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知识过关第4讲 语法
Unit 1 现在完成时（1）
一、 构成：由“have/has + 动词的过去分词”构成。
二、 用法：
表示在以前某个时间已经发生的行为或曾经做过的事情对目前有某种影响。例如“I have seen the film. I do not want to see it again.”（这部电影我已经看过了，不想再看了）。
表示到目前为止已经完成的事情。例如“My aunt has travelled all over the world.”（我姑姑已经周游了世界）。
三、句型：
第一人称：
肯定句：I have seen...；We have travelled...
否定句：I have not (haven’t) seen...；We have not (haven’t) travelled...
疑问句及回答：Have you seen... Yes, I have. / No, I have not (haven’t).；Have you travelled... Yes, we have. / No, we have not (haven’t).
第二人称：
肯定句：You have been to...
否定句：You have not (haven’t) been to...
疑问句及回答：Have you been to... Yes, I/we have. / No, I/we have not (haven’t).
第三人称：
肯定句：He/She has been to...；They have given...
否定句：He/She has not (hasn’t) been to...；They have not (haven’t) given...
疑问句及回答：Has he/she been to... Yes, he/she has. / No, he/she has not (hasn’t).；Have they given... Yes, they have. / No, they have not (haven’t).
【特殊点】
大部分动词过去分词变化规则，部分不规则，需牢记不规则变化形式，如be – was/were – been；do – did – done等。
常与just, already或yet等副词连用。just表示“刚刚”，already表示“已经”，用于肯定句，置于have/has之后；yet表示“还未”，用于否定句。
Unit 2 现在完成时（2）
一、 用法：表达某一行为或状态从过去某时间一直持续到现在。
二、 时间状语：通常与for或since引导的时间状语连用。for后接一段时间，如for a long time；since后多接时间点，如since August 2023。
三、提问方式：对时间状语提问常用how long，如“How long have you had the dog ”（这条狗你养了多久了？）。
四、 与其他时态的区别：表示某一行为或状态持续多长时间时，根据终止时间不同使用不同时态。若为过去具体时间发生的事用一般过去时；到现在为止已持续的用现在完成时；将来发生的用一般将来时。
五、其他用法：还表示到目前为止量的累积，如“I have learnt 20 English songs.”（我已经学会了20首英文歌曲）。
六、延续性
1、表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。常与“for+一段时间”“since+过去的时间点或从句（从句用一般过去时）”以及 so far 等时间状语连用。因为表示的是持续的动作或状态，所以句中的动词通常是延续性动词，如 be，stay，wait，keep，have 等。如：I have had this bike for three years. 我买这辆自行车已经有三年了。
2、非延续性动词（即短暂性动词）想要表达延续的意义时，可以用相应的延续性动词或动词短语来替换部分短暂性动词。
短暂性动词 延续性动词(短语)
die Be dead
borrow keep
buy have
leave be away
open be open
close be closed
come be in
finish be over
join in be a member of
Unit 3 动词不定式和动名词作宾语
【 动词不定式作宾语】
当表示“想做某事、需要做某事或决定做某事”时，行为动词后采用“to + 动词原形”的结构，即动词不定式。它无人称和数的变化，在句中可作宾语成分。常见后接不定式作宾语的动词有plan, decide, want, hope, offer, learn等。
【动名词作宾语】
一些动词只能用动名词作宾语，常见的有enjoy, practise, finish, avoid, keep, mind等。
【 特殊情况】
还有一些动词既可以用不定式又可以用动名词作宾语，但表达的意义可能不同。例如remember，“I remember seeing her.”（我记得见过她）；“You must remember to lock the door before leaving the house.”（出门之前一定要记得锁门
一、单项选择
1．Mr. Smith’s plane ________ yet. We need to wait a little longer.
A．hasn’t arrived B．didn’t arrive C．doesn’t arrive D．couldn’t arrive
【答案】A
【详解】句意：史密斯先生的飞机还没有到达。我们需要再等一会儿。
考查现在完成时。根据“yet”以及“We need to wait a little longer.”可知，此处表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，即飞机还没有到，需要再等一会儿，所以应该用现在完成时。故选A。
2．You don’t need to describe her. I ________ her several times.
A．had met B．have met C．met D．meet
【答案】B
【详解】句意：你不需要描述她。我已经见过她好几次了。
考查时态。根据语境可知，此处表示“我已经见过她好几次了”，强调对现在造成的影响或结果，即现在不需要再描述她了，所以应该用现在完成时。故选B。
3．—I’m sorry for being late.
—Never mind. The meeting ________ for only 5 minutes.
A．has been over B．has been on C．has finished D．begin
【答案】B
【详解】句意：——很抱歉我迟到了。——没关系。会议才开始了5分钟。
考查现在完成时。 has been over已经结束；has been on已经开始了；has finished已经结束；begin开始。根据“—I’m sorry for being late. —Never mind. The meeting...for only 5 minutes.”可知，句中“for only 5 minutes”是现在完成时的标志，谓语应该使用延续性动词，因此使用“has been on”，表示会议已开始且在进行中。故选B。
4．His grandmother ________ for 6 years. And he still misses her very much.
A．died B．has died C．has been dead D．will die
【答案】C
【详解】句意：他的祖母已经去世6年了。他仍然非常想念她。
考查时态及延续性动词。根据“for 6 years”可知，句子用现在完成时，且动词用延续性动词，“has been dead”符合语境。故选C。
5．—What was the concert by Xu Wei like
—Wonderful! It has been years ________ I enjoyed myself so much.
A．after B．before C．when D．since
【答案】D
【详解】句意：——许巍的演唱会怎么样？——太棒了！我已经有好几年没这么开心过了。
考查连词。after在……之后；before在……之前；when当……时；since自从……以来。分析句子结构可知，此处为固定句型“It has been + 时间段 + since + 一般过去时句子”，表示“自从……以来已经过了……时间”，D项符合。故选D。
6．Mrs Rainbow ________ color therapy since she left college.
A．practised B．was practised C．has practised D．will practise
【答案】C
【详解】句意：Rainbow夫人自从大学毕业以来就一直在从事色彩疗法。
考查现在完成时。根据“since she left college”可知，此处时态为现在完成时，其谓语结构为“have/ has+done”，主语Mrs Rainbow为第三人称单数，助动词应该用has，故选C。
7．Miss Lin a lot of work for the poor area since 2010.
A．has done B．did C．does D．will do
【答案】A
【详解】句意：自2010年以来，林小姐为贫困地区做了很多工作。
考查谓语动词时态。has done已经完成，现在完成时；did做，一般过去时；does做，一般现在时；will do将要做，一般将来时。根据“since 2010”可知，句子是现在完成时，其谓语动词结构为“have/has+过去分词”；主语Miss Lin为第三人称单数，需要用助动词has。故选A。
8．We ________ in the apartment near our school since 2019.
A．have lived B．are living C．live D．lived
【答案】A
【详解】句意：自2019年以来，我们一直住在学校附近的公寓里。
考查现在完成时态。根据“since 2019”可知，此处用现在完成时，其结构是“have/has + done”，主语“We”是复数，所以用have。故选A。
9．Though they have ________ trouble for a long time, they are still ________ success.
A．got into; hoping to B．got into; hoping for
C．been in; hoping for D．been in; hoping to
【答案】C
【详解】句意：尽管他们长期处于困境，但仍然期待成功
考查延续性动词和介词的用法。got into“进入”，短暂性动词，不能与时间段连用；be in“处于”，表状态，具有延续性；hope for“希望”，后跟名词；hope to“希望”，后跟动词原形。根据“for a long time”可知，此处不能用短暂性动词，排除A、B；根据“success”可知，介词后面跟名词，排除D，故选C。
10．—She ________ ten years ago.
—You mean she ________ him for ten years.
A．married; has got married to B．got married; has got married with
C．got married; has been married with D．got married; has been married to
【答案】D
【详解】句意：——她十年前结婚了。——你是说她已经和他结婚十年了。
考查动词时态和延续性动词的用法。married结婚，后面通常接人；got married结婚，强调动作；has got married with表述错误；has been married with表述错误；be married to sb和某人结婚，描述状态。根据“ten years ago.”可知，此处表示十年前的一个具体事件（时间点），因此动词需用过去式，“got married”符合题意；根据“for ten years”可知，第二空表示时间持续十年（从过去开始到现在），因此动词需用现在完成时“have/has+过去分词”，强调状态持续，“be married to”是固定搭配，意为“和某人结婚”，表示已婚状态，主语是“she”，因此填“has been married to”。故选D。
11．I ________ this coat for almost 3 years, but it still looks quite new.
A．had B．bought C．have bought D．have had
【答案】D
【详解】句意：我拥有这件外套几乎3年了，但它看起来仍然很新。
考查现在完成时。had有，一般过去时；bought买，一般过去时；have bought已经买，现在完成时；have had已经拥有，现在完成时。根据“for almost 3 years”可知，句子时态是现在完成时，且动词应是延续性动词，buy“买”是非延续性动词，其对应的延续性动词是have“拥有”，所以此处应用have had。故选D。
12．Our community library ________ for two years in order to encourage us to read more.
A．opens B．has opened C．has been opened D．has been open
【答案】D
【详解】句意：为了鼓励我们多读书，我们的社区图书馆已经开放两年了。
考查现在完成时。opens一般现在时；has opened现在完成时；has been opened现在完成时的被动语态；has been open现在完成时，open为形容词，意为“开着的”。根据句中“for two years”可知，句中时态应为现在完成时，且句中“for two years”表示一段时间，所以此处应使用延续性动词，open用作动词时是非延续性动词，不能用在现在完成时态中，当表示开着的这种状态时用be open，所以此处使用has been open。故选D。
13．The old man ________ for more than 2 years. People still express their admiration for him online.
A．dies B．died C．had died D．has been dead
【答案】D
【详解】句意：这位老人已经去世两年多了。人们仍在网上表达对他的敬佩。
考查现在完成时的用法。dies一般现在时的三单形式；died一般过去时；had died过去完成时；has been dead现在完成时。根据时间状语“for more than 2 years”可知，句子强调从过去持续到现在的状态，需用现在完成时，且“die”为短暂性动词，不能直接与时间段连用，需转换为延续性状态“has been dead”。故选D。
14．She has _________ her hometown for nearly ten years.
A．gone to B．been to C．gone away from D．been away from
【答案】D
【详解】句意：她离开家乡已经快十年了。
考查现在完成时。根据“for nearly ten years.”及选项可知，此处时态为现在完成时，且表示持续的时间段，需搭配延续性动词，ABC三项均为瞬间动词。故选D。
15．—How long has he _________
—Since 2016.
A．been to Beijing B．become a policeman
C．joined the art club D．studied in this school
【答案】D
【详解】句意：——他在这所学校学习多久了？——自2016年起。
考查现在完成时。been to Beijing去过北京；become a policeman成为一名警察；joined the art club加入艺术俱乐部；studied in this school在这所学校学习。根据“How long has he … ”及选项可知，此处为现在完成时，表示动作从过去开始，一直持续到现在，因此动词必须是可持续的动作或状态动词，ABC三项中动词均为瞬间动词。故选D。
16．—Where is your father I need to talk to him.
—Sorry, he ________ Beijing. He’ll be back next week. By the way, I ________ Beijing before, and I ________ there for five years.
A．have gone to; have been to; has been in B．has gone to; have been in; have gone to
C．has gone to; have been to; have been D．have been to; has gone to; has been in
【答案】C
【详解】句意：——你爸爸在哪儿？我得跟他谈谈。——对不起，他去北京了。他下周会回来。顺便说一下，我以前去过北京，我在那里待了五年。
考查现在完成时。第一空根据“Sorry, he … Beijing. He’ll be back next week.”可知，这里表示父亲去了北京但还未返回，主语是第三人称单数，因此用has gone to；第二空根据“By the way, I … Beijing before,”可知，这里表示曾经去过北京，现已返回，应使用have been to；第三空根据“and I … there for five years.”可知，这里表示过去在北京停留了五年的时间段，强调状态的持续，应使用have been后接地点副词there。故选C。
17．I ________ two novels recently and I ________ on a third one at present.
A．wrote; am working B．have written; am working
C．am writing; will work D．will write; will work
【答案】B
【详解】句意：我最近写了两本小说，目前正在写第三本。
考查动词时态。wrote是write的过去式；am working是现在进行时结构；have written是现在完成时结构；will write是一般将来时结构。根据句中“recently”可知，第一空应用现在完成时，表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，即已经写了两本小说；根据句中“at present”可知，第二空应用现在进行时，即目前正在写第三本小说。结合选项可知，选项B“have written; am working”符合题意。故选B。
18．Since last month we ________ the volunteer program, we ________ more than 200 volunteers.
A．have started; had B．started; have
C．have started; have D．started; have had
【答案】D
【详解】句意：自从上个月我们开始了这个志愿者项目，我们已经有了200多个志愿者。
考查时态。根据“Since last month we ... the volunteer program”可知此处是Since引导的时间状语从句，结合“last month”可知用一般过去时，第一空用过去式started，从句用Since引导，主句用现在完成时，第二空用现在完成时have had。故选D。
19．—Paul, why are you still here School has been over for half an hour.
—I ________ my work yet. I still need one more hour.
A．won’t finish B．haven’t finished
C．didn’t finish D．don’t finish
【答案】B
【详解】句意：——Paul，你为什么还在这儿？放学都半小时了。——我还没完成我的工作。我还需要一个小时。
考查现在完成时。won’t finish将不会完成，一般将来时；haven’t finished还没有完成，现在完成时；didn’t finish没有完成，一般过去时；don’t finish没有完成，一般现在时。根据句中yet以及语境可知，保罗直到现在还没有完成作业，应用现在完成时表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态，且动作还未完成，所以用haven’t finished。故选B。
20．So far China ________ twelve manned spaceships into space.
A．sends B．will send C．has sent D．sent
【答案】C
【详解】句意：到目前为止，中国已经向太空发射了十二艘载人航天飞船。
考查现在完成时。sends发送，一般现在时；will send将发送，一般将来时；has sent已发送，现在完成时；sent发送，一般过去时。根据时间状语“So far（到目前为止）”可知，此句应用现在完成时，表示从过去某一时间点开始，一直持续到现在，并可能继续持续下去的动作或状态。故选C。
21．—________ you ever ________ to the Great Wall
—Yes, twice. It’s amazing.
A．Have; been B．Have; gone C．Did; go D．Do; go
【答案】A
【详解】句意：——你曾经去过长城吗？——去过，两次了。太壮观了。
考查动词时态及短语辨析。have been to表示“曾经去过某地，现在已不在那里”，现在完成时；have gone to表示“已经去了某地，此刻人不在这里”，现在完成时；Did...go一般过去时；Do...go一般现在时。根据“ever”及答句“Yes, twice. It’s amazing.”可知，需用现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，且说话者已从长城返回，因此用have been to。故选A。
22．Miss Gao ________ chemistry in our school for eight years since she graduated from Southwest University.
A．taught B．will teach C．teaches D．has taught
【答案】D
【详解】句意：高老师自从西南大学毕业以来，已经在我们学校教了八年化学了。
考查现在完成时。根据 “for eight years since she graduated from Southwest University”可知，这里说的是她已经毕业八年了，强调从过去开始的动作持续到现在，所以本句要用现在完成时，其结构是have/has + 过去分词，主语Miss Gao是第三人称单数，助动词用has，teach的过去分词是taught，故选D。
23．My mother told me that my homework must ________.
A．finish B．be finish C．be finished D．finished
【答案】C
【详解】句意：我的妈妈告诉我我的作业必须被完成。
考查含有情态动词的被动语态。根据主语“my homework”和谓语动词“finish”可知二者为被动关系，而must为情态动词，含有情态动词的被动语态的谓语结构为“情态动词+be+done”，故选C。
24．The water ________ dark and dirty. It’s not safe to drink it.
A．becoming B．has become C．will become D．was becoming
【答案】B
【详解】句意：水已经变得又黑又脏。饮用它是不安全的。
考查现在完成时。根据“It’s not safe to drink it.”可知，水变脏这个动作导致现在不能安全饮用，强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，要用现在完成时，结构是“has/have + 过去分词”。故选B。
25．The population of this city ________ rapidly in recent years.
A．has grown B．have grown C．grew D．grows
【答案】A
【详解】句意：这个城市的人口近年来迅速增长。
考查动词时态和主谓一致。in recent years表示从过去持续到现在的时间段，需用现在完成时；主语population为单数，谓语动词需用第三人称单数形式。故选A。
26．Lucy ________ ill for two days, so she cannot go to school today.
A．has been B．had been C．will be D．is
【答案】A
【详解】句意：露西已经生病两天了，所以她今天不能去上学。
考查现在完成时的用法。has been现在完成时；had been过去完成时；will be一般将来时；is一般现在时。根据“for two days”可知，这里表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态，应使用现在完成时，其构成为“have/has+过去分词”。主语“Lucy”是第三人称单数，因此用“has been”。故选A。
27．The school art competition is coming, but Lily ________ an idea for her painting yet.
A．hasn’t developed B．doesn’t develop
C．won’t develop D．is not developing
【答案】A
【详解】句意：学校美术比赛即将到来，但Lily还没有为她的绘画想出一个主意。
考查动词时态。 根据“an idea for her painting yet”可知，yet常用于现在完成时（have/has+过去分词），强调动作从过去持续到现在仍未完成，此处指Lily到现在还没有想出主意。故选A。
28．—______ you ______ the new poem yet
—Yes, I read it this morning.
A．Have; read B．Did; read C．Will; read D．Do; read
【答案】A
【详解】句意：——你已经读过这首新诗了吗？——是的，我今天早上读的。
考查动词时态。根据答句中的时间状语this morning可知，动作发生在过去，但问句中的yet提示动作与现在有关，强调对现在的影响或结果，因此应使用现在完成时。故选A。
29．You don’t need to describe her. I ________ her several times.
A．had met B．met C．meet D．have met
【答案】D
【详解】句意：你不需要描述她，我已经见过她好几次了。
考查动词时态。根据“several times” (现在完成时的典型时间标志词之一) 和“don’t need to describe her”可知，过去多次遇见，现在无需描述，这是过去发生的动作对现在的影响，句子时态应用现在完成时，其结构为have/has+过去分词；主语为“I”，助动词用have，动词meet的过去分词为met。故选D。
30．He used to be quite shy, but he __________ a lot since he joined the acting club.
A．was changing B．changed C．will change D．has changed
【答案】D
【详解】句意：他过去很害羞，但自从加入了表演俱乐部，他改变了很多。
考查时态。根据“since he joined the acting club”可知，此处使用现在完成时，表示从过去某个时间点开始，一直持续到现在，并且可能继续持续下去的动作或状态，其结构是“have/has done”，主语“he”是第三人称单数，所以助动词用“has”，“change”的过去分词是“changed”，故“has changed”符合语境。故选D。
31．Alex _____ tea culture since he came to China in 2010.
A．studies B．will study C．studied D．has studied
【答案】D
【详解】句意：Alex自从2010年来到中国后，一直在研究茶文化。
考查动词时态辨析。根据时间状语“since he came to China in 2010”可知，动作从过去持续到现在，应使用现在完成时。故选D。
32．As their parents expected, boys have been gentlemen and girls have been ladies ________ they came to Livon Middle School.
A．for B．when C．where D．since
【答案】D
【详解】句意：正如他们的父母所期望的那样，自从来到利文中学，男孩们一直很有绅士风度，女孩们一直很有淑女风范。
考查连词辨析。for因为，表原因；when当……时候，表时间点；where在哪里，表地点；since自从，常与现在完成时连用，引导时间状语从句。句中“have been”是现在完成时结构，结合语境，since符合要求，强调从过去来到学校这个时间点开始，到现在一直保持的状态。故选D。
33．I sent her an email last week, but she hasn’t ________ yet. I hope she’s okay.
A．replied B．returned C．repeated D．remembered
【答案】A
【详解】句意：我上周给她发了一封电子邮件，但她还没有回复。希望她没事。
考查动词辨析。replied回复；removed移除；repeated重复；remembered记住。根据“I sent her an email last week”以及转折连词“but”可知，此处表示“但她还没有回复”。故选A。
34．—When did the teachers come to China
—They ________ China for seven years.
A．have come to B．have been to
C．have come in D．have been in
【答案】D
【详解】句意：——老师们什么时候来中国的？——他们已经在中国七年了。
考查现在完成时。have come to中come是短暂性动词，不能与表示一段时间的“for seven years”连用；have been to表示去过某地，已经回来，强调经历，不能与表示一段时间的“for seven years”连用；have come in中come是短暂性动词，in在这里使用错误，且不能与表示一段时间的“for seven years”连用；have been in表示在某地待了多长时间，可以与表示一段时间的“for seven years”连用。故选D。
35．I ________ this book for two weeks. I have to return it to the library today.
A．have borrowed B．borrowed C．have kept D．kept
【答案】C
【详解】句意：我借这本书已经两周了，今天必须把它还给图书馆。
考查动词时态辨析。根据时间状语“for two weeks”和语境“必须今天归还”，表示从过去持续到现在的动作，需用现在完成时。borrow是短暂性动词，不能与时间段连用，需用延续性动词keep表示持续持有。故选C。
36．I have worked hard ________ then because I want to go to a good college in the future.
A．and B．since C．for D．but
【答案】B
【详解】句意：从那以后我就一直努力学习，因为我将来想上一所好大学。
考查连词辨析。and和，表并列；since自从，表时间，常与现在完成时连用；for为了，表目的或原因；but但是，表转折。根据“I have worked hard…then”可知，句子时态为现在完成时，since then表示“从那以后”，符合现在完成时的时间状语要求，since在此处引导时间，说明努力学习的状态从那时持续到现在。故选B。
37．She has been interested in dancing ________ she was a child.
A．when B．since C．for D．as
【答案】B
【详解】句意：她从小就对跳舞感兴趣。
考查连词辨析。when当……的时候，用于时间状语从句，常与一般现在时/过去时等搭配，通常不与完成时主句搭配；since自从，主要用于完成时态，后可接短语或一般过去时从句；for为了；as因为。根据“She has been interested in dancing...she was a child.”可知，此处用since引导时间状语从句，主句用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。故选B。
38．We ________ each other since he left here.
A．didn’t see B．hadn’t seen C．haven’t seen D．had see
【答案】C
【详解】句意：自从他离开这里，我们就再没见过面。
考查动词时态。根据“since he left here”可知，此处时态为现在完成时：have/has+过去分词。故选C。
39．He ________ in Beijing since he moved there ten years ago.
A．has lived B．lived C．is living D．had lived
【答案】A
【详解】句意：他自从十年前搬到北京后就一直住在那里。
考查动词时态辨析。has lived现在完成时；lived一般过去时；is living现在进行时；had lived过去完成时。根据时间状语“since he moved there ten years ago”可知，动作从过去开始一直持续到现在，应使用现在完成时表示持续状态。故选A。
40．—When _________ you _________ the new car
—Well, I _________ it for a week.
A．did; have; have had B．did; buy; have had
C．did; buy; have bought D．did; have; have bought
【答案】B
【详解】句意：——你什么时候买的这辆新车？——哦，我已经买了一个星期了。
考查一般过去时和现在完成时。根据答语“for a week”可知，问句应该是询问过去买车的动作，应该用一般过去时，其构成是“助动词did+动词原形”，所以第一空和第二空应该填did和buy；根据答语中的时间状语“for a week”可知，此处表示动作从过去持续到现在，可能还会继续持续下去，应该用现在完成时，其构成是“have/has+过去分词”，而buy是瞬间动词，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，所以第三空应该用have had表示“已经拥有”。故选B。/ 让教学更有效 高效备考 | 英语学科
知识过关第4讲 语法
Unit 1 现在完成时（1）
一、 构成：由“have/has + 动词的过去分词”构成。
二、 用法：
表示在以前某个时间已经发生的行为或曾经做过的事情对目前有某种影响。例如“I have seen the film. I do not want to see it again.”（这部电影我已经看过了，不想再看了）。
表示到目前为止已经完成的事情。例如“My aunt has travelled all over the world.”（我姑姑已经周游了世界）。
三、句型：
第一人称：
肯定句：I have seen...；We have travelled...
否定句：I have not (haven’t) seen...；We have not (haven’t) travelled...
疑问句及回答：Have you seen... Yes, I have. / No, I have not (haven’t).；Have you travelled... Yes, we have. / No, we have not (haven’t).
第二人称：
肯定句：You have been to...
否定句：You have not (haven’t) been to...
疑问句及回答：Have you been to... Yes, I/we have. / No, I/we have not (haven’t).
第三人称：
肯定句：He/She has been to...；They have given...
否定句：He/She has not (hasn’t) been to...；They have not (haven’t) given...
疑问句及回答：Has he/she been to... Yes, he/she has. / No, he/she has not (hasn’t).；Have they given... Yes, they have. / No, they have not (haven’t).
【特殊点】
大部分动词过去分词变化规则，部分不规则，需牢记不规则变化形式，如be – was/were – been；do – did – done等。
常与just, already或yet等副词连用。just表示“刚刚”，already表示“已经”，用于肯定句，置于have/has之后；yet表示“还未”，用于否定句。
Unit 2 现在完成时（2）
一、 用法：表达某一行为或状态从过去某时间一直持续到现在。
二、 时间状语：通常与for或since引导的时间状语连用。for后接一段时间，如for a long time；since后多接时间点，如since August 2023。
三、提问方式：对时间状语提问常用how long，如“How long have you had the dog ”（这条狗你养了多久了？）。
四、 与其他时态的区别：表示某一行为或状态持续多长时间时，根据终止时间不同使用不同时态。若为过去具体时间发生的事用一般过去时；到现在为止已持续的用现在完成时；将来发生的用一般将来时。
五、其他用法：还表示到目前为止量的累积，如“I have learnt 20 English songs.”（我已经学会了20首英文歌曲）。
六、延续性
1、表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。常与“for+一段时间”“since+过去的时间点或从句（从句用一般过去时）”以及 so far 等时间状语连用。因为表示的是持续的动作或状态，所以句中的动词通常是延续性动词，如 be，stay，wait，keep，have 等。如：I have had this bike for three years. 我买这辆自行车已经有三年了。
2、非延续性动词（即短暂性动词）想要表达延续的意义时，可以用相应的延续性动词或动词短语来替换部分短暂性动词。
短暂性动词 延续性动词(短语)
die Be dead
borrow keep
buy have
leave be away
open be open
close be closed
come be in
finish be over
join in be a member of
Unit 3 动词不定式和动名词作宾语
【 动词不定式作宾语】
当表示“想做某事、需要做某事或决定做某事”时，行为动词后采用“to + 动词原形”的结构，即动词不定式。它无人称和数的变化，在句中可作宾语成分。常见后接不定式作宾语的动词有plan, decide, want, hope, offer, learn等。
【动名词作宾语】
一些动词只能用动名词作宾语，常见的有enjoy, practise, finish, avoid, keep, mind等。
【 特殊情况】
还有一些动词既可以用不定式又可以用动名词作宾语，但表达的意义可能不同。例如remember，“I remember seeing her.”（我记得见过她）；“You must remember to lock the door before leaving the house.”（出门之前一定要记得锁门
一、单项选择
1．Mr. Smith’s plane ________ yet. We need to wait a little longer.
A．hasn’t arrived B．didn’t arrive C．doesn’t arrive D．couldn’t arrive
2．You don’t need to describe her. I ________ her several times.
A．had met B．have met C．met D．meet
3．—I’m sorry for being late.
—Never mind. The meeting ________ for only 5 minutes.
A．has been over B．has been on C．has finished D．begin
4．His grandmother ________ for 6 years. And he still misses her very much.
A．died B．has died C．has been dead D．will die
5．—What was the concert by Xu Wei like
—Wonderful! It has been years ________ I enjoyed myself so much.
A．after B．before C．when D．since
6．Mrs Rainbow ________ color therapy since she left college.
A．practised B．was practised C．has practised D．will practise
7．Miss Lin a lot of work for the poor area since 2010.
A．has done B．did C．does D．will do
8．We ________ in the apartment near our school since 2019.
A．have lived B．are living C．live D．lived
9．Though they have ________ trouble for a long time, they are still ________ success.
A．got into; hoping to B．got into; hoping for
C．been in; hoping for D．been in; hoping to
10．—She ________ ten years ago.
—You mean she ________ him for ten years.
A．married; has got married to B．got married; has got married with
C．got married; has been married with D．got married; has been married to
11．I ________ this coat for almost 3 years, but it still looks quite new.
A．had B．bought C．have bought D．have had
12．Our community library ________ for two years in order to encourage us to read more.
A．opens B．has opened C．has been opened D．has been open
13．The old man ________ for more than 2 years. People still express their admiration for him online.
A．dies B．died C．had died D．has been dead
14．She has _________ her hometown for nearly ten years.
A．gone to B．been to C．gone away from D．been away from
15．—How long has he _________
—Since 2016.
A．been to Beijing B．become a policeman
C．joined the art club D．studied in this school
16．—Where is your father I need to talk to him.
—Sorry, he ________ Beijing. He’ll be back next week. By the way, I ________ Beijing before, and I ________ there for five years.
A．have gone to; have been to; has been in B．has gone to; have been in; have gone to
C．has gone to; have been to; have been D．have been to; has gone to; has been in
17．I ________ two novels recently and I ________ on a third one at present.
A．wrote; am working B．have written; am working
C．am writing; will work D．will write; will work
18．Since last month we ________ the volunteer program, we ________ more than 200 volunteers.
A．have started; had B．started; have
C．have started; have D．started; have had
19．—Paul, why are you still here School has been over for half an hour.
—I ________ my work yet. I still need one more hour.
A．won’t finish B．haven’t finished
C．didn’t finish D．don’t finish
20．So far China ________ twelve manned spaceships into space.
A．sends B．will send C．has sent D．sent
21．—________ you ever ________ to the Great Wall
—Yes, twice. It’s amazing.
A．Have; been B．Have; gone C．Did; go D．Do; go
22．Miss Gao ________ chemistry in our school for eight years since she graduated from Southwest University.
A．taught B．will teach C．teaches D．has taught
23．My mother told me that my homework must ________.
A．finish B．be finish C．be finished D．finished
24．The water ________ dark and dirty. It’s not safe to drink it.
A．becoming B．has become C．will become D．was becoming
25．The population of this city ________ rapidly in recent years.
A．has grown B．have grown C．grew D．grows
26．Lucy ________ ill for two days, so she cannot go to school today.
A．has been B．had been C．will be D．is
27．The school art competition is coming, but Lily ________ an idea for her painting yet.
A．hasn’t developed B．doesn’t develop
C．won’t develop D．is not developing
28．—______ you ______ the new poem yet
—Yes, I read it this morning.
A．Have; read B．Did; read C．Will; read D．Do; read
29．You don’t need to describe her. I ________ her several times.
A．had met B．met C．meet D．have met
30．He used to be quite shy, but he __________ a lot since he joined the acting club.
A．was changing B．changed C．will change D．has changed
31．Alex _____ tea culture since he came to China in 2010.
A．studies B．will study C．studied D．has studied
32．As their parents expected, boys have been gentlemen and girls have been ladies ________ they came to Livon Middle School.
A．for B．when C．where D．since
33．I sent her an email last week, but she hasn’t ________ yet. I hope she’s okay.
A．replied B．returned C．repeated D．remembered
34．—When did the teachers come to China
—They ________ China for seven years.
A．have come to B．have been to
C．have come in D．have been in
35．I ________ this book for two weeks. I have to return it to the library today.
A．have borrowed B．borrowed C．have kept D．kept
36．I have worked hard ________ then because I want to go to a good college in the future.
A．and B．since C．for D．but
37．She has been interested in dancing ________ she was a child.
A．when B．since C．for D．as
38．We ________ each other since he left here.
A．didn’t see B．hadn’t seen C．haven’t seen D．had see
39．He ________ in Beijing since he moved there ten years ago.
A．has lived B．lived C．is living D．had lived
40．—When _________ you _________ the new car
—Well, I _________ it for a week.
A．did; have; have had B．did; buy; have had
C．did; buy; have bought D．did; have; have bought

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