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专题07 阅读理解说明文、议论文
Passage 1
（2025年全国一卷）While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead.
Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Br mmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives.
Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world.
We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door.
28. What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1
A. Cars often get stuck on the road. B. Traffic accidents occur frequently.
C. People walk less and drive more. D. Pedestrians fail to follow the rules.
29. What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do
A. Keep their cities livable. B. Promote cultural diversity.
C. Help the needy families. D. Make expressways accessible.
30. What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s
A. They boosted the sales of cars. B. They turned out largely ineffective.
C. They won government support. D. They advocated building new parks.
31. What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Why the Rush B. What’s Next
C. Where to Stay D. Who to Blame
【答案】28. C 29. A 30. B 31. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了西方城市过度围绕汽车设计导致行人流动性下降，尤其是儿童步行减少的现象，并通过历史案例和现状分析呼吁反思街道功能，重视城市宜居性。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. (虽然近年来我们的街道可能已经改善了安全性，但交通研究也表明行人的流动性下降，尤其是年轻儿童。许多家长说，路上的交通太拥挤，他们的孩子无法安全步行上学，所以他们把孩子塞进车里)”可知，作者指出的现象是人们步行减少、开车增多。故选C。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” (最著名的是，一位加拿大记者在20世纪50年代初举家迁往曼哈顿，她领导了一场阻止当地公园被毁的运动。在描述她对用高速公路取代公园的提议感到震惊时，Jane Jacobs呼吁她的市长捍卫“纽约作为适宜居住的地方，而不仅是匆匆穿过的通道”)”可推知，加拿大记者和其他运动参与者旨在保持城市宜居性。故选A。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. (尽管这些运动很普遍，但现实是大多数西方城市完全围绕汽车需求重新设计。道路上的汽车数量一直在迅速增加)”可推知，20世纪60年代末和70年代澳大利亚的竞选活动未能阻止汽车发展，基本上没有效果。故选B。
【31题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据文章最后一段“We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities (我们在帮助我们快速通过的道路上投入了大量资金，但我们没有考虑到真正的成本。我们真的认识到当孩子们不能在我们的社区安全地移动时，我们作为一个社会将会付出什么代价吗)”可推知，本文批判城市过度追求交通效率、忽视行人需求的现象，A项“Why the Rush (为何匆匆？)”质问“rush through (匆匆通行)”的规划理念，契合主旨，最适合作为本文标题。故选A。
Passage 2
（2025年全国一卷）Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans.
Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics.
Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride.
Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.
Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”
32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph
A. By quoting an expert. B. By defining a concept.
C. By giving examples. D. By providing statistics.
33. What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water
A. The hardness of water. B. The length of cooling time.
C. The frequency of filtering. D. The type of plastic in water.
34. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4
A. The importance of plastic recycling. B. The severity of the microplastic problem.
C. The danger in overusing pure water. D. The difficulty in treating polluted water.
35. What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about
A. Choice of new research methods. B. Possible direction for further study.
C. Need to involve more researchers. D. Potential application of the findings.
【答案】32. C 33. A 34. B 35. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究。微塑料污染已遍及全球，甚至进入人体。中国研究人员发现，将自来水煮沸五分钟并冷却后过滤可能会显著降低自来水中的微塑料含量。研究虽未涵盖所有塑料类型和化学物质，但揭示了一种潜在解决方案。苏格兰环境工程师指出，该研究展示了煮沸法的有效性，并建议升级饮用水处理厂以推广应用。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. (微塑料已经成为地球上常见的污染源——它们出现在在深海和喜马拉雅山上，被困在火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪中。它们甚至出现了在人类体内)”可推知，作者通过举例提出微塑料污染的问题。故选C。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. (至关重要的是，这一过程依赖于含有足够碳酸钙的水来截留塑料。在这项研究中，将含有300毫克碳酸钙的硬水煮沸后，塑料含量下降了近90%。但在碳酸钙含量低于60毫克的样品中，煮沸只降低了25%的塑料含量)”可知，决定在水中截留微塑料的有效性的是水的硬度。故选A。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第四段中“Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly diffcult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. (尽管如此，研究结果显示了减少微塑料接触的潜在途径——这一任务正变得越来越困难。今年早些时候，科学家们发现，即使是瓶装水，其微塑料含量也比原先想象的高出10到1000倍。)”可推断，作者提到瓶装水是为了说明微塑料污染的严重性。故选B。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” (苏格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程师Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay没有参与这项研究，她告诉《新科学家》杂志：“他们展示微塑料如何在煮沸过程中被截留的方式很不错。”“我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂，以便它们能去除微塑料”)”可推知，Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay的建议是关于这项研究结果的潜在应用，即升级饮用水处理厂。故选D。
Passage 3
（2025年全国二卷）When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body.
“Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”
If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says.
8. How was Detrinidad’s business when it started
A. It faced tough competition. B. It suffered a great loss.
C. It got lots of financial support. D. It went surprisingly well.
9. What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants
A. They appeal more to students. B. They purify the environment.
C. They raise the cortisol level. D. They enhance productivity.
10. What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers
A. The necessity of social skills. B. The meaning of sustainability.
C. The importance of repeated efforts. D. The value of professional opinions.
11. What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Time to Replace Houseplants B. Plants Boost Your Mood
C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants D. Plants Brighten Your Home
【答案】8 D 9. D 10. C 11. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过Detrinidad的创业经历和专家研究，说明室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响，以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. (当Sonja Detrinidad开设她的网店售卖室内植物时，她并没有抱太大的期望。但结果却恰恰相反：订单如潮水般涌来，仅在2020年6月就寄出了1200份订单)”可知，Sonja Detrinidad刚开始开网店卖室内植物时，并没有抱太大希望，但实际情况是订单很多，生意出奇地好。故选D。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的““Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”(Knuth表示：“身处植物周围的学生，其学业表现比在没有植物的教室里的学生更出色。这种效率提升同样适用于成年人的工作场合。我们的研究显示，在植物丰富的工作环境中，人们的病假率降低了 30%。”)”可知，Knuth的研究发现，接触植物的学生学业表现更好，成年人在植物丰富的工作环境中生产率提高，病假率降低，因此，“植物能提升生产率”是她的发现之一。故选D。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中的““Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. (Detrinidad说：“医生需要不断实践医术，律师需要持续精进法律实务，而养护植物同样需要给自己练习的机会。照料植物是一种培养耐心和学习的过程。要用心呵护它，但如果它枯萎了，就再养一株新的。”)”可知，Detrinidad通过类比医生和律师需要不断实践来强调“照顾植物需要反复尝试”。她认为养植物失败是正常的，重要的是持续努力。由此推断，她提到医生和律师是为了解释“重复努力的重要性”。故选C。
11题详解】
主旨大意题。文章第一段以Detrinidad的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起，第二段至第三段通过Knuth的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率，第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants Boost Your Mood (植物改善你的情绪)”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章的标题。故选B。
Passage 4
（2025年全国二卷）Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.
Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away.
For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste.
A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion.
It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.
Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything.
12. What can be inferred about the author’s early life
A. He witnessed food shortage. B. He enjoyed the local cuisine.
C. He donated food to Africans. D. He helped to cook at home.
13. Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment
A. To customize dishes for guests. B. To make the public aware of food waste.
C. To test a food processing method. D. To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems.
14. What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked.
C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought.
15. What can we learn about wastED
A. It has ended as planned. B. It is creating new jobs.
C. It has regained popularity. D. It is criticized by top chefs.
【答案】12. A 13. B 14. C 15. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了食物浪费问题，并以纽约一家餐厅的短期实验项目“wastED”为例，该餐厅通过创意改造本该被丢弃的食材制作菜品，以此提高人们对可持续饮食的关注。
【12题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. (这种感觉或许源于在南非的成长经历 —— 在那里，“非洲还有孩子在挨饿” 这句话与其说是晚餐时的祈祷，不如说是对现实令人不安的提醒)” 可知，作者在南非长大，那里有孩子挨饿是事实，由此可推断作者早年目睹了食物短缺的情况。故选A。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. (每道菜都是量身定制的，以提高人们对食物浪费的认识)”可知，Blue Hill餐厅进行这个实验，将菜单改为只提供原本会被扔掉的食物，是为了提高公众对食物浪费的认识。故选B。
【14题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. (值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED的菜单上没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴)”可知，本段主要介绍了wastED菜单上的菜品所用的配料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。故选C。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. (尽管 wastED 餐厅收获了热烈的评价，但它从一开始就被设计为短期实验项目；此后，Blue Hill 餐厅已回归常规菜单)”可知，wastED从一开始就被设计为短期实验，现在餐厅已恢复常规菜单，从而推断，实验项目“wastED”已经按计划结束了。故选A。
Passage 5
（2025年1月浙江卷）A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does.
The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds.
Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads.
It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth.
The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular pared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly.
28. What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean
A. Running out of. B. Keeping away from.
C. Putting up with. D. Taking advantage of.
29. Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced
A. To control weeds in large gardens. B. To bring in foreign species of plants.
C. To conserve soil and water resources. D. To develop low-maintenance parkland.
30. Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens
A. Traditional. B. Odd-looking.
C. Tasteful. D. Well-protected.
31. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text
A. The future of gardening is WILD. B. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS.
C. Matrix gardens need more CARE. D. Old garden plots work WONDERS.
【答案】28. B 29. D 30. C 31. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新型园艺设计方法——矩阵种植。
【28题详解】
词句猜测题。根据上文“Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing.(这种被称为矩阵种植的方法旨在让大自然在花园中承担更多繁重的工作，甚至承担一些设计工作)”可知，矩阵种植是让大自然自身承接更多的工作；结合常识和划线词所在句“Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does.(Eschewing化肥和电动工具，它基于一个极其简单的原则：更像大自然那样进行园艺种植)”中“to garden more like nature does”可推知，要像大自然那样进行园艺种植，让大自然自身承接更多的工作，就不需要使用化肥和电动工具。所以划线词“Eschewing”的意思是“避开、远离”，与“Keeping away from.”同义。故选B项。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中“The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance.(这个概念诞生于二战后，当时德国城市规划者试图以一种可复制且需要最少维护的方式种植大片公园绿地)”可知，引入矩阵种植的想法是为了开发低维护成本的公园绿地。故选D项。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段中“Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four season interest and serving the needs of wildlife.(荷兰植物学家兼设计师Piet Oudolf的花园推广了这种风格，在种植组合中增添了艺术气息，同时玩转色彩和形态，四季都有看点，还满足了野生动物的需求)”可知，Piet Oudolf的花园有艺术气息，很有品味。故选C项。
【31题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段中“Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does.(这种被称为矩阵种植的方法旨在让大自然在花园中承担更多繁重的工作，甚至承担一些设计工作。它避开化肥和电动工具，基于一个极其简单的原则：更像大自然那样进行园艺种植)”和最后一段中“With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular pared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly.(随着人类投入的大幅减少，花园的生态系统可以良好发展。成熟的矩阵花园不需要我们给予大多数花园的维持手段：化肥、分株、定期浇水。与传统花园地块相比，它们增加了碳吸收，减少了雨水径流，并显著改善了栖息地和生物多样性)”可知，文章主要介绍了矩阵种植这种新型园艺设计方法，它让花园更接近自然、野生的状态，未来园艺可能会朝着这种更自然、野生的方向发展。故A项“The future of gardening is WILD(园艺的未来是自然的)”能概括文章主旨，适合做文章标题。故选A项。
Passage 6
（2025年1月浙江卷）As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities, there’s been a push to make them genderless. “People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,” says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. Yet as Martin has found in her work, gender is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects, particularly those designed with human characteristics.
In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as “Miuu.” It was found that gender increased users’ feelings of attachment to these devices and their interest in purchasing them. For example, participants said they would be less likely to buy a genderless voice assistant than versions with male or female voices.
While gendering a product may be good marketing, it may also strengthen outdated or harmful ideas about power and identity. The stereotypes commonly associated with men, such as competitiveness and dominance, are more valued than those associated with women. These qualities, in turn, are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender.
Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a “he” or “she.”
Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) “provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.” When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies, it reduces negative stereotypes about women. Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles — a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance.
32. What is the purpose of making new technologies genderless
A. To reduce stereotypes. B. To meet public demand.
C. To cut production costs. D. To encourage competition.
33. What were the participants probably asked to do in the study
A. Design a product. B. Respond to a survey.
C. Work as assistants. D. Take a language test.
34. Why is it difficult to create genderless objects
A. They cannot be mass-produced. B. Naming them is a challenging task.
C. People assume they are unreliable. D. Gender is rooted in people’s mind.
35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about
A. The quality of genderless products. B. The upside of gendering a product.
C. The meaning of anthropomorphism. D. The stereotypes of men and women.
【答案】32. A 33. B 34. D 35. B
【解析】
【导语】本文为说明文。文章讲述了新技术呈现人类特质时人们试图使其去性别化，但性别是人们与物体建立联系的基本方式，且创造无性别物体很难，拟人化或能改变刻板印象。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“‘People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,’ says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. (斯坦福大学组织行为学副教授阿什利·马丁说：“人们以非常传统的方式对有性别的物品形成刻板印象。”完全去除物品的性别似乎是解决这个问题的简单方法)”可知，人们对有性别的物品存在刻板印象，让新技术无性别化的目的是减少这种刻板印象。故选A项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中“In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self driving car known as ‘Miuu.’ (在她的研究中，马丁让参与者对数字语音助手和名为‘Miuu’的自动驾驶汽车的男性、女性和无性别版本的喜爱程度进行评分)”可知，参与者被要求对不同版本的产品进行评价，这类似于对调查做出回应。故选B项。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中“Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a ‘he’ or ‘she.’ (马丁的研究还发现，创造无性别对象很困难。例如，如果一个物品的名字听起来是无性别化的，比如Miuu，参与者仍然会给它赋予一个性别——他们会认为Miuu是‘他’或‘她’)”可知，因为性别观念根深蒂固在人们的脑海中，所以即使物品本身试图设计成无性别，人们还是会赋予其性别，这导致创造无性别对象很困难。故选D项。
【35题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) ‘provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.’ (然而，马丁看到了一线希望：她认为拟人化‘提供了改变刻板印象的机会’)”以及后文所举的例子可知，最后一段主要讲了赋予产品性别有积极的一面，即可以通过拟人化改变刻板印象。故选B项。
Passage 7
（2025年北京卷）Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no. The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll (翻屏) for an extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that none of her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 o’clock. “I thought, in this family, we don’t compare ourselves with other people, Dad ” the teenager replied. The parent — who was me, by the way — just got served. Since they were young, I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people. I have argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”.
Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy.
Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make — ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves — are vital to our ability to thrive (成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts.
Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so can I.” Comparing yourself with someone who is doing worse than you could result in fear and worry if you think about how you could fall into similar circumstances, or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden your views — for example, “Wow, things could be much worse; I’m doing great.”
What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. How we feel about ourselves rests not just on whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that comparison. That’s something we all have control over.
28. How did the author feel about his daughter’s argument
A. Excited. B. Inspired. C. Energized. D. Relieved.
29. What does the word “nuances” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean
A. Major achievements. B. Complex feelings.
C. Significant impacts. D. Fine differences.
30. Which would be the best title for the passage
A. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Become a Healthy Habit
B. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Strengthen Family Ties
C. Social Comparisons Can Get Us into Emotional Trouble
D. Social Comparisons Can Be Controlled by Science
【答案】28. B 29. D 30. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者通过讲述自己和女儿关于能否延长看屏幕时间的争论，引出对社会比较这一观念的思考，指出并非所有社会比较都不健康，若理解其原理，可加以利用促进自我提升。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. (虽然我女儿没有赢，但她确实帮助揭露了我曾经给出的最糟糕的建议之一。)” 以及后文作者对社会比较的重新思考可知，作者从女儿的争论中得到了启发。故选B。
【29题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第二段“ In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. (为自己辩护一下，我做了我们所有人都做过的事，就是重复那些大家都认可的观点，却没有探究其中的____。但现在是时候纠正这个观点了，首先要质疑所有社会比较都是不健康的这一想法。)” 可知，作者之前只是重复普遍观点，没有深入探究不同情况，现在要重新审视，所以“nuances”意思可能是 “细微差别”。故选D。
【30题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第三段“Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. (当然，社会比较常常会给我们带来情感困扰。但如果我们了解其运作原理，就可以利用它们来提升自我。)”，以及第四段 “Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation (如果你关注那些比你表现出色的人所拥有而你没有的东西，与他们比较可能会导致嫉妒之情；但如果你将这些比较作为动力来源，它也可以让你充满活力并受到鼓舞)” 等内容，表明了社会比较并非全然有害，若运用得当可成为健康习惯，助力个人发展。所以选项 A“与他人比较可以成为一种健康的习惯”为最佳标题，故选A。
Passage 8
（2025年北京卷）The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better.
For many years psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives.
Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too.
Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story.
Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud.
If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on I January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运).
31. What can be inferred about personal stories
A. They are unrelated to health. B. Consistent ones lead to stress.
C They are relevant to happiness. D. Thematic ones hold back change.
32. What can we learn from this passage
A. Talking about gains from failure is negative. B. New Year resolutions are well received.
C. The West tends to overvalue optimism. D. Social roles fail to be highlighted.
33. What does the author mainly do in this passage
A. Clarify a goal. B. Analyse an event.
C. Make a comparison. D. Illustrate an approach.
34. What is the passage mainly about
A. How self-identity works. B. How story-tellers are made.
C. How personal stories raise doubts. D. How timing affects personal identity.
【答案】31. C 32. C 33. D 34. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间关系及如何改变个人故事。
【31题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中“People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. (拥有更一致故事的人往往有更强的身份认同感，他们觉得自己的生活更有意义、更有方向、更有目标感。这样的人总体上对生活的满意度也更高。)”可知，个人故事与幸福感相关。故选C。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段中“She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. (她说，西方文化已经促使人们在每一片乌云背后寻找一线希望。)”可知，西方倾向于过度重视乐观主义。故选C。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”和第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可知，文章主要阐述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间的关系，并举例说明了如何通过改变个人故事来影响自我认同和幸福感，因此作者主要是在阐述一种方法。故选D。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据尤其是由文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”和第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可知，全文围绕“个人生活故事如何构建自我认知并影响幸福感”展开，分析了其形成、作用及相关研究。“How self-identity works. (自我认同是如何运作的。)”符合题意。故选A。
Passage 1
（2025·福建福州·名校高三下学期5月适应性联考）Go to any movie theater or sports venue, and it’s obvious there’s an invisible bond that forms from laughing, crying, and simply feeling while brushing shoulders with others. Researches have long backed up this sense of connection, but some aspects of the phenomenon remained unclear. Now, a new study is offering insight.
Writing in the journal Royal Society Open Science, Victor Chung of the cole Normale Supérieure in France and his team reported how they examined the matter by inviting strangers to watch videos together in same sex pairs.
Pairs of strangers watched three types of videos together: positive, negative, and neutral with a curtain between them that was either open or closed. At the start of the experiment the researchers asked each participant whether they’d like to meet the other member of their pair again. After watching each video, participants reported their emotions and feelings of connectedness, and after seeing all three videos they were asked once again about their feelings towards the other participant.
The results showed the emotional films generated stronger responses than the neutral film. Crucially, the team said participants’ feelings of connectedness within the pairs was boosted when they experienced more intense emotions. However, this was only the case when participants watched the films with the curtain between them open. The researchers said that whether or not the pairs could see each other had no impact on how positively or negatively they felt about the films.
“We found that silently watching emotional films together with another individual is associated with social bonding, even when this person is a stranger and without any verbal communication,” said Chung, the study author.
The team added that the findings may help explain why people seek out group activities that generate strong emotions, “even participating in sad memorials that cause negative emotions.” In other words, because emotion bonds us, and humans have a fundamental desire to belong, we’re up for experiences one might think we’d naturally want to avoid.
28．What can we learn about the research method of Victor Chung’s team
A．They invited pairs of strangers of different genders to watch videos.
B．Participants watched the videos without any physical barriers between them.
C．Participants were asked about their feelings only once during the experiment.
D．They compared participants’ responses to three types of videos with different emotional tones.
29．According to the study, which of the following factors most affects the sense of connectedness between participants
A．The type of the video they watched.
B．Whether they could see each other during watching.
C．The intensity of emotions the video aroused.
D．The order in which they watched the videos.
30．What can be inferred from the underlined sentence “this was only the case when participants watched the films with the curtain between them open” in Paragraph 4
A．Watching videos with the curtain closed had no effect on participants’ emotions.
B．Visual contact was a necessary condition for the enhancement of connectedness.
C．Participants felt more positive about the films when they could see each other.
D．The presence of a curtain between participants influenced their emotional responses to the films.
31．What is the main idea of the passage
A．To introduce a new study on how group activities strengthen social bonds.
B．To analyze the reasons why people prefer certain types of group activities.
C．To explain the impact of different emotional experiences on social bonding.
D．To prove that silent watching of emotional films promotes social connection.
【答案】28．D 29．C 30．B 31．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍一项关于共同观看情感类影片如何增强陌生人之间社交联系的研究。
28．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Pairs of strangers watched three types of videos together: positive, negative, and neutral with a curtain between them that was either open or closed.(成对的陌生人一起观看了三种类型的视频：积极的、消极的和中性的，他们之间有一道帘子，要么是打开的，要么是关闭的)”以及“After watching each video, participants reported their emotions and feelings of connectedness, and after seeing all three videos they were asked once again about their feelings towards the other participant. (观看每段视频后，参与者需要报告自己的情绪和与对方的联结感；在看完所有三段视频后，他们会再次被问及对另一位参与者的感受)”可知，Victor Chung团队的研究方法是比较参与者对三种不同情感基调视频的反应。故选D项。
29．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Crucially, the team said participants’ feelings of connectedness within the pairs was boosted when they experienced more intense emotions.(关键是，研究团队表示，当参与者体验到更强烈的情绪时，他们之间的联系感会增强)”可知，视频唤起的情绪强度最影响参与者之间的联系感。故选C项。
30．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The results showed the emotional films generated stronger responses than the neutral film. Crucially, the team said participants’ feelings of connectedness within the pairs was boosted when they experienced more intense emotions. (结果显示，情感类影片比中性影片引发的反应更强烈。关键的是，研究团队称，当参与者体验到更强烈的情绪时，两人之间的联结感会增强)”可知，结果显示情感类影片比中性影片引发的反应更强烈，结合划线句子“However, this was only the case when participants watched the films with the curtain between them open.(然而，这一现象仅在参与者观看影片时中间的帘子处于打开状态的情况下才会出现)”可知，情感类影片比中性影片引发的反应更强烈只是参与者观看影片时中间的帘子处于打开状态的情况下才会出现。由此可知，视觉接触是增强联系感的必要条件。故选B项。
31．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第五段中的““We found that silently watching emotional films together with another individual is associated with social bonding, even when this person is a stranger and without any verbal communication,” said Chung, the study author. (该研究作者Chung表示：“我们发现，即便与陌生人一起默默观看情感类影片，且双方没有任何语言交流，这种行为也能促进社会联结。”)”可知，文章主要介绍一项新研究，证明默默观看情感电影能促进社交联系。故选D项。
Passage 2
（2025·东北三省四市·教研联合体模拟预测）You’re probably aware that your coffee drink or bakery is loaded with sugar. But did you know that large amounts of added sugar are also in your breakfast cereal (谷类食物), dairy-free milk alternative and even takeout fried chicken
“Americans are simply consuming too much sugar,” says Frank Hu, a professor of nutrition. Most people consume three times the recommended daily limit of sugar. And it’s not just a harmless habit.
Even if you’ve gotten the message that too much sugar isn’t good for your health and are taking steps to cut back, like switching to “low-sugar” baked goods and diet soda, you haven’t solved the issue and you may have created a new problem.
Since the 1990s, aspartame (阿斯巴甜代糖也称人工甜味剂) has been widely used as a sugar substitute (替代品) in products such as diet drinks, yogurt and breakfast cereal. But the sweetener has come under thorough examination following a July 2023 statement from the International Agency for Research on Cancer that officially classified aspartame as “possibly carcinogenic (致癌的) to humans.”
So what’s the answer Ultimately, we need to rethink our relationship with the sweet stuff. For the most part, the sugars that naturally occur in an apple, a sweet potato or a glass of milk aren’t an issue. It’s the sugar introduced during the manufacturing of a jarred pasta sauce or when you stir a spoonful of sugar into your coffee, for example, that’s harming your health.
When you eat or drink something with added sugar, your blood sugar and insulin (胰岛素) rise sharply. On the other hand, when you chew a bowl of fresh berries, the whole fruit contains fiber and other compounds that slow how quickly the sugar is digested, so your blood sugar doesn’t rise in the same way.
Definitely, consuming not only less added sugar but also sugar substitutes over time is bound to make your life a whole lot sweeter.
8．What can we probably infer in paragraph 1
A．The writer shows his own puzzle. B．People ignore an issue about sugar.
C．People take action to give up sugar. D．Bakery has less sugar than dairy-free milk.
9．Which food or drink may do less harm to our health in the text
A．Breakfast cereal. B．Diet drinks. C．Coffee drink. D．A sweet potato.
10．Why do people fail to consume less sugar
A．More sugary snacks are produced. B．Foods without sugar pose more health risks.
C．Sugar substitutes exist in many foods and drinks. D．Compounds in sugar are reported to be carcinogenic.
11．Which is the most suitable title according to the text
A．Aspartame Should replace sugar B．The Bitter Truth About Sugar
C．Keep Away From Sugar D．Sugar Talks Sweetly
【答案】8．B 9．D 10．C 11．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了现代人糖分摄入过多的问题，特别是添加糖和人工甜味剂（如阿斯巴甜）在食品中的广泛使用及其对健康的潜在影响。
8．推理判断题。根据第一段“You’re probably aware that your coffee drink or bakery is loaded with sugar. But did you know that large amounts of added sugar are also in your breakfast cereal (谷类食物), dairy-free milk alternative and even takeout fried chicken (你可能意识到你的咖啡饮料或烘焙食品中含有大量的糖。但是你知道吗，在你的早餐麦片、无乳牛奶替代品甚至外卖炸鸡中也含有大量的添加糖？)”可知，从第一段我们可以推断出人们忽略了糖的问题。故选B。
9．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“For the most part, the sugars that naturally occur in an apple, a sweet potato or a glass of milk aren’t an issue.(在大多数情况下，苹果、红薯或一杯牛奶中天然存在的糖都不是问题。)”可知，红薯对我们的健康危害较小。故选D。
10．推理判断题。根据第四段“Since the 1990s, aspartame (阿斯巴甜代糖也称人工甜味剂) has been widely used as a sugar substitute (替代品) in products such as diet drinks, yogurt and breakfast cereal.(自20世纪90年代以来，阿斯巴甜已被广泛用作无糖饮料、酸奶和早餐麦片等产品中的代糖。)”可知，人们无法减少糖的摄入是因为糖替代品存在于许多食品和饮料中。故选C。
11．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“You’re probably aware that your coffee drink or bakery is loaded with sugar. But did you know that large amounts of added sugar are also in your breakfast cereal (谷类食物), dairy-free milk alternative and even takeout fried chicken (你可能意识到你的咖啡饮料或烘焙食品中含有大量的糖。但是你知道吗，在你的早餐麦片、无乳牛奶替代品甚至外卖炸鸡中也含有大量的添加糖？)”可知，本文主要讲述了现代人糖分摄入过多的问题，特别是添加糖和人工甜味剂（如阿斯巴甜）在食品中的广泛使用及其对健康的潜在影响，因此最恰当的标题是B选项“The Bitter Truth About Sugar(关于糖的苦涩真相)”。故选B。
Passage 3
（2025·东北三省四市·教研联合体模拟预测）Many of the astronauts going up to space are among the smartest people on the planet. However, a new NASA study has found a surprising effect of space travel — it may actually slow down the human brain.
Contrary to what you might expect, researchers discovered that while space travelers orbit the Earth, they experience some temporary mental slowdowns, including processing information slower and difficulties with attention and memory.
Luckily, the study also finds spending months in space doesn’t permanently scramble (打乱) an astronaut’s cognitive (认知的) abilities. Their overall brain performance remains remarkably resilient (有适应力的).
The study examined 25 professional astronauts who spent an average of six months aboard the International Space Station. Scientists tracked their cognitive performance through a series of rigorous (谨慎的) tests designed to measure everything from processing speed to memory and attention. “We show that there is no evidence of any significant cognitive impairment or neurodegenerative decline in astronauts spending six months on the ISS,” explains Dr. Sheena Dev, the study’s lead researcher, in a media release.
So what exactly changed Think of it like your brain running in “low power mode”. Astronauts completed tasks just as accurately as they would on Earth, but they took slightly longer to process information. Processing speed, working memory, and attention were the most affected cognitive fields — similar to how you might feel after a stressful day without enough sleep. The most interesting but unusual finding is how quickly the brain adapts. Some performance changes, like slower attention spans, were only noticeable early in the mission. Others, like reduced processing speed, took a bit longer to return to normal after the astronauts returned to Earth.
These insights are more than just scientific curiosity. As humanity looks toward ambitious missions to the Moon and Mars, understanding how the human brain responds to extreme environments becomes crucial. This research provides a baseline for future space explorers, helping mission planners predict and reduce potential cognitive challenges.
12．How may astronauts perform during space travel
A．They take longer to respond to the tasks. B．They complete tasks as quickly as on earth.
C．Their cognitive abilities are damaged heavily. D．They spend years recovering their physical health
13．What does the underlined word “impairment” in paragraph 4 probably mean
A．Improvement. B．Damage. C．Development. D．Change.
14．What can we learn from the passage
A．Astronauts’ cognitive abilities remain stable wherever they are.
B．Astronauts’ performance in space is much worse than that on Earth.
C．Astronauts’ attention spans were always slower in the space.
D．Astronauts’ brain performance can return to normal later
15．What does the last paragraph mainly about
A．The later plans for space missions. B．The development of cognitive study.
C．The significance of the study. D．The future of space exploration.
【答案】12．A 13．B 14．D 15．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了NASA的一项新研究发现，太空旅行可能导致宇航员出现短暂的认知减缓，但不会造成永久性损伤，且大脑具有恢复能力，最后强调了该研究对未来太空任务的意义。
12．细节理解题。根据第二段“Contrary to what you might expect, researchers discovered that while space travelers orbit the Earth, they experience some temporary mental slowdowns, including processing information slower and difficulties with attention and memory.(与你所期望的相反，研究人员发现，当太空旅行者绕地球飞行时，他们会经历一些暂时的思维放缓，包括处理信息的速度变慢，注意力和记忆力出现困难。)”和第五段的句子“Astronauts completed tasks just as accurately as they would on Earth, but they took slightly longer to process information.(宇航员完成任务和在地球上一样准确，但他们处理信息的时间稍长一些。)”可知，宇航员在太空旅行时完成任务的准确性和在地球上一样，但处理信息需要更长时间，也就是对任务的反应时间变长。故选A项。
13．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Luckily, the study also finds spending months in space doesn’t permanently scramble (打乱) an astronaut’s cognitive (认知的) abilities. Their overall brain performance remains remarkably resilient(幸运的是，这项研究还发现，在太空中呆上几个月并不会永久性地影响宇航员的认知能力。他们的整体大脑表现仍然非常有弹性)”可知，在太空待几个月不会永久性地损害宇航员的认知能力，可推测划线单词impairment的意义为“损害、损伤”。与damage意义一致。故选B项。
14．细节理解题。根据第三段的句子“Luckily, the study also finds spending months in space doesn’t permanently scramble (打乱) an astronaut’s cognitive (认知的) abilities. Their overall brain performance remains remarkably resilient (有适应力的)(幸运的是，这项研究还发现，在太空中呆上几个月并不会永久性地影响宇航员的认知能力。他们的整体大脑表现仍然非常有弹性)”以及第五段的句子“Others, like reduced processing speed, took a bit longer to return to normal after the astronauts returned to Earth.(其他的，比如处理速度降低，在宇航员返回地球后需要更长的时间才能恢复正常。)”可知，宇航员的大脑表现之后可以恢复正常。故选D项。
15．主旨大意题。根据最后一段的句子“These insights are more than just scientific curiosity. As humanity looks toward ambitious missions to the Moon and Mars, understanding how the human brain responds to extreme environments becomes crucial. This research provides a baseline for future space explorers, helping mission planners predict and reduce potential cognitive challenges.(这些见解不仅仅是科学上的好奇心。随着人类对月球和火星的雄心壮志，了解人类大脑如何对极端环境做出反应变得至关重要。这项研究为未来的太空探索者提供了一个基线，帮助任务规划者预测和减少潜在的认知挑战。)” ，本段强调了这项研究的重要性，即其意义。故选C项。
Passage 4
（2025·山东德州·三模）In The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Jane Jacobs challenged the longstanding practice of centralized urban planning, which treated cities as places requiring order through controlled centralization. Jacobs rejected this mindset by emphasizing her three basic principles: local knowledge, decentralized decision-making, and the spontaneous (自发的) urban order.
Jacobs argued that urban planning should prioritize the lived experiences of residents over abstract expertise, but conventional planners often relied on statistical models and aesthetic (审美的) ideals, ignoring the practical knowledge of city inhabitants. The East Harlem Housing Project was a typical example of this disconnect. While officials celebrated its modernist towers and expansive lawns, residents criticized its isolation and lack of community integration. When local residents’ needs conflicted with central planners, the resolution all too often fell in favor of the “experts”.
Jacobs knew that decentralized planning was the best way to make the most of local knowledge. The urban planner’s best course of action is to allow individuals to create their own plans drawing on their unique preferences and local knowledge, helping build and maintain the spontaneous orders making urban life work. It concerns the natural order emerging from decentralized planning: sidewalks that help keep streets safe, diverse residential and commercial uses, and self-governing communities.
The spontaneous orders are the result of human action. By allowing individuals to organize themselves in relation to one another, natural urban orders emerge as flexible frameworks, empowering individuals to shape their environments according to local contexts, mirrored in New York City’s 1811 Grid Plan, which provided a flexible foundation for diverse, adaptive development over centuries and enabled residents to make choices about housing, commerce, and public spaces while respecting the complexity of urban life.
Jacobs stood up to centralized urban planning and celebrated the wisdom of average people. Now, she has laid the groundwork for an urban revolution to come.
12．What did Jacobs think of as a vital element in urban planning
A．Ideas from relevant experts. B．Human-environment unity.
C．Preference of urban planners. D．Aesthetic of decision-makers.
13．What made the East Harlem Housing Project a target for public criticism
A．Lack of spacious living area. B．Existence of old-fashioned buildings.
C．Layout of functioning areas. D．Reliability of the local knowledge.
14．What does the fourth paragraph focus on
A．The role of social interaction.
B．The complexity of urban planning.
C．The need of changing the local culture.
D．The limitation of the spontaneous orders.
15．What’s the best title of the passage
A．The Rise of Centralized Urban Planning
B．Jane Jacobs and Her Impact on American Cities
C．Urban Planning: Its Past, Present, and Future
D．Jane Jacobs: Challenging Traditional Urban Planning
【答案】12．B 13．C 14．A 15．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了Jane Jacobs在《美国大城市的死与生》一书中对集中式城市规划的长期做法提出挑战，并强调了本地知识、分散决策和自发城市秩序这三个基本原则在城市规划中的重要性。
12．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Jacobs rejected this mindset by emphasizing her three basic principles: local knowledge, decentralized decision-making, and the spontaneous (自发的) urban order. (Jacobs通过强调她的三个基本原则来拒绝这种心态：本地知识、分散决策和自发的城市秩序)”以及第三段中“Jacobs knew that decentralized planning was the best way to make the most of local knowledge. (Jacobs知道分散规划是充分利用本地知识的最佳方式)”可知，Jacobs认为本地知识和分散决策是城市规划中的关键要素，这体现了人与环境的统一，因为分散决策能够更好地反映和适应本地环境。故选B项。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The East Harlem Housing Project was a typical example of this disconnect. While officials celebrated its modernist towers and expansive lawns, residents criticized its isolation and lack of community integration. (东哈莱姆住宅项目就是这种脱节的一个典型例子。虽然官员们称赞其现代主义塔楼和广阔的草坪，但居民们批评其孤立无援，缺乏社区融合)”可知，东哈莱姆住宅项目成为公众批评的目标是因为其功能区的布局导致孤立无援，缺乏社区融合。故选C项。
14．主旨大意题。根据第四段“The spontaneous orders are the result of human action. By allowing individuals to organize themselves in relation to one another, natural urban orders emerge as flexible frameworks, empowering individuals to shape their environments according to local contexts, mirrored in New York City’s 1811 Grid Plan, which provided a flexible foundation for diverse, adaptive development over centuries and enabled residents to make choices about housing, commerce, and public spaces while respecting the complexity of urban life. (自发的秩序是人类行动的结果。通过允许个体相互组织，自然的城市秩序作为灵活的框架出现，使个体能够根据当地环境塑造他们的环境，这反映在纽约市1811年的网格计划中，该计划为数百年来多样、适应性强的开发提供了灵活的基础，并使居民能够在尊重城市生活复杂性的同时，对住房、商业和公共空间做出选择)”可知，第四段主要讨论了社会互动在自发秩序形成中的作用，即通过个体之间的相互组织，自然城市秩序作为灵活的框架出现，使个体能够根据当地环境塑造他们的环境。故选A项。
15．主旨大意题。纵览全文，尤其是根据第一段中“In The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Jane Jacobs challenged the longstanding practice of centralized urban planning, which treated cities as places requiring order through controlled centralization. Jacobs rejected this mindset by emphasizing her three basic principles: local knowledge, decentralized decision-making, and the spontaneous (自发的) urban order. (在《美国大城市的死与生》一书中，Jane Jacobs对集中式城市规划的长期做法提出挑战，这种做法将城市视为需要通过集中控制来维持秩序的地方。Jacobs通过强调她的三个基本原则来拒绝这种心态：本地知识、分散决策和自发的城市秩序)”可知，文章主要介绍了Jane Jacobs对传统城市规划的挑战，并强调了她的三个基本原则在城市规划中的重要性。因此，D项“Jane Jacobs: Challenging Traditional Urban Planning (Jane Jacobs：挑战传统城市规划)”最符合文章主旨，适宜作为标题。故选D项。
Passage 5
（2025·湖北武昌·高三5月质量检测）People have been enjoying staring out of the window of the plane for a spectacular view for over a century. That’s why you may be surprised to learn that for decades, aircraft designers have been considering planes with video screens instead of passenger windows.
In 2014, for example, the UK-based Centre for Process Innovation (CPI) uncovered a design for such a windowless airliner. In 2022, Dubai-based airline Emirates released Boeing 777s equipped with “virtual windows”. But Emirates has no plan for a windowless airliner.
However, an aircraft producer does aim to go windowless. For the past few years, a privately owned Boston-based company, Spike Aerospace, has been working to develop the Spike S-512, an 18-passenger business jet. Instead of专题07 阅读理解说明文、议论文
Passage 1
（2025年全国一卷）While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead.
Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Br mmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives.
Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world.
We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door.
28. What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1
A. Cars often get stuck on the road. B. Traffic accidents occur frequently.
C. People walk less and drive more. D. Pedestrians fail to follow the rules.
29. What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do
A. Keep their cities livable. B. Promote cultural diversity.
C. Help the needy families. D. Make expressways accessible.
30. What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s
A. They boosted the sales of cars. B. They turned out largely ineffective.
C. They won government support. D. They advocated building new parks.
31. What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Why the Rush B. What’s Next
C. Where to Stay D. Who to Blame
【答案】28. C 29. A 30. B 31. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了西方城市过度围绕汽车设计导致行人流动性下降，尤其是儿童步行减少的现象，并通过历史案例和现状分析呼吁反思街道功能，重视城市宜居性。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. (虽然近年来我们的街道可能已经改善了安全性，但交通研究也表明行人的流动性下降，尤其是年轻儿童。许多家长说，路上的交通太拥挤，他们的孩子无法安全步行上学，所以他们把孩子塞进车里)”可知，作者指出的现象是人们步行减少、开车增多。故选C。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” (最著名的是，一位加拿大记者在20世纪50年代初举家迁往曼哈顿，她领导了一场阻止当地公园被毁的运动。在描述她对用高速公路取代公园的提议感到震惊时，Jane Jacobs呼吁她的市长捍卫“纽约作为适宜居住的地方，而不仅是匆匆穿过的通道”)”可推知，加拿大记者和其他运动参与者旨在保持城市宜居性。故选A。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. (尽管这些运动很普遍，但现实是大多数西方城市完全围绕汽车需求重新设计。道路上的汽车数量一直在迅速增加)”可推知，20世纪60年代末和70年代澳大利亚的竞选活动未能阻止汽车发展，基本上没有效果。故选B。
【31题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据文章最后一段“We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities (我们在帮助我们快速通过的道路上投入了大量资金，但我们没有考虑到真正的成本。我们真的认识到当孩子们不能在我们的社区安全地移动时，我们作为一个社会将会付出什么代价吗)”可推知，本文批判城市过度追求交通效率、忽视行人需求的现象，A项“Why the Rush (为何匆匆？)”质问“rush through (匆匆通行)”的规划理念，契合主旨，最适合作为本文标题。故选A。
Passage 2
（2025年全国一卷）Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans.
Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics.
Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride.
Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.
Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”
32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph
A. By quoting an expert. B. By defining a concept.
C. By giving examples. D. By providing statistics.
33. What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water
A. The hardness of water. B. The length of cooling time.
C. The frequency of filtering. D. The type of plastic in water.
34. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4
A. The importance of plastic recycling. B. The severity of the microplastic problem.
C. The danger in overusing pure water. D. The difficulty in treating polluted water.
35. What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about
A. Choice of new research methods. B. Possible direction for further study.
C. Need to involve more researchers. D. Potential application of the findings.
【答案】32. C 33. A 34. B 35. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究。微塑料污染已遍及全球，甚至进入人体。中国研究人员发现，将自来水煮沸五分钟并冷却后过滤可能会显著降低自来水中的微塑料含量。研究虽未涵盖所有塑料类型和化学物质，但揭示了一种潜在解决方案。苏格兰环境工程师指出，该研究展示了煮沸法的有效性，并建议升级饮用水处理厂以推广应用。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. (微塑料已经成为地球上常见的污染源——它们出现在在深海和喜马拉雅山上，被困在火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪中。它们甚至出现了在人类体内)”可推知，作者通过举例提出微塑料污染的问题。故选C。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. (至关重要的是，这一过程依赖于含有足够碳酸钙的水来截留塑料。在这项研究中，将含有300毫克碳酸钙的硬水煮沸后，塑料含量下降了近90%。但在碳酸钙含量低于60毫克的样品中，煮沸只降低了25%的塑料含量)”可知，决定在水中截留微塑料的有效性的是水的硬度。故选A。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第四段中“Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly diffcult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. (尽管如此，研究结果显示了减少微塑料接触的潜在途径——这一任务正变得越来越困难。今年早些时候，科学家们发现，即使是瓶装水，其微塑料含量也比原先想象的高出10到1000倍。)”可推断，作者提到瓶装水是为了说明微塑料污染的严重性。故选B。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” (苏格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程师Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay没有参与这项研究，她告诉《新科学家》杂志：“他们展示微塑料如何在煮沸过程中被截留的方式很不错。”“我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂，以便它们能去除微塑料”)”可推知，Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay的建议是关于这项研究结果的潜在应用，即升级饮用水处理厂。故选D。
Passage 3
（2025年全国二卷）When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body.
“Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”
If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says.
8. How was Detrinidad’s business when it started
A. It faced tough competition. B. It suffered a great loss.
C. It got lots of financial support. D. It went surprisingly well.
9. What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants
A. They appeal more to students. B. They purify the environment.
C. They raise the cortisol level. D. They enhance productivity.
10. What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers
A. The necessity of social skills. B. The meaning of sustainability.
C. The importance of repeated efforts. D. The value of professional opinions.
11. What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Time to Replace Houseplants B. Plants Boost Your Mood
C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants D. Plants Brighten Your Home
【答案】8 D 9. D 10. C 11. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过Detrinidad的创业经历和专家研究，说明室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响，以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. (当Sonja Detrinidad开设她的网店售卖室内植物时，她并没有抱太大的期望。但结果却恰恰相反：订单如潮水般涌来，仅在2020年6月就寄出了1200份订单)”可知，Sonja Detrinidad刚开始开网店卖室内植物时，并没有抱太大希望，但实际情况是订单很多，生意出奇地好。故选D。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的““Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”(Knuth表示：“身处植物周围的学生，其学业表现比在没有植物的教室里的学生更出色。这种效率提升同样适用于成年人的工作场合。我们的研究显示，在植物丰富的工作环境中，人们的病假率降低了 30%。”)”可知，Knuth的研究发现，接触植物的学生学业表现更好，成年人在植物丰富的工作环境中生产率提高，病假率降低，因此，“植物能提升生产率”是她的发现之一。故选D。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中的““Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. (Detrinidad说：“医生需要不断实践医术，律师需要持续精进法律实务，而养护植物同样需要给自己练习的机会。照料植物是一种培养耐心和学习的过程。要用心呵护它，但如果它枯萎了，就再养一株新的。”)”可知，Detrinidad通过类比医生和律师需要不断实践来强调“照顾植物需要反复尝试”。她认为养植物失败是正常的，重要的是持续努力。由此推断，她提到医生和律师是为了解释“重复努力的重要性”。故选C。
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。文章第一段以Detrinidad的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起，第二段至第三段通过Knuth的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率，第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants Boost Your Mood (植物改善你的情绪)”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章的标题。故选B。
Passage 4
（2025年全国二卷）Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.
Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away.
For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste.
A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion.
It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.
Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything.
12. What can be inferred about the author’s early life
A. He witnessed food shortage. B. He enjoyed the local cuisine.
C. He donated food to Africans. D. He helped to cook at home.
13. Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment
A. To customize dishes for guests. B. To make the public aware of food waste.
C. To test a food processing method. D. To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems.
14. What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked.
C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought.
15. What can we learn about wastED
A. It has ended as planned. B. It is creating new jobs.
C. It has regained popularity. D. It is criticized by top chefs.
【答案】12. A 13. B 14. C 15. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了食物浪费问题，并以纽约一家餐厅的短期实验项目“wastED”为例，该餐厅通过创意改造本该被丢弃的食材制作菜品，以此提高人们对可持续饮食的关注。
【12题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. (这种感觉或许源于在南非的成长经历 —— 在那里，“非洲还有孩子在挨饿” 这句话与其说是晚餐时的祈祷，不如说是对现实令人不安的提醒)” 可知，作者在南非长大，那里有孩子挨饿是事实，由此可推断作者早年目睹了食物短缺的情况。故选A。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. (每道菜都是量身定制的，以提高人们对食物浪费的认识)”可知，Blue Hill餐厅进行这个实验，将菜单改为只提供原本会被扔掉的食物，是为了提高公众对食物浪费的认识。故选B。
【14题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. (值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED的菜单上没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴)”可知，本段主要介绍了wastED菜单上的菜品所用的配料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。故选C。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. (尽管 wastED 餐厅收获了热烈的评价，但它从一开始就被设计为短期实验项目；此后，Blue Hill 餐厅已回归常规菜单)”可知，wastED从一开始就被设计为短期实验，现在餐厅已恢复常规菜单，从而推断，实验项目“wastED”已经按计划结束了。故选A。
Passage 5
（2025年1月浙江卷）A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does.
The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds.
Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads.
It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth.
The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular pared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly.
28. What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean
A. Running out of. B. Keeping away from.
C. Putting up with. D. Taking advantage of.
29. Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced
A. To control weeds in large gardens. B. To bring in foreign species of plants.
C. To conserve soil and water resources. D. To develop low-maintenance parkland.
30. Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens
A. Traditional. B. Odd-looking.
C. Tasteful. D. Well-protected.
31. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text
A. The future of gardening is WILD. B. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS.
C. Matrix gardens need more CARE. D. Old garden plots work WONDERS.
【答案】28. B 29. D 30. C 31. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新型园艺设计方法——矩阵种植。
【28题详解】
词句猜测题。根据上文“Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing.(这种被称为矩阵种植的方法旨在让大自然在花园中承担更多繁重的工作，甚至承担一些设计工作)”可知，矩阵种植是让大自然自身承接更多的工作；结合常识和划线词所在句“Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does.(Eschewing化肥和电动工具，它基于一个极其简单的原则：更像大自然那样进行园艺种植)”中“to garden more like nature does”可推知，要像大自然那样进行园艺种植，让大自然自身承接更多的工作，就不需要使用化肥和电动工具。所以划线词“Eschewing”的意思是“避开、远离”，与“Keeping away from.”同义。故选B项。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中“The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance.(这个概念诞生于二战后，当时德国城市规划者试图以一种可复制且需要最少维护的方式种植大片公园绿地)”可知，引入矩阵种植的想法是为了开发低维护成本的公园绿地。故选D项。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段中“Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four season interest and serving the needs of wildlife.(荷兰植物学家兼设计师Piet Oudolf的花园推广了这种风格，在种植组合中增添了艺术气息，同时玩转色彩和形态，四季都有看点，还满足了野生动物的需求)”可知，Piet Oudolf的花园有艺术气息，很有品味。故选C项。
【31题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段中“Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does.(这种被称为矩阵种植的方法旨在让大自然在花园中承担更多繁重的工作，甚至承担一些设计工作。它避开化肥和电动工具，基于一个极其简单的原则：更像大自然那样进行园艺种植)”和最后一段中“With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular pared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly.(随着人类投入的大幅减少，花园的生态系统可以良好发展。成熟的矩阵花园不需要我们给予大多数花园的维持手段：化肥、分株、定期浇水。与传统花园地块相比，它们增加了碳吸收，减少了雨水径流，并显著改善了栖息地和生物多样性)”可知，文章主要介绍了矩阵种植这种新型园艺设计方法，它让花园更接近自然、野生的状态，未来园艺可能会朝着这种更自然、野生的方向发展。故A项“The future of gardening is WILD(园艺的未来是自然的)”能概括文章主旨，适合做文章标题。故选A项。
Passage 6
（2025年1月浙江卷）As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities, there’s been a push to make them genderless. “People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,” says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. Yet as Martin has found in her work, gender is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects, particularly those designed with human characteristics.
In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as “Miuu.” It was found that gender increased users’ feelings of attachment to these devices and their interest in purchasing them. For example, participants said they would be less likely to buy a genderless voice assistant than versions with male or female voices.
While gendering a product may be good marketing, it may also strengthen outdated or harmful ideas about power and identity. The stereotypes commonly associated with men, such as competitiveness and dominance, are more valued than those associated with women. These qualities, in turn, are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender.
Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a “he” or “she.”
Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) “provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.” When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies, it reduces negative stereotypes about women. Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles — a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance.
32. What is the purpose of making new technologies genderless
A. To reduce stereotypes. B. To meet public demand.
C. To cut production costs. D. To encourage competition.
33. What were the participants probably asked to do in the study
A. Design a product. B. Respond to a survey.
C. Work as assistants. D. Take a language test.
34. Why is it difficult to create genderless objects
A. They cannot be mass-produced. B. Naming them is a challenging task.
C. People assume they are unreliable. D. Gender is rooted in people’s mind.
35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about
A. The quality of genderless products. B. The upside of gendering a product.
C. The meaning of anthropomorphism. D. The stereotypes of men and women.
【答案】32. A 33. B 34. D 35. B
【解析】
【导语】本文为说明文。文章讲述了新技术呈现人类特质时人们试图使其去性别化，但性别是人们与物体建立联系的基本方式，且创造无性别物体很难，拟人化或能改变刻板印象。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“‘People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,’ says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. (斯坦福大学组织行为学副教授阿什利·马丁说：“人们以非常传统的方式对有性别的物品形成刻板印象。”完全去除物品的性别似乎是解决这个问题的简单方法)”可知，人们对有性别的物品存在刻板印象，让新技术无性别化的目的是减少这种刻板印象。故选A项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中“In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self driving car known as ‘Miuu.’ (在她的研究中，马丁让参与者对数字语音助手和名为‘Miuu’的自动驾驶汽车的男性、女性和无性别版本的喜爱程度进行评分)”可知，参与者被要求对不同版本的产品进行评价，这类似于对调查做出回应。故选B项。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中“Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a ‘he’ or ‘she.’ (马丁的研究还发现，创造无性别对象很困难。例如，如果一个物品的名字听起来是无性别化的，比如Miuu，参与者仍然会给它赋予一个性别——他们会认为Miuu是‘他’或‘她’)”可知，因为性别观念根深蒂固在人们的脑海中，所以即使物品本身试图设计成无性别，人们还是会赋予其性别，这导致创造无性别对象很困难。故选D项。
【35题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) ‘provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.’ (然而，马丁看到了一线希望：她认为拟人化‘提供了改变刻板印象的机会’)”以及后文所举的例子可知，最后一段主要讲了赋予产品性别有积极的一面，即可以通过拟人化改变刻板印象。故选B项。
Passage 7
（2025年北京卷）Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no. The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll (翻屏) for an extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that none of her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 o’clock. “I thought, in this family, we don’t compare ourselves with other people, Dad ” the teenager replied. The parent — who was me, by the way — just got served. Since they were young, I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people. I have argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”.
Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy.
Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make — ones that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves — are vital to our ability to thrive (成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts.
Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so can I.” Comparing yourself with someone who is doing worse than you could result in fear and worry if you think about how you could fall into similar circumstances, or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden your views — for example, “Wow, things could be much worse; I’m doing great.”
What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. How we feel about ourselves rests not just on whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that comparison. That’s something we all have control over.
28. How did the author feel about his daughter’s argument
A. Excited. B. Inspired. C. Energized. D. Relieved.
29. What does the word “nuances” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean
A. Major achievements. B. Complex feelings.
C. Significant impacts. D. Fine differences.
30. Which would be the best title for the passage
A. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Become a Healthy Habit
B. Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Strengthen Family Ties
C. Social Comparisons Can Get Us into Emotional Trouble
D. Social Comparisons Can Be Controlled by Science
【答案】28. B 29. D 30. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者通过讲述自己和女儿关于能否延长看屏幕时间的争论，引出对社会比较这一观念的思考，指出并非所有社会比较都不健康，若理解其原理，可加以利用促进自我提升。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. (虽然我女儿没有赢，但她确实帮助揭露了我曾经给出的最糟糕的建议之一。)” 以及后文作者对社会比较的重新思考可知，作者从女儿的争论中得到了启发。故选B。
【29题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第二段“ In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. (为自己辩护一下，我做了我们所有人都做过的事，就是重复那些大家都认可的观点，却没有探究其中的____。但现在是时候纠正这个观点了，首先要质疑所有社会比较都是不健康的这一想法。)” 可知，作者之前只是重复普遍观点，没有深入探究不同情况，现在要重新审视，所以“nuances”意思可能是 “细微差别”。故选D。
【30题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第三段“Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. (当然，社会比较常常会给我们带来情感困扰。但如果我们了解其运作原理，就可以利用它们来提升自我。)”，以及第四段 “Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation (如果你关注那些比你表现出色的人所拥有而你没有的东西，与他们比较可能会导致嫉妒之情；但如果你将这些比较作为动力来源，它也可以让你充满活力并受到鼓舞)” 等内容，表明了社会比较并非全然有害，若运用得当可成为健康习惯，助力个人发展。所以选项 A“与他人比较可以成为一种健康的习惯”为最佳标题，故选A。
Passage 8
（2025年北京卷）The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better.
For many years psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives.
Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too.
Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story.
Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud.
If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on I January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运).
31. What can be inferred about personal stories
A. They are unrelated to health. B. Consistent ones lead to stress.
C They are relevant to happiness. D. Thematic ones hold back change.
32. What can we learn from this passage
A. Talking about gains from failure is negative. B. New Year resolutions are well received.
C. The West tends to overvalue optimism. D. Social roles fail to be highlighted.
33. What does the author mainly do in this passage
A. Clarify a goal. B. Analyse an event.
C. Make a comparison. D. Illustrate an approach.
34. What is the passage mainly about
A. How self-identity works. B. How story-tellers are made.
C. How personal stories raise doubts. D. How timing affects personal identity.
【答案】31. C 32. C 33. D 34. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间关系及如何改变个人故事。
【31题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中“People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. (拥有更一致故事的人往往有更强的身份认同感，他们觉得自己的生活更有意义、更有方向、更有目标感。这样的人总体上对生活的满意度也更高。)”可知，个人故事与幸福感相关。故选C。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段中“She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. (她说，西方文化已经促使人们在每一片乌云背后寻找一线希望。)”可知，西方倾向于过度重视乐观主义。故选C。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”和第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可知，文章主要阐述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间的关系，并举例说明了如何通过改变个人故事来影响自我认同和幸福感，因此作者主要是在阐述一种方法。故选D。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据尤其是由文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”和第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可知，全文围绕“个人生活故事如何构建自我认知并影响幸福感”展开，分析了其形成、作用及相关研究。“How self-identity works. (自我认同是如何运作的。)”符合题意。故选A。
Passage 1
（2025·福建福州·名校高三下学期5月适应性联考）Go to any movie theater or sports venue, and it’s obvious there’s an invisible bond that forms from laughing, crying, and simply feeling while brushing shoulders with others. Researches have long backed up this sense of connection, but some aspects of the phenomenon remained unclear. Now, a new study is offering insight.
Writing in the journal Royal Society Open Science, Victor Chung of the cole Normale Supérieure in France and his team reported how they examined the matter by inviting strangers to watch videos together in same sex pairs.
Pairs of strangers watched three types of videos together: positive, negative, and neutral with a curtain between them that was either open or closed. At the start of the experiment the researchers asked each participant whether they’d like to meet the other member of their pair again. After watching each video, participants reported their emotions and feelings of connectedness, and after seeing all three videos they were asked once again about their feelings towards the other participant.
The results showed the emotional films generated stronger responses than the neutral film. Crucially, the team said participants’ feelings of connectedness within the pairs was boosted when they experienced more intense emotions. However, this was only the case when participants watched the films with the curtain between them open. The researchers said that whether or not the pairs could see each other had no impact on how positively or negatively they felt about the films.
“We found that silently watching emotional films together with another individual is associated with social bonding, even when this person is a stranger and without any verbal communication,” said Chung, the study author.
The team added that the findings may help explain why people seek out group activities that generate strong emotions, “even participating in sad memorials that cause negative emotions.” In other words, because emotion bonds us, and humans have a fundamental desire to belong, we’re up for experiences one might think we’d naturally want to avoid.
28．What can we learn about the research method of Victor Chung’s team
A．They invited pairs of strangers of different genders to watch videos.
B．Participants watched the videos without any physical barriers between them.
C．Participants were asked about their feelings only once during the experiment.
D．They compared participants’ responses to three types of videos with different emotional tones.
29．According to the study, which of the following factors most affects the sense of connectedness between participants
A．The type of the video they watched.
B．Whether they could see each other during watching.
C．The intensity of emotions the video aroused.
D．The order in which they watched the videos.
30．What can be inferred from the underlined sentence “this was only the case when participants watched the films with the curtain between them open” in Paragraph 4
A．Watching videos with the curtain closed had no effect on participants’ emotions.
B．Visual contact was a necessary condition for the enhancement of connectedness.
C．Participants felt more positive about the films when they could see each other.
D．The presence of a curtain between participants influenced their emotional responses to the films.
31．What is the main idea of the passage
A．To introduce a new study on how group activities strengthen social bonds.
B．To analyze the reasons why people prefer certain types of group activities.
C．To explain the impact of different emotional experiences on social bonding.
D．To prove that silent watching of emotional films promotes social connection.
【答案】28．D 29．C 30．B 31．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍一项关于共同观看情感类影片如何增强陌生人之间社交联系的研究。
28．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Pairs of strangers watched three types of videos together: positive, negative, and neutral with a curtain between them that was either open or closed.(成对的陌生人一起观看了三种类型的视频：积极的、消极的和中性的，他们之间有一道帘子，要么是打开的，要么是关闭的)”以及“After watching each video, participants reported their emotions and feelings of connectedness, and after seeing all three videos they were asked once again about their feelings towards the other participant. (观看每段视频后，参与者需要报告自己的情绪和与对方的联结感；在看完所有三段视频后，他们会再次被问及对另一位参与者的感受)”可知，Victor Chung团队的研究方法是比较参与者对三种不同情感基调视频的反应。故选D项。
29．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Crucially, the team said participants’ feelings of connectedness within the pairs was boosted when they experienced more intense emotions.(关键是，研究团队表示，当参与者体验到更强烈的情绪时，他们之间的联系感会增强)”可知，视频唤起的情绪强度最影响参与者之间的联系感。故选C项。
30．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The results showed the emotional films generated stronger responses than the neutral film. Crucially, the team said participants’ feelings of connectedness within the pairs was boosted when they experienced more intense emotions. (结果显示，情感类影片比中性影片引发的反应更强烈。关键的是，研究团队称，当参与者体验到更强烈的情绪时，两人之间的联结感会增强)”可知，结果显示情感类影片比中性影片引发的反应更强烈，结合划线句子“However, this was only the case when participants watched the films with the curtain between them open.(然而，这一现象仅在参与者观看影片时中间的帘子处于打开状态的情况下才会出现)”可知，情感类影片比中性影片引发的反应更强烈只是参与者观看影片时中间的帘子处于打开状态的情况下才会出现。由此可知，视觉接触是增强联系感的必要条件。故选B项。
31．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第五段中的““We found that silently watching emotional films together with another individual is associated with social bonding, even when this person is a stranger and without any verbal communication,” said Chung, the study author. (该研究作者Chung表示：“我们发现，即便与陌生人一起默默观看情感类影片，且双方没有任何语言交流，这种行为也能促进社会联结。”)”可知，文章主要介绍一项新研究，证明默默观看情感电影能促进社交联系。故选D项。
Passage 2
（2025·东北三省四市·教研联合体模拟预测）You’re probably aware that your coffee drink or bakery is loaded with sugar. But did you know that large amounts of added sugar are also in your breakfast cereal (谷类食物), dairy-free milk alternative and even takeout fried chicken
“Americans are simply consuming too much sugar,” says Frank Hu, a professor of nutrition. Most people consume three times the recommended daily limit of sugar. And it’s not just a harmless habit.
Even if you’ve gotten the message that too much sugar isn’t good for your health and are taking steps to cut back, like switching to “low-sugar” baked goods and diet soda, you haven’t solved the issue and you may have created a new problem.
Since the 1990s, aspartame (阿斯巴甜代糖也称人工甜味剂) has been widely used as a sugar substitute (替代品) in products such as diet drinks, yogurt and breakfast cereal. But the sweetener has come under thorough examination following a July 2023 statement from the International Agency for Research on Cancer that officially classified aspartame as “possibly carcinogenic (致癌的) to humans.”
So what’s the answer Ultimately, we need to rethink our relationship with the sweet stuff. For the most part, the sugars that naturally occur in an apple, a sweet potato or a glass of milk aren’t an issue. It’s the sugar introduced during the manufacturing of a jarred pasta sauce or when you stir a spoonful of sugar into your coffee, for example, that’s harming your health.
When you eat or drink something with added sugar, your blood sugar and insulin (胰岛素) rise sharply. On the other hand, when you chew a bowl of fresh berries, the whole fruit contains fiber and other compounds that slow how quickly the sugar is digested, so your blood sugar doesn’t rise in the same way.
Definitely, consuming not only less added sugar but also sugar substitutes over time is bound to make your life a whole lot sweeter.
8．What can we probably infer in paragraph 1
A．The writer shows his own puzzle. B．People ignore an issue about sugar.
C．People take action to give up sugar. D．Bakery has less sugar than dairy-free milk.
9．Which food or drink may do less harm to our health in the text
A．Breakfast cereal. B．Diet drinks. C．Coffee drink. D．A sweet potato.
10．Why do people fail to consume less sugar
A．More sugary snacks are produced. B．Foods without sugar pose more health risks.
C．Sugar substitutes exist in many foods and drinks. D．Compounds in sugar are reported to be carcinogenic.
11．Which is the most suitable title according to the text
A．Aspartame Should replace sugar B．The Bitter Truth About Sugar
C．Keep Away From Sugar D．Sugar Talks Sweetly
【答案】8．B 9．D 10．C 11．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了现代人糖分摄入过多的问题，特别是添加糖和人工甜味剂（如阿斯巴甜）在食品中的广泛使用及其对健康的潜在影响。
8．推理判断题。根据第一段“You’re probably aware that your coffee drink or bakery is loaded with sugar. But did you know that large amounts of added sugar are also in your breakfast cereal (谷类食物), dairy-free milk alternative and even takeout fried chicken (你可能意识到你的咖啡饮料或烘焙食品中含有大量的糖。但是你知道吗，在你的早餐麦片、无乳牛奶替代品甚至外卖炸鸡中也含有大量的添加糖？)”可知，从第一段我们可以推断出人们忽略了糖的问题。故选B。
9．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“For the most part, the sugars that naturally occur in an apple, a sweet potato or a glass of milk aren’t an issue.(在大多数情况下，苹果、红薯或一杯牛奶中天然存在的糖都不是问题。)”可知，红薯对我们的健康危害较小。故选D。
10．推理判断题。根据第四段“Since the 1990s, aspartame (阿斯巴甜代糖也称人工甜味剂) has been widely used as a sugar substitute (替代品) in products such as diet drinks, yogurt and breakfast cereal.(自20世纪90年代以来，阿斯巴甜已被广泛用作无糖饮料、酸奶和早餐麦片等产品中的代糖。)”可知，人们无法减少糖的摄入是因为糖替代品存在于许多食品和饮料中。故选C。
11．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“You’re probably aware that your coffee drink or bakery is loaded with sugar. But did you know that large amounts of added sugar are also in your breakfast cereal (谷类食物), dairy-free milk alternative and even takeout fried chicken (你可能意识到你的咖啡饮料或烘焙食品中含有大量的糖。但是你知道吗，在你的早餐麦片、无乳牛奶替代品甚至外卖炸鸡中也含有大量的添加糖？)”可知，本文主要讲述了现代人糖分摄入过多的问题，特别是添加糖和人工甜味剂（如阿斯巴甜）在食品中的广泛使用及其对健康的潜在影响，因此最恰当的标题是B选项“The Bitter Truth About Sugar(关于糖的苦涩真相)”。故选B。
Passage 3
（2025·东北三省四市·教研联合体模拟预测）Many of the astronauts going up to space are among the smartest people on the planet. However, a new NASA study has found a surprising effect of space travel — it may actually slow down the human brain.
Contrary to what you might expect, researchers discovered that while space travelers orbit the Earth, they experience some temporary mental slowdowns, including processing information slower and difficulties with attention and memory.
Luckily, the study also finds spending months in space doesn’t permanently scramble (打乱) an astronaut’s cognitive (认知的) abilities. Their overall brain performance remains remarkably resilient (有适应力的).
The study examined 25 professional astronauts who spent an average of six months aboard the International Space Station. Scientists tracked their cognitive performance through a series of rigorous (谨慎的) tests designed to measure everything from processing speed to memory and attention. “We show that there is no evidence of any significant cognitive impairment or neurodegenerative decline in astronauts spending six months on the ISS,” explains Dr. Sheena Dev, the study’s lead researcher, in a media release.
So what exactly changed Think of it like your brain running in “low power mode”. Astronauts completed tasks just as accurately as they would on Earth, but they took slightly longer to process information. Processing speed, working memory, and attention were the most affected cognitive fields — similar to how you might feel after a stressful day without enough sleep. The most interesting but unusual finding is how quickly the brain adapts. Some performance changes, like slower attention spans, were only noticeable early in the mission. Others, like reduced processing speed, took a bit longer to return to normal after the astronauts returned to Earth.
These insights are more than just scientific curiosity. As humanity looks toward ambitious missions to the Moon and Mars, understanding how the human brain responds to extreme environments becomes crucial. This research provides a baseline for future space explorers, helping mission planners predict and reduce potential cognitive challenges.
12．How may astronauts perform during space travel
A．They take longer to respond to the tasks. B．They complete tasks as quickly as on earth.
C．Their cognitive abilities are damaged heavily. D．They spend years recovering their physical health
13．What does the underlined word “impairment” in paragraph 4 probably mean
A．Improvement. B．Damage. C．Development. D．Change.
14．What can we learn from the passage
A．Astronauts’ cognitive abilities remain stable wherever they are.
B．Astronauts’ performance in space is much worse than that on Earth.
C．Astronauts’ attention spans were always slower in the space.
D．Astronauts’ brain performance can return to normal later
15．What does the last paragraph mainly about
A．The later plans for space missions. B．The development of cognitive study.
C．The significance of the study. D．The future of space exploration.
【答案】12．A 13．B 14．D 15．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了NASA的一项新研究发现，太空旅行可能导致宇航员出现短暂的认知减缓，但不会造成永久性损伤，且大脑具有恢复能力，最后强调了该研究对未来太空任务的意义。
12．细节理解题。根据第二段“Contrary to what you might expect, researchers discovered that while space travelers orbit the Earth, they experience some temporary mental slowdowns, including processing information slower and difficulties with attention and memory.(与你所期望的相反，研究人员发现，当太空旅行者绕地球飞行时，他们会经历一些暂时的思维放缓，包括处理信息的速度变慢，注意力和记忆力出现困难。)”和第五段的句子“Astronauts completed tasks just as accurately as they would on Earth, but they took slightly longer to process information.(宇航员完成任务和在地球上一样准确，但他们处理信息的时间稍长一些。)”可知，宇航员在太空旅行时完成任务的准确性和在地球上一样，但处理信息需要更长时间，也就是对任务的反应时间变长。故选A项。
13．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Luckily, the study also finds spending months in space doesn’t permanently scramble (打乱) an astronaut’s cognitive (认知的) abilities. Their overall brain performance remains remarkably resilient(幸运的是，这项研究还发现，在太空中呆上几个月并不会永久性地影响宇航员的认知能力。他们的整体大脑表现仍然非常有弹性)”可知，在太空待几个月不会永久性地损害宇航员的认知能力，可推测划线单词impairment的意义为“损害、损伤”。与damage意义一致。故选B项。
14．细节理解题。根据第三段的句子“Luckily, the study also finds spending months in space doesn’t permanently scramble (打乱) an astronaut’s cognitive (认知的) abilities. Their overall brain performance remains remarkably resilient (有适应力的)(幸运的是，这项研究还发现，在太空中呆上几个月并不会永久性地影响宇航员的认知能力。他们的整体大脑表现仍然非常有弹性)”以及第五段的句子“Others, like reduced processing speed, took a bit longer to return to normal after the astronauts returned to Earth.(其他的，比如处理速度降低，在宇航员返回地球后需要更长的时间才能恢复正常。)”可知，宇航员的大脑表现之后可以恢复正常。故选D项。
15．主旨大意题。根据最后一段的句子“These insights are more than just scientific curiosity. As humanity looks toward ambitious missions to the Moon and Mars, understanding how the human brain responds to extreme environments becomes crucial. This research provides a baseline for future space explorers, helping mission planners predict and reduce potential cognitive challenges.(这些见解不仅仅是科学上的好奇心。随着人类对月球和火星的雄心壮志，了解人类大脑如何对极端环境做出反应变得至关重要。这项研究为未来的太空探索者提供了一个基线，帮助任务规划者预测和减少潜在的认知挑战。)” ，本段强调了这项研究的重要性，即其意义。故选C项。
Passage 4
（2025·山东德州·三模）In The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Jane Jacobs challenged the longstanding practice of centralized urban planning, which treated cities as places requiring order through controlled centralization. Jacobs rejected this mindset by emphasizing her three basic principles: local knowledge, decentralized decision-making, and the spontaneous (自发的) urban order.
Jacobs argued that urban planning should prioritize the lived experiences of residents over abstract expertise, but conventional planners often relied on statistical models and aesthetic (审美的) ideals, ignoring the practical knowledge of city inhabitants. The East Harlem Housing Project was a typical example of this disconnect. While officials celebrated its modernist towers and expansive lawns, residents criticized its isolation and lack of community integration. When local residents’ needs conflicted with central planners, the resolution all too often fell in favor of the “experts”.
Jacobs knew that decentralized planning was the best way to make the most of local knowledge. The urban planner’s best course of action is to allow individuals to create their own plans drawing on their unique preferences and local knowledge, helping build and maintain the spontaneous orders making urban life work. It concerns the natural order emerging from decentralized planning: sidewalks that help keep streets safe, diverse residential and commercial uses, and self-governing communities.
The spontaneous orders are the result of human action. By allowing individuals to organize themselves in relation to one another, natural urban orders emerge as flexible frameworks, empowering individuals to shape their environments according to local contexts, mirrored in New York City’s 1811 Grid Plan, which provided a flexible foundation for diverse, adaptive development over centuries and enabled residents to make choices about housing, commerce, and public spaces while respecting the complexity of urban life.
Jacobs stood up to centralized urban planning and celebrated the wisdom of average people. Now, she has laid the groundwork for an urban revolution to come.
12．What did Jacobs think of as a vital element in urban planning
A．Ideas from relevant experts. B．Human-environment unity.
C．Preference of urban planners. D．Aesthetic of decision-makers.
13．What made the East Harlem Housing Project a target for public criticism
A．Lack of spacious living area. B．Existence of old-fashioned buildings.
C．Layout of functioning areas. D．Reliability of the local knowledge.
14．What does the fourth paragraph focus on
A．The role of social interaction.
B．The complexity of urban planning.
C．The need of changing the local culture.
D．The limitation of the spontaneous orders.
15．What’s the best title of the passage
A．The Rise of Centralized Urban Planning
B．Jane Jacobs and Her Impact on American Cities
C．Urban Planning: Its Past, Present, and Future
D．Jane Jacobs: Challenging Traditional Urban Planning
【答案】12．B 13．C 14．A 15．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了Jane Jacobs在《美国大城市的死与生》一书中对集中式城市规划的长期做法提出挑战，并强调了本地知识、分散决策和自发城市秩序这三个基本原则在城市规划中的重要性。
12．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Jacobs rejected this mindset by emphasizing her three basic principles: local knowledge, decentralized decision-making, and the spontaneous (自发的) urban order. (Jacobs通过强调她的三个基本原则来拒绝这种心态：本地知识、分散决策和自发的城市秩序)”以及第三段中“Jacobs knew that decentralized planning was the best way to make the most of local knowledge. (Jacobs知道分散规划是充分利用本地知识的最佳方式)”可知，Jacobs认为本地知识和分散决策是城市规划中的关键要素，这体现了人与环境的统一，因为分散决策能够更好地反映和适应本地环境。故选B项。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The East Harlem Housing Project was a typical example of this disconnect. While officials celebrated its modernist towers and expansive lawns, residents criticized its isolation and lack of community integration. (东哈莱姆住宅项目就是这种脱节的一个典型例子。虽然官员们称赞其现代主义塔楼和广阔的草坪，但居民们批评其孤立无援，缺乏社区融合)”可知，东哈莱姆住宅项目成为公众批评的目标是因为其功能区的布局导致孤立无援，缺乏社区融合。故选C项。
14．主旨大意题。根据第四段“The spontaneous orders are the result of human action. By allowing individuals to organize themselves in relation to one another, natural urban orders emerge as flexible frameworks, empowering individuals to shape their environments according to local contexts, mirrored in New York City’s 1811 Grid Plan, which provided a flexible foundation for diverse, adaptive development over centuries and enabled residents to make choices about housing, commerce, and public spaces while respecting the complexity of urban life. (自发的秩序是人类行动的结果。通过允许个体相互组织，自然的城市秩序作为灵活的框架出现，使个体能够根据当地环境塑造他们的环境，这反映在纽约市1811年的网格计划中，该计划为数百年来多样、适应性强的开发提供了灵活的基础，并使居民能够在尊重城市生活复杂性的同时，对住房、商业和公共空间做出选择)”可知，第四段主要讨论了社会互动在自发秩序形成中的作用，即通过个体之间的相互组织，自然城市秩序作为灵活的框架出现，使个体能够根据当地环境塑造他们的环境。故选A项。
15．主旨大意题。纵览全文，尤其是根据第一段中“In The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Jane Jacobs challenged the longstanding practice of centralized urban planning, which treated cities as places requiring order through controlled centralization. Jacobs rejected this mindset by emphasizing her three basic principles: local knowledge, decentralized decision-making, and the spontaneous (自发的) urban order. (在《美国大城市的死与生》一书中，Jane Jacobs对集中式城市规划的长期做法提出挑战，这种做法将城市视为需要通过集中控制来维持秩序的地方。Jacobs通过强调她的三个基本原则来拒绝这种心态：本地知识、分散决策和自发的城市秩序)”可知，文章主要介绍了Jane Jacobs对传统城市规划的挑战，并强调了她的三个基本原则在城市规划中的重要性。因此，D项“Jane Jacobs: Challenging Traditional Urban Planning (Jane Jacobs：挑战传统城市规划)”最符合文章主旨，适宜作为标题。故选D项。
Passage 5
（2025·湖北武昌·高三5月质量检测）People have been enjoying staring out of the window of the plane for a spectacular view for over a century. That’s why you may be surprised to learn that for decades, aircraft designers have been considering planes with video screens instead of passenger windows.
In 2014, for example, the UK-based Centre for Process Innovation (CPI) uncovered a design for such a windowless airliner. In 2022, Dubai-based airline Emirates released Boeing 777s equipped with “virtual windows”. But Emirates has no plan for a windowless airliner.
However, an aircraft producer does aim to go windowless. For the past few years, a privately owned Boston-based company, Spike Aerospace, has been working to develop the Spike S-512, an 18-passenger business jet. Instead

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