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第2讲　情态动词和虚拟语气
　情态动词
1．情态动词can和could的用法
语法规则 例句
表示“能力”时，can表示现在的能力，could表示过去的能力。 Susan isn't very good at maths，but she can speak English very well． I could swim when I was five years old．
表示“推测”时，can常用于否定句中，can't表示“不可能”；could表“推测”时，比can的可能性要小。 Mr Black can't be at home—he has gone to America． Even experienced teachers can make mistakes．
表示“请求”或“许可”时，通常用于疑问句中；could表“请求”时，语气比can更委婉。 —Could/Can you pick me up at the airport —Yes，I can．
be able to do表示“能够做”，不能与 can连用，但有更多时态。 I'm sure you will be able to look after yourself． I haven't been able to sleep very well recently．
2．情态动词may和might的用法
语法规则 例句
may和might可用于肯定句中表示“许可”，用于疑问句中表示“请求”。 She said I might call her at the weekend． May I borrow the car tomorrow？
might表示“推测”时，可能性比may的可能性小。 He may/might know the answer． He may/might not believe you．
may/might well do sth．表示“很可能做某事”，may/might as well do sth．表示“不妨做某事”。 Her appearance has changed so much that you might well not recognize her． You might as well give him the letter．
“May you/sth．＋动词原形”表示祝愿。 May you succeed! May all your dreams come true！
3．情态动词must和have to的用法
语法规则 例句
must强调说话者主观上认为某事是必须做的，着重个人的看法、责任或义务。have to强调由于客观条件、外界因素等迫使某人不得不做某事。 You must finish your homework before you go to bed． I missed the bus，so I had to take a taxi．
4．情态动词will和would的用法
语法规则 例句
will表示“请求”，常用于第二人称的疑问句中，would比will语气更委婉。 Will you join our discussion Would you open the window，please？
will表示主观愿望、意志或决心，would用于过去的习惯性动作，意为“过去常常做某事”。 Go where you will． She asked if I would go with them． On summer evenings they would sit out in the garden．
will和would用于第二人称的疑问句中，would表示委婉语气。 Wouldn't you take off your coat Would you please post the letter for me？
would用于否定句，可以表示顽固倾向，意为“老是不，总是不”。 My car wouldn't start this morning． The door wouldn't open，no matter how hard she pushed．
would have done表示与过去事实相反的假设。 But for your help we would have been late． If she had seen you yesterday，she would have asked you about it．
5．情态动词shall，should和ought to的用法
语法规则 例句
shall用在第一、三人称的疑问句中时，表示征求对方意见。 Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow
shall用在第二、三人称的陈述句中时，表示说话人的允诺、命令、告诫等。 You shall get an answer from me tomorrow．
should/ought to表示责任、义务，意为“应该”，否定式为should not/ ought not to。 You shouldn't be so careless． Humans ought to stop polluting nature． Ought I to hand in my composition now？
should表示“推测”，常意为“按道理说应该”。 It should be Mike who has taken away all the materials．
should可以表示说话人的吃惊、愤怒、失望等，多用于It is＋形容词＋that...句型。 It's surprising that Mary should love such a person as Jack．
suggest/order/require that...从句常用“should do”，should 可省。 I suggest that we (should) have lunch right now．
6．情态动词need和dare的用法
语法规则 例句
need用作情态动词，多用于否定句、疑问句，后接动词原形。 Need I hand in my homework now I needn't go this week．
need用作实义动词，接名词、代词、不定式作宾语。need doing＝need to be done表示需要做。 My shirt needs a button． My car needs repairing．＝My car needs to be repaired．
dare用作情态动词，多用于否定句、疑问句，只有dare和dared两种形式。 He dare not drive too fast on the rainy day． I wonder how he dare say such things．
dare用作实义动词，接不定式作宾语。 He dared me to jump over the stream． Did anyone dare to admit it？
I dare say...我想/相信/敢说……。 I dare say things will improve．
7．情态动词＋have done的用法
语法规则 例句
can't have done表示“不可能做了某事”。 The money can't have been lost there．
could have done表示“本可以做某事”。否定式表示“不可能做了某事”。 You could have been more considerate． She couldn't have left so soon．
may/might have done表示对过去的推测，意思是“也许已经……，可能已经……”，用于肯定或否定句中。 He may have gone to bed． She might not have settled the problem．
must have done表示对过去的推测，意思是“一定已经，想必已经，准是已经……”，只用于肯定句中。 The streets are wet．It must have rained． He must have been drinking beer．
should/ought to have done表示“本应该做某事而没有做”。 She should/ought to have gone there alone．
shouldn't have done表示“本不该做某事但已经做了”。 The boy shouldn't have been playing the piano．
needn't have done表示“做了不必做或不需要做的事”。 You needn't have come so early．
　虚拟语气
1．虚拟语气在if条件句中的运用
类型 从句中的谓 语动词形式 主句中的谓 语动词形式
与现在事 实相反 动词的过去式(be的过去式用were) should/would/could/might＋动词原形
与过去事 实相反 had＋过去分词 should/would/could/might＋have＋过去分词
与将来事 实相反 should/were to＋动词原形；动词的过去式 should/would/could/might＋动词原形
虚拟语气在if条件句中的语法规则
语法规则 例句
与现在事实相反：若与现在事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“would/should/could/might＋动词原形”。 If I knew her number，I could ring her up．(可惜我现在不知道) If I were a bird，I could fly in the air．(但我不是一只鸟)
与过去事实相反：若与过去事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去完成时(had＋过去分词)，主句谓语用“would/should/could/might＋have＋过去分词”。 If I had left sooner，I would have been on time．(但我动身太迟了) If we had found him earlier，we could have saved his life．(可惜我们太晚找到他了)
与将来事实相反： 若与将来事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should/would/could/might＋动词原形”。 If he went，would you go too？(大概他不会去) If I asked him，I'm sure he'd help us．(不过我不打算这样做)
虚拟条件句中的特殊用法
语法规则 例句
if虚拟条件句中倒装省略情况：如果if条件句中有were、 should、had，可将条件句的连词if省略，were、should、had提到句首。 Were I Tom，I would refuse． Should it be necessary，I would go． Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived in time．
错综时间虚拟条件句：主句表示的动作和从句表示的动作发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整。 If he had taken the doctor's advice last year，he would be quite right now．
含蓄虚拟条件句：用without，but for，otherwise等介词短语或通过上下文来表示或代替了条件句。 But for air and water，no living thing could exist． (If there were no air and water) I was ill that day，otherwise I would have come to see you．(If I had not been ill that day)
2．wish/if only/as if (though) 句式中的虚拟语气
句型 结构 if only引导的感叹句 as if/though引导的表语从句及方式状语从句 wish引导的宾语从句
对过去 虚拟 had＋过去分词
对现在 虚拟 动词的过去式(be一般用were)
对将来 虚拟 would/could/should/might＋动词原形
wish/if only/as if (though) 句式中的虚拟语气的语法规则
语法规则 例句
if only引导的感叹句 If only I would pass the final exam！
as if/though引导的表语从句及方式状语从句 He looks as if he were ill． This device operated as though it had been repaired．
wish引导的宾语从句 I wish he had told me the truth last week．
3．would rather句式中的虚拟语气
句型结构 would rather句式中的虚拟语气
对过去虚拟 had＋过去分词
对现在虚拟 动词的过去式(be一般用were)
对将来虚拟 动词的过去式(be一般用were)
would rather句式中的虚拟语气的语法规则
语法规则 例句
在would rather(that)后的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词如果表示现在或将来要发生的动作，从句用一般过去时；如果表示过去发生的动作，从句用过去完成时。 I'd rather he had gone to the seaside with me the day before yesterday．
4．其他虚拟语气
语法规则 例句
句中含有坚持(insist)，命令(order，command)，建议(suggest，advise，recommend)，要求(require，request，demand，desire )等时，该句中的名词性从句(宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句)部分常用虚拟语气，其谓语动词形式为“should＋动词原形”，其中should可以省略。 注意：当suggest表示“暗示，表明”之义，insist表示“坚持说”之义时，suggest/insist后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气，而使用陈述语气。 The doctor suggested that he (should) take exercise on a regular basis． My suggestion is that he (should) take exercise on a regular basis． It is suggested that he (should) take exercise on a regular basis． The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work． The old man insisted that he was not ill and that he (should) not be sent to hospital．
其他虚拟语气的语法规则
语法规则 例句
It is/was＋形容词(important，essential，necessary，strange，natural等)＋that引导的主语从句。 It's vital that we (should) take our safety driving along the road seriously．
It is (high) time，it is about time后的定语从句中的谓语动词用过去时(be一般用were)或should＋动词原形，表示“该是……的时候了”。 It's high time that we should take/took measures to protect the environment．
Ⅰ．单句语法填空
1．We ________________ (bother) with details，for our teammates will do everything in their power to help us．
2．If I hadn't been faced with so many barriers，I _______ not be where I am．
3．Paul did a great job in the speech contest． He _____________________ (practise) many times last week．
4．I can't find my purse． I _______________________(leave) it in the supermarket yesterday，but I'm not sure．
5．It's strange that he ________ have taken the books without the owner's permission．
6．If I hadn't made the most of the chance to prepare for the writing contest，I ______________________(gain) first prize．
7．It is required that anyone who wants to participate _______________ (arrive) at the lecture hall on time to watch the movie and take part in the discussion．
8．Without your help and professional instruction，I ____________________ (make)such great progress in English study．
9．If the new safety system ______________ (put) to use，the accident would never have happened．
10．The teacher suggested the method _____________________ (apply) to learning English．
Ⅱ．语法链接写作
1．如果没有你的帮助，我不能取得这么大的进步。
_______________________________，I could not have made so much progress．(if虚拟条件句倒装省略)
2．如果不是你的坚持不懈，你就不会实现你的目标。所以我会向你学习。(含蓄条件句)
__________________________________，you couldn't have achieved your goal． Therefore，I will learn from you．
3．该是我们为改善环境做些事情的时候了。
________________________________________________ to improve our environment．
4．那些珍贵的回忆涌上心头。我记起了整件事情，就好像它发生在昨日。
All those precious memories flooded into my mind． I remembered the whole thing _________________________________．
5．他挣扎着站起来，感觉大腿很疼，好像断了一样。
He struggled to his feet，feeling his thigh ached __________________________．
Ⅲ．语法填空
I 1．______ not have worried before I came to the new school，for my classmates here are very friendly to me． Zhang Min is a fantastic dancer．I wish I 2．________ (dance) as well as her． No one 3．_____ be compared with her in dancing． Jack is more of a talker than a doer． Teachers always tell him it's high time that he 4．_______________ (do) something instead of just talking． Every time I get close enough to hear them speaking Chinese，I 5．__________ (say)“Ni hao” to them． Teachers recommend that parents 6．__________________ (allow) their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety．Students 7．______ obey school rules． Every student must wear their school uniform while at school． If a student 8．_____________(wear) his school uniform，he would be punished． According to the rules，students 9．_______ get grades not lower than 85 in any subject in order to get the scholarship．It is beyond my imagination that students here 10．________ be so crazy about Harry Potter series like me．
1 / 9第2讲　情态动词和虚拟语气
　情态动词
1．情态动词can和could的用法
语法规则 例句
表示“能力”时，can表示现在的能力，could表示过去的能力。 Susan isn't very good at maths，but she can speak English very well． I could swim when I was five years old．
表示“推测”时，can常用于否定句中，can't表示“不可能”；could表“推测”时，比can的可能性要小。 Mr Black can't be at home—he has gone to America． Even experienced teachers can make mistakes．
表示“请求”或“许可”时，通常用于疑问句中；could表“请求”时，语气比can更委婉。 —Could/Can you pick me up at the airport —Yes，I can．
be able to do表示“能够做”，不能与 can连用，但有更多时态。 I'm sure you will be able to look after yourself． I haven't been able to sleep very well recently．
2．情态动词may和might的用法
语法规则 例句
may和might可用于肯定句中表示“许可”，用于疑问句中表示“请求”。 She said I might call her at the weekend． May I borrow the car tomorrow？
might表示“推测”时，可能性比may的可能性小。 He may/might know the answer． He may/might not believe you．
may/might well do sth．表示“很可能做某事”，may/might as well do sth．表示“不妨做某事”。 Her appearance has changed so much that you might well not recognize her． You might as well give him the letter．
“May you/sth．＋动词原形”表示祝愿。 May you succeed! May all your dreams come true！
3．情态动词must和have to的用法
语法规则 例句
must强调说话者主观上认为某事是必须做的，着重个人的看法、责任或义务。have to强调由于客观条件、外界因素等迫使某人不得不做某事。 You must finish your homework before you go to bed． I missed the bus，so I had to take a taxi．
4．情态动词will和would的用法
语法规则 例句
will表示“请求”，常用于第二人称的疑问句中，would比will语气更委婉。 Will you join our discussion Would you open the window，please？
will表示主观愿望、意志或决心，would用于过去的习惯性动作，意为“过去常常做某事”。 Go where you will． She asked if I would go with them． On summer evenings they would sit out in the garden．
will和would用于第二人称的疑问句中，would表示委婉语气。 Wouldn't you take off your coat Would you please post the letter for me？
would用于否定句，可以表示顽固倾向，意为“老是不，总是不”。 My car wouldn't start this morning． The door wouldn't open，no matter how hard she pushed．
would have done表示与过去事实相反的假设。 But for your help we would have been late． If she had seen you yesterday，she would have asked you about it．
5．情态动词shall，should和ought to的用法
语法规则 例句
shall用在第一、三人称的疑问句中时，表示征求对方意见。 Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow
shall用在第二、三人称的陈述句中时，表示说话人的允诺、命令、告诫等。 You shall get an answer from me tomorrow．
should/ought to表示责任、义务，意为“应该”，否定式为should not/ ought not to。 You shouldn't be so careless． Humans ought to stop polluting nature． Ought I to hand in my composition now？
should表示“推测”，常意为“按道理说应该”。 It should be Mike who has taken away all the materials．
should可以表示说话人的吃惊、愤怒、失望等，多用于It is＋形容词＋that...句型。 It's surprising that Mary should love such a person as Jack．
suggest/order/require that...从句常用“should do”，should 可省。 I suggest that we (should) have lunch right now．
6．情态动词need和dare的用法
语法规则 例句
need用作情态动词，多用于否定句、疑问句，后接动词原形。 Need I hand in my homework now I needn't go this week．
need用作实义动词，接名词、代词、不定式作宾语。need doing＝need to be done表示需要做。 My shirt needs a button． My car needs repairing．＝My car needs to be repaired．
dare用作情态动词，多用于否定句、疑问句，只有dare和dared两种形式。 He dare not drive too fast on the rainy day． I wonder how he dare say such things．
dare用作实义动词，接不定式作宾语。 He dared me to jump over the stream． Did anyone dare to admit it？
I dare say...我想/相信/敢说……。 I dare say things will improve．
7．情态动词＋have done的用法
语法规则 例句
can't have done表示“不可能做了某事”。 The money can't have been lost there．
could have done表示“本可以做某事”。否定式表示“不可能做了某事”。 You could have been more considerate． She couldn't have left so soon．
may/might have done表示对过去的推测，意思是“也许已经……，可能已经……”，用于肯定或否定句中。 He may have gone to bed． She might not have settled the problem．
must have done表示对过去的推测，意思是“一定已经，想必已经，准是已经……”，只用于肯定句中。 The streets are wet．It must have rained． He must have been drinking beer．
should/ought to have done表示“本应该做某事而没有做”。 She should/ought to have gone there alone．
shouldn't have done表示“本不该做某事但已经做了”。 The boy shouldn't have been playing the piano．
needn't have done表示“做了不必做或不需要做的事”。 You needn't have come so early．
　虚拟语气
1．虚拟语气在if条件句中的运用
类型 从句中的谓 语动词形式 主句中的谓 语动词形式
与现在事 实相反 动词的过去式(be的过去式用were) should/would/could/might＋动词原形
与过去事 实相反 had＋过去分词 should/would/could/might＋have＋过去分词
与将来事 实相反 should/were to＋动词原形；动词的过去式 should/would/could/might＋动词原形
虚拟语气在if条件句中的语法规则
语法规则 例句
与现在事实相反：若与现在事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“would/should/could/might＋动词原形”。 If I knew her number，I could ring her up．(可惜我现在不知道) If I were a bird，I could fly in the air．(但我不是一只鸟)
与过去事实相反：若与过去事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去完成时(had＋过去分词)，主句谓语用“would/should/could/might＋have＋过去分词”。 If I had left sooner，I would have been on time．(但我动身太迟了) If we had found him earlier，we could have saved his life．(可惜我们太晚找到他了)
与将来事实相反： 若与将来事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should/would/could/might＋动词原形”。 If he went，would you go too？(大概他不会去) If I asked him，I'm sure he'd help us．(不过我不打算这样做)
虚拟条件句中的特殊用法
语法规则 例句
if虚拟条件句中倒装省略情况：如果if条件句中有were、 should、had，可将条件句的连词if省略，were、should、had提到句首。 Were I Tom，I would refuse． Should it be necessary，I would go． Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived in time．
错综时间虚拟条件句：主句表示的动作和从句表示的动作发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整。 If he had taken the doctor's advice last year，he would be quite right now．
含蓄虚拟条件句：用without，but for，otherwise等介词短语或通过上下文来表示或代替了条件句。 But for air and water，no living thing could exist． (If there were no air and water) I was ill that day，otherwise I would have come to see you．(If I had not been ill that day)
2．wish/if only/as if (though) 句式中的虚拟语气
句型 结构 if only引导的感叹句 as if/though引导的表语从句及方式状语从句 wish引导的宾语从句
对过去 虚拟 had＋过去分词
对现在 虚拟 动词的过去式(be一般用were)
对将来 虚拟 would/could/should/might＋动词原形
wish/if only/as if (though) 句式中的虚拟语气的语法规则
语法规则 例句
if only引导的感叹句 If only I would pass the final exam！
as if/though引导的表语从句及方式状语从句 He looks as if he were ill． This device operated as though it had been repaired．
wish引导的宾语从句 I wish he had told me the truth last week．
3．would rather句式中的虚拟语气
句型结构 would rather句式中的虚拟语气
对过去虚拟 had＋过去分词
对现在虚拟 动词的过去式(be一般用were)
对将来虚拟 动词的过去式(be一般用were)
would rather句式中的虚拟语气的语法规则
语法规则 例句
在would rather(that)后的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词如果表示现在或将来要发生的动作，从句用一般过去时；如果表示过去发生的动作，从句用过去完成时。 I'd rather he had gone to the seaside with me the day before yesterday．
4．其他虚拟语气
语法规则 例句
句中含有坚持(insist)，命令(order，command)，建议(suggest，advise，recommend)，要求(require，request，demand，desire )等时，该句中的名词性从句(宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句)部分常用虚拟语气，其谓语动词形式为“should＋动词原形”，其中should可以省略。 注意：当suggest表示“暗示，表明”之义，insist表示“坚持说”之义时，suggest/insist后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气，而使用陈述语气。 The doctor suggested that he (should) take exercise on a regular basis． My suggestion is that he (should) take exercise on a regular basis． It is suggested that he (should) take exercise on a regular basis． The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work． The old man insisted that he was not ill and that he (should) not be sent to hospital．
其他虚拟语气的语法规则
语法规则 例句
It is/was＋形容词(important，essential，necessary，strange，natural等)＋that引导的主语从句。 It's vital that we (should) take our safety driving along the road seriously．
It is (high) time，it is about time后的定语从句中的谓语动词用过去时(be一般用were)或should＋动词原形，表示“该是……的时候了”。 It's high time that we should take/took measures to protect the environment．
Ⅰ．单句语法填空
1．We needn't bother (bother) with details，for our teammates will do everything in their power to help us．
2．If I hadn't been faced with so many barriers，I would not be where I am．
3．Paul did a great job in the speech contest． He must have practised (practise) many times last week．
4．I can't find my purse． I could/might have left(leave) it in the supermarket yesterday，but I'm not sure．
5．It's strange that he should have taken the books without the owner's permission．
6．If I hadn't made the most of the chance to prepare for the writing contest，I wouldn't have gained(gain) first prize．
7．It is required that anyone who wants to participate should arrive (arrive) at the lecture hall on time to watch the movie and take part in the discussion．
8．Without your help and professional instruction，I couldn't have made (make)such great progress in English study．
9．If the new safety system had been put (put) to use，the accident would never have happened．
10．The teacher suggested the method (should) be applied (apply) to learning English．
Ⅱ．语法链接写作
1．如果没有你的帮助，我不能取得这么大的进步。
Had it not been for your help，I could not have made so much progress．(if虚拟条件句倒装省略)
2．如果不是你的坚持不懈，你就不会实现你的目标。所以我会向你学习。(含蓄条件句)
But for/Without your persistence，you couldn't have achieved your goal． Therefore，I will learn from you．
3．该是我们为改善环境做些事情的时候了。
It's high time that we did/should do something to improve our environment．
4．那些珍贵的回忆涌上心头。我记起了整件事情，就好像它发生在昨日。
All those precious memories flooded into my mind． I remembered the whole thing as if it had happened yesterday．
5．他挣扎着站起来，感觉大腿很疼，好像断了一样。
He struggled to his feet，feeling his thigh ached as if it had been broken．
Ⅲ．语法填空
I 1．need not have worried before I came to the new school，for my classmates here are very friendly to me． Zhang Min is a fantastic dancer．I wish I 2．danced (dance) as well as her． No one 3．can be compared with her in dancing． Jack is more of a talker than a doer． Teachers always tell him it's high time that he 4．did/should do (do) something instead of just talking． Every time I get close enough to hear them speaking Chinese，I 5．will say (say)“Ni hao” to them． Teachers recommend that parents 6．should not allow (allow) their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety．Students 7．must obey school rules． Every student must wear their school uniform while at school． If a student 8．didn't wear(wear) his school uniform，he would be punished． According to the rules，students 9．shall get grades not lower than 85 in any subject in order to get the scholarship．It is beyond my imagination that students here 10．should be so crazy about Harry Potter series like me．
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