill...)、结果(causing...)、伴随(sitting there, reading...),逻辑主语需与主句主语一致。例句:Hearing the good news, she jumped with joy.(时间,= When she heard...) 作宾补:用于see/watch/hear等感官动词及keep等使役动词后,强调动作正在进行。例句:I saw him playing basketball on the playground.2. 过去分词(done):表被动、完成 作定语:单个分词前置,分词短语后置,同样可转换为定语从句。例句:A broken window(前置);The book written by Lu Xun is famous.(后置,= The book which was written by...) 作状语:表时间(Seen from the top...)、原因(Moved by the story...)、条件(Given more time...)等,逻辑主语与主句主语一致。例句:Given more time, we could have done it better.(条件,= If we had been given...) 作宾补:用于have/make/get等使役动词后,表“使/让……被……”。例句:I had my hair cut yesterday.(头发被剪)二、高考高频非谓语动词考点详解(一)非谓语动词作状语的逻辑主语判断高考常考查非谓语动词作状语时与主句主语的逻辑关系(主动用doing,被动用done)。 真题示例1(2023新高考Ⅱ卷):题目:______ more time, we could have done it better.答案:Given解析:“我们”与“给予时间”是被动关系(我们被给予时间),用过去分词Given作条件状语。 真题示例2(2023全国甲卷):题目:______ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.答案:Traveling解析:“旅行”与句子主语“experience”为主谓关系,用现在分词Traveling作主语。 真题示例3(2022新高考Ⅰ卷):题目:______ by the teacher’s words, he decided to study harder.答案:Inspired解析:“他”与“鼓舞”是被动关系(被老师的话鼓舞),用过去分词Inspired作原因状语。(二)非谓语动词作定语的时态与语态辨析1. 现在分词:表示正在进行或主动的动作。 真题示例1(2022全国乙卷):题目:The stadium ______ now will be the largest in our city.答案:being built解析:“体育场”与“建造”是被动关系,且“now”表正在进行,用现在分词的被动式being built作定语。2. 过去分词:表示完成或被动的动作。 真题示例2(2021全国甲卷):题目:The novel ______ by Mo Yan is very popular.答案:written解析:“小说”与“写”是被动关系,用过去分词written作定语,相当于the novel which was written by Mo Yan。3. 不定式:表示尚未发生的动作。 真题示例3(2021新高考Ⅰ卷):题目:The project ______ next year will help improve the local environment.答案:to be carried out解析:“项目”与“实施”是被动关系,且“next year”表将来,用不定式的被动式to be carried out作定语。(三)固定搭配与易错结构1. 只能接动名词的动词/短语:admit, avoid, consider(考虑), suggest(建议), can’t help(忍不住), be worth等。 真题示例1(2020全国Ⅲ卷):题目:I suggest ______ (finish) the task ahead of time.答案:finishing解析:suggest后接动名词作宾语,故填finishing。2. 接to do与doing意义不同的动词:try(to do努力;doing尝试)、mean(to do打算;doing意味着)。 真题示例2(2019全国Ⅱ卷):题目:We must try ______ (solve) the problem as soon as possible.答案:to solve解析:此处表示“努力解决问题”,用try to do结构。3. 独立主格结构:非谓语动词有独立的逻辑主语,与主句主语不一致。 真题示例3(2018全国Ⅰ卷):题目:______, the party was a great success.答案:Weather permitting解析:“天气”是“允许”的逻辑主语,用独立主格结构Weather permitting,相当于If weather permits。三、高考真题中的非谓语动词考点剖析1. (2023全国乙卷) 题目:______ around the city, we were impressed by its new look. 答案:Shown 解析:“我们”与“带领参观”是被动关系(我们被带领),用过去分词Shown作时间状语。2. (2022新高考Ⅱ卷) 题目:The film ______ next month aims mainly at children. 答案:to be released 解析:“电影”与“发行”是被动关系,且“next month”表将来,用不定式的被动式to be released作定语。3. (2021全国乙卷) 题目:I remembered ______ the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights. 答案:locking 解析:“记得已做某事”用remember doing,这里表示“记得锁了门”,用locking。4. (2020全国Ⅰ卷) 题目:______ into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order. 答案:Translated 解析:“句子”与“翻译”是被动关系,用过去分词Translated作时间状语。5. (2019全国Ⅲ卷) 题目:I appreciate ______ (give) the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. 答案:being given 解析:appreciate后接动名词,“我”与“给机会”是被动关系,用动名词的被动式being given。四、非谓语动词易错点总结与复习建议(一)易错点梳理1. 逻辑主语错误:忽略非谓语动词与主句主语的主动/被动关系,如误用“Seeing from the hill, the city looks beautiful.”(应改为Seen)。2. 固定搭配混淆:未掌握只能接动名词的动词(如suggest doing)或特殊结构(如look forward to doing)。3. 时态判断失误:分不清to do(将来)、doing(进行)、done(完成)的时间差异。4. 独立主格结构误用:混淆独立主格与普通非谓语结构,未识别独立的逻辑主语。(二)高效复习策略1. 对比分析法:制作思维导图对比三种非谓语动词的形式、功能和用法,强化记忆。2. 真题拆解法:分析近五年高考真题,总结高频考点(如状语和定语的非谓语形式)。3. 语境造句法:针对易错结构(如forget to do/doing),通过造句加深理解。4. 口诀辅助:如“主动进行用doing,被动完成用done,目的将来用to do”,快速回顾核心规则。5. 错题归类:整理真题和模拟题中的错题,按“逻辑主语错误”“固定搭配错误”等分类突破。通过系统梳理非谓语动词的语法规则,结合大量高考真题针对性训练,可有效突破这一高考重难点,提升句子分析与写作能力。 展开更多...... 收起↑ 资源预览