2025-2026学年人教版九年级英语全册十个重点语法总结

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2025-2026学年人教版九年级英语全册十个重点语法总结

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一、方位介词
方位介词 用法 后加名词、动名词、代词宾格
固定搭配
常见的方位介词 at / in“在某地”
in / on “在……上”
in / on / to “位于”
between / among “在……之间”
above / over / on “在……之上”
below / under “在……下面”
by / beside / near / next to “在……附近”
across / through “穿过;通过”
in front of “在……的前面”(范围以外)
in the front of “在……的前面”(范围以内)
方位介词是表示方位或地点的介词,常用的有:at,in,on,behind,outside,inside,next to,near, over, under, in front of, between,among 等。
at 和 in 表示“在某地” 。at 后接小地方;in 后接大地方。
e.g. in Shenzhen at the airport
in 和 on 表示“在 … … 上
(1)镶嵌在墙里的用 in;挂在墙面上的用 on。
e.g. a window in the wall a picture on the wall
(2)鸟一类落在树上的用in;苹果一类长在树上的用 on。
e.g.Look! There are some birds singing in the tree.
Look! There are so many pears on that tree.
in, on 和 to 都表示“位于”
in 表示在某范围之内的位置;on 表示两个地方接壤;to 表示两个地方相隔
e.g.
Haikou lies in the south of China.
Guangdong lies on the east of Guangxi.
Japan lies to the east of China.
between 用于表示两者之间,between...and...表示“在 … …和 … … 之间” ;among 主要用于示三者或三者以上的事物之间。
e.g.
There is a big tree between the teaching building and the library.
The little girl is standing among several dogs.
用法 举例
above表示“高于……”,表示相对高度,反义词是below Look! A bird is flying above the clouds. Is there a village below the mountain
over表示“在……正上方”,反义词是under In my memory,there was a bridge over the river. The cat is under the table.
on表示“在……之上”,与物体表面接触,,反义词是beneath There are many pens on the desk.
beside 表示“在旁边” ,相当于 by;next to 表示“紧靠 … … 的旁边”;near 表示在时间或空间上距离很近。
e.g.
We always play volleyball by the sea.
There is a bookstore next to my house.
He used to live near the river.
across 和 through 表示“穿过;通过”
across 表示从表面穿过、横跨过,它还有“在 … …对面”的意思;through 则强调空间概念,表示从内部穿过
e.g.
He helped an old woman walk across the road.
I looked through the window and found a cat.
8.in front of“在 … … 的前面” ,指某一范围以外的前面;in the front of“在 … … 的前面” ,指某一范围以内的前面。
e.g.
Our English teacher is standing in the front of the classroom. There is a supermarket in front of the car park.
二、动名词
动 名 词 结构 肯定形式:doing
否定形式:not doing
变化规则 一般在词尾直接加-ing
以不发音的e结尾的动词,去e加-ing
辅元辅结尾的重读闭音节,双写最后一个辅音字母加-ing
-ie结尾的动词,变ie为y,加-ing
作用 作主语 动名词作主语时,看作第三人称单数
有时用it作形式主语,把动名词置于句末
作宾语 在及物动词之后
在介词之后
作表语、定语 在系动词之后
常用搭配
由“动词+-ing ”构成,否定形式是在动名词前面加 not。
e.g. Laying eggs is the ant queen's full-time job.
e.g. It is no use arguing with him.
二、动名词的构成方式
变化规则 举例
1.一般在动词词尾直接加-ing buy→buying,wait→waiting
2.以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,去掉e再加-ing use→using,ride→riding
3.以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的动 词,要双写最后一个字母后加-ing begin→beginning, prefer→preferring
4.少数以-ie结尾的动词变ie为y,再加-ing die→dying,lie→lying,tie→tying
三、动名词句法功能
动名词既有动词的特征,也有名词的特征。它在句中主要充当主语,宾语,表语,介词宾语。
1.作主语
e.g. Getting up early is good for your health.
Smoking does harm to health.
★有些固定结构是 it 作形式主语。
It is no use doing sth.
It is no good doing sth.
e.g. It's no use explaining the thing again.
2.作宾语
(1)能直接带动名词作宾语的及物动词和短语主要有:
避免错过少延期avoid,miss,put off 建议完成多练习suggest,finish,practise
喜欢想象禁不住enjoy,imagine,can't help 承认否定与嫉妒admit,deny,envy
逃避冒险莫原谅escape,risk,excuse 忍受保持不介意stand,keep,mind
擅长be good at / do well in 放弃give up
期待look forward to 想要feel like
成功succeed in 习惯be / get used to
忙于be busy 感兴趣be interested in
害怕be afraid of 厌倦be tired of
有困难have trouble / difficulty (in)
e.g. He is fond of playing football.
We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term.
The boys are busy playing computer games.
(2)动名词作宾语与不定式作宾语的区别
A. begin,start 后
在 begin,stat 后用动名词或不定式作宾语,意义区别不大。
e.g. She began to learn / learning Italian seven years ago.
B. like, love 后
like,love 后用动名词作宾语多表示习惯性的动作,用不定式作宾语多表示一次性的动作。 e.g. I like / love playing basketball, But I don't like / love to play basketball today.
C.forget, remember,regret 后
forget,remember,regret 后接不定式表示还没有发生的动作,接动名词表示已经完成的动作。 e.g. Remember to inform me when you get back home.
I remember telling you the time.
D.need,want,require 后
表示“需要 ”的 need,want,require 后接不定式或动名词作宾语,接动名词时主动表被动e.g. My washing machine needs to be repaired / repairing.
E.try 后
try to do sth,意为“尽力做某事 ”;try doing sth,意为“试着做某事(看有没效果) ”
e.g. You should try to give up smoking.
Let's try speaking to him.
stop 后
stop to do sth.意为“停下来去做另一件事 ”;stop doing sth.意为“停止正在做的事 ”
e.g. You should stop talking.
Let's stop to have a break.
3.作定语
动名词作定语常放在被修饰词前,表示被修饰词的用途,相当于作后置定语的“for+动名词 ” e.g.a swimming pool; a teaching building
三、感叹句
感叹句 表赞美、惊叹、喜悦等感情
引导词 what
how
what引导的感叹句 What a cold day it is!
What dry weather it is!
What tall trees they are!
how引导的感叹句 How cold it is today!
How useful a book it is!
How fast he runs!
How time flies!
考点补充
1.定义
用来表示说话时喜怒哀乐等强烈感情的句子叫感叹句。感叹句句末常用感叹号,也可用句号,一般用降调来朗读。
e.g. How beautiful the girl is! 2.类型
(1)由“what”引导的感叹句
由what引导的感叹句的基本类型 举例
①What + a / an +形容词+可数名词的单数形式+主语+谓语! What a cold day it is!
②What+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语! What dry weather it is!
③What+形容词+可数名词复数+主语+谓语! What tall trees they are!
(2) 由“how”引导的感叹句
由how引导的感叹句的基本类型 举例
①How+形容词+主语+谓语! How cold it is today!
②How+形容词+a/an+可数名词的单数形式+主语+谓语! How useful a book it is!
③How+副词+主语+谓语! How fast he runs!
④How+主语+谓语! How time flies!
3.考点补充
(1)在口语中,以 what 或 how 开头的感叹句常可省略主语、谓语或其他句子成分。 e.g. What a good girl (she is) !
How cold (it is) !
What delicious fried chicken!
(2)how 和 what 可以互换,但要改变句子结构。
e.g. What a good girl she is!
= How good the girl is!
What wonderful the music it is!
= How wonderful the music is!
四、that/if/whether 引导的宾语从句
在英语中,宾语从句是用来充当动词的宾语的从句。"that" 、"if" 和 "weather" 都可以引导宾语从句,但它们在句子中的作用和用法有所不同。
"that" 引导的宾语从句:
"that" 通常用于引导一个陈述性的宾语从句,而且有时在口语或非正式写作中可以省略。用法:连接主句和宾语从句,表示肯定的陈述。
例句:I believe that you are right.(我相信你是对的。)
"if" 引导的宾语从句:
"if" 用于引导一个包含条件的宾语从句。
用法:连接主句和宾语从句,表示一个条件。
例句:I will call you if I have time.(如果我有时间,我会打电话给你。)
"whether" 引导的宾语从句:
"whether" 用于引导一个表示选择或疑问的宾语从句,相当于 "if" 或 "whether...or not"。用法:连接主句和宾语从句,表示一个选择或疑问。
例句:I don't know whether to accept the offer.(我不知道是否要接受这个提议。)
1."that" 引导的宾语从句通常不省略,尤其是在正式写作中。
2."if" 和 "whether" 都可以引导条件状语从句,但 "whether" 更常用于表示选择的情况。
3.在宾语从句中,即使表示将来的动作,也通常使用现在时态。
4.宾语从句应该使用陈述语序,而不是疑问语序。
五、非谓语动词作宾语补足语
非谓语动词,包括不定式(infinitives)、动名词(gerunds)和分词(participles),可以用作宾语补足语。宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的动作或状态的。
一、不定式作宾语补足语:
结构:基本形式是 "主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + 不定式"。
用法:表示宾语要执行的动作。
例句:I want you to call me later.(我希望你稍后打电话给我。)
二、动名词作宾语补足语:
结构:基本形式是 "主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + 动名词"。
用法:表示宾语正在进行或经常执行的动作。
例句:We heard him singing in the next room.(我们听到他在隔壁唱歌。)
三、分词作宾语补足语:
分词可以是现在分词(present participle)或过去分词(past participle)。
现在分词:
结构:基本形式是 "主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + 现在分词"。
用法:表示宾语正在进行的动作。
例句:I found him working on the project.(我发现他在做项目。)
过去分词:
结构:基本形式是 "主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + 过去分词"。
用法:表示宾语已经完成的动作或状态。
例句:I heard the door locked.(我听到门被锁上了。)
1.有些动词后面可以跟不定式或动名词作宾语补足语,但意义可能不同。例句:I like to swim.(我喜欢游泳。)/ I like swimming.(我喜欢游泳。)
2.有些动词后面只能跟一种形式的非谓语动词作宾语补足语。
3.分词作宾语补足语时,通常表示被动或完成的意义。
4.非谓语动词作宾语补足语时,要保持逻辑上的主谓一致。
六、情态动词
用法 本身有一定的词义,但要与动词原形一起构成谓语
无人称和数的变化
直接构成否定句和一般疑问句
结构 肯定句 主语+情态动词+动词原形+其它部分
e.g. Mike can speak Chinese and English.
否定句 主语+情态动词+ not +动词原形+其它部分
e.g. Mike cannot speak Chinese or English.
一般疑问句 情态动词+主语+动词原形+其它部分?
e.g. Can Mike speak Chinese and English
常见的情态动词 can 表能力
表请求或允许
表推测
can的过去式
can’t
may 表请求或征求对方的许可
表推测
may not
must 表“必须”(与have to区别)
表推测
mustn’t
should 表义务,责任
表推测
情态动词的问答
一、概述
情态动词本身有一定的词义,情态动词不能单独作谓语,后面需要接动词原形才能充当谓语。没有人称和数的变化。常见情态动词有:may,might,can,could,will,would,shall,should,must,need dare,ought to。
二、句型结构
1.肯定句:主语+情态动词+动词原形+其它部分e.g. Mike can speak Chinese and English.
2.否定句:主语+情态动词+ not +动词原形+其它部分e.g. Mike cannot speak Chinese or English.
3.一般疑问句:情态动词+主语+动词原形+其它部分
肯定回答:Yes ,主语+情态动词
否定回答:No ,主语+情态动词+not Can Mike speak Chinese and English
Yes, he can. / No, he can't.
2.must 提问,肯定回答用“Yes, 主语+ must.” ,否定回答用“No, 主语+ needn't/don't have to.” .
e.g.-Must I finish the work now
Yes, you must. / No, you needn't / don't have to.
七、宾语从句
一、连词 that 引导的宾语从句
(一)宾语从句的种类
宾语从句是一种名词性从句,在句中作及物动词的宾语,或介词的宾语,或形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词,宾语从句可分为三类。
1 、 由 that 引导的宾语从句。that 只有语法作用,没有实在的意义,在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。 He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.
2 、由连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which 和连接副词 when, where, why, how 引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。
Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for
He asked whose handwriting was the best.
3 、 由 if 或 whether 引导的宾语从句。if 和 whether 在句中的意思是"是否"。
I want to know if (whether) he lives there.
He asked me whether (if) I could help him.
(二)宾语从句的语序
宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序,即按照主语、谓语的顺序。
1 、陈述句变为宾语从句,语序不变,即仍用陈述语序。
He is an honest boy. The teacher said.
→ The teacher said(that) he was an honest boy.
2 、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句,语序变为陈述语序。
Does he work hard I wonder.
→ I wonder if/whether he works hard.
(三)宾语从句主句与从句时态一致的问题。
1 、如果主句是现在的某种时态(包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时),那么宾语从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。
I remember he gave me a book yesterday.
He has told me that he’ll leave for New York tomorrrow.
I don’t think (that) you are right.
Please tell us where he is.
Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station
2 、如果主句是过去的某种时态(包括一般过去时、过去进行时),那么宾语从句一定要用过去的某种时态(包括一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时)。
He told me that he would take part in the high jump.
He asked what time it was.
He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet.
He asked if you had written to Peter.
He said that he would go back to the US soon.
3 、如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实或真理,即使主句是过去时,从句也用一般现在时态。 Our teacher said that January is the first month of the year.
Scientists have proved that the earth turns around the sun.
He told me that the earth is round.
(四)that 引导的宾语从句:that 是宾语从句的一个引导词,放在主句和从句之间。它引导的宾语从句由陈述句转化而来,故从句的语序不变。在 that 引导的宾语从句中,that 作连接代词,无意义,在句中不作任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中通常可以省略。
1 、that 引导的宾语从句的用法
(1) 位置:that 引导的宾语从句通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)、介词或形容词之后。
①作及物动词,如:say,think,tell,know,hear ,see ,hope,wish,remember ,forget 等的宾语。如: She says that she will help me learn English this evening.
她说今天晚上她会帮我学英语。
②作介词的宾语:连词 that 引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语,只用在 except ,but ,in 之后。如:
He is a good boy except that he is careless.
他是一个好男孩,只是有点儿粗心。
③作"be + 形容词"结构的宾语。某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句,如:sure ,glad ,certain, pleased ,sorry ,happy ,afraid 等,连词 that 可省略。如:
I’m happy (that) I passed the exam. 我很高兴我通过了考试。
时态:主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词可根据具体情况选用适当的时态;主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,从句中也必须用过去的某种时态。试比较:
He says that he wants to see him as soon as possible. 他说他想尽快见到他。
He said that he wanted to see him as soon as possible. 他说他想尽快见到他。
【特别提醒】
当主句是一般过去时,而宾语从句的内容表示的是客观真理、事实、科学原理、自然现象、名言警句格言、谚语等时,此时宾语从句用一般现在时,这些情况下不受主句时态的限制。如:
The teacher told us that the earth goes round the sun. 老师告诉我们地球围绕着太阳转。
(3)引导词 that 可以省略的几种情况:
引导宾语从句的连词 that 通常可以省略:
She said (that) she would come to the meeting. 她说过要来开会的。
I promise you (that) I will be there. 我答应你我会去的。
I hoped (that) I would / should succeed. 我曾希望我会成功。
He thinks (that) they will give him a visa. 他想他们会给他签证。
He thought (that) they would give him a visa. 他本想他们会给他签证。
I expect (that) the plane will be diverted. 我料想飞机会改变航线。
I expected (that) the plane would be diverted. 我本料想飞机会改变航线。
Everybody knows (that) money doesn’t grow on trees. 众所周知,金钱是不会从树上长出来的。
I suggested (that) they should / shouldn’t drive along the coast. 我建议他们沿着 / 不要沿着海岸开车
【注意】有时为了强调,that 引导的宾语从句可位于句首,此时 that 不可省略:
That she is a good girl I know. 她是一个好姑娘,我是知道的。
(4)引导词 that 不能省略的几种情况:
that 在引导宾语从句时,并不是在任何情况下都可以省略,在以下几种情况下,that 不能省略。
①从句的主语是 that 时,that 不能省略;
We know that is an interesting film. 我们知道那是一部有趣的电影。
②and 连接的两个表示陈述意义的宾语从句并列时,有时省去第一个从句的连词 that ,但第二个从句的连词 that 一般不可以省略。如:
He told me (that) they could not decide what to do and that they asked my advice.
他告诉我他们决定不了去做什么并且问了我的意见。
③that 引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时,that 不能省略。如:
I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.
对他我一无所知,只知道他是南方人。
(5)如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语,则用 it 作形式宾语,而将宾语从句后置。如:
We thought it strange that Xiao Zhang did not come yesterday.
小张昨天没来,我们觉得很奇怪。
(6)宾语从句的否定转移。
在 think,believe ,suppose ,expect 等动词后的宾语从句,当主句的主语是第一人称时,谓语尽管是否定的意思,却不用否定形式,而将think 等动词变为否定形式,英语称这种现象为否定转移。如
①我认为今晚他不能来。
【误】I think he can’t come this evening.
【正】I don’t think he can come this evening.
②他认为我们现在不在教室里。
【误】He doesn’t think we are in the classroom now.
【正】He thinks we are not in the classroom now.
【特别警示】
含有"否定转移"现象的句子,主句的主语必须是第一人称,此时,变成反意疑问句,附加问句要由从句来决定;如果主句的主语是其他人称,附加问句要由主句来决定。如:
I don’t think he is right, is he 我认为他不对,是吗?
He thinks I can come, doesn’t he 他认为我能来,是不是?
(7) 如果宾语从句中含有否定意义的副词或形容词。如:hardly ,never ,seldom ,no ,few ,little等,其反意疑问句要用肯定形式。如:
We find that he seldom goes to visit his mother, does he
我们发现他不常看望他的妈妈,是吗?
(8) that 引导的宾语从句变成被动语态时,只变主句,不变从句。实际上,我们经常把 It is said that ... (据说……);It is known that ...(众所周知……);It is reported that ...(据报告……)等当作固定句式来运用。如
It is said that he is from Canada. 据说他来自加拿大。
二、疑问词引导的宾语从句
特殊疑问句作宾语从句时, 由疑问词 when, who, what, where, whatever, how ,which, why 等引导。宾语从句的词序一律用陈述句的词序,即"主语+谓语"词序。
①带有系动词 be(is ,am ,are ,was,were)的特殊疑问句。
主句 宾语从句
Do you know how old Liz is 你知道兹几岁吗
I know how old Liz is. 我知道莉兹几岁。
I don’t know how old Liz is. 我不知道莉兹几岁。
宾语从句"how old Liz is "是主句动词 know 的宾语。how 在从句中作副词。注意从句的顺序,主语在动词前(Liz is)。
②带有(情态)助动词 is/am/are/have/has/can/should 等的特殊疑问句
When is Ann going to lran 安什么时候去伊朗?
→ Do you know when Ann is going to lran 你知道安什么时候去伊朗吗?
→ I don’t know when Ann is going to lran. 我不知道安什么时候去伊朗。
What should I do 我该怎么办?
→ Can you tell me what I should do 你能告诉我,我该怎么办吗?
→ Please tell me what I should do. 请告诉我,我该怎么办。
Where has Ron gone 朗去了哪里?
→ Do you know where Ron has gone 你知道朗去了哪里吗?
→ I don’t know where Ron has gone. 我不知道朗去了哪里。
③带有助动词 do/does/did 的特殊疑问句。
Where did I put my wedding ring 我把我的结婚戒指放在哪里了?
→ Do you know where I put my wedding ring 你知道我把我的结婚戒指放在哪里了吗?
→ I don’t remember where I put my wedding ring. 我不记得我把我的结婚戒指放在哪里了。
What does Sue think about Lulu 苏对露露的看法是什么?
→ Do you know what Sue thinks about Lulu 你知道苏对露露的看法是什么吗?
→ I know what Sue thinks about Lulu. 我知道苏对露露的看法是什么。
注意:1 、 由于宾语从句要求陈述句语序,故而在从句中它变成了陈述语序。请看下列两组句子: How much does this coat cost
→ I want to know how much this coat costs.
Where did you go yesterday
→ Please tell me where you went yesterday.
2 、当疑问代词 what 、who 在特殊疑问句中作主语时,该特殊疑问句本身就是陈述句语序,所以当该句用来作宾语时,语序不需要调整。
What’s wrong with you 怎么了?
→ He asked the girl what was wrong with her.
What’s the matter 怎么了?
→ He asked the girl what was the matter.
What has happened to him
→ We want to know what has happened to him.
三、连词whether 或 if 引导的宾语从句
当从句部分是一般疑问句或选择疑问句时,常用 if 或whether 引导宾语从句,if/whether 意为"是否"。说明对陈述的事物不明确或不清楚。常用在 see ,ask ,say ,learn,tell,wonder ,doubt ,find out,be uncertain /doubtful / be not known 等后,二者通常可以互换。 口语中多用 if 代替 whether 。在非正式的写作中,可以使用 if 或 whether 两个词来表达不定性,两者都算标准。
I wonder if/whether he is a driver. 我想知道他是不是个司机。
Alice wants to know if/whether she has passed the exam.
爱丽丝想知道她是否考试及格了。
Lily asked if/whether she liked it. 莉莉问她是否喜欢它。
I want to know if (whether) he lives there. 我想知道他是否住在这儿。
He asked me whether (if) I could help him. 他问我是否可以帮助他。
【拓展】
一般情况下,if 和 whether 可互换,在口语中多用 if, 而在以下几种情况下,只能用 whether。
1 、与 or 连用分别引导两个从句时,或强调两方面的选择, 特别是句中有 or not 时用 whether ,不用if。
2 、在动词不定式之前只能用 whether。
3 、在介词之后只能用 whether 引导宾语从句,而 If 则不能。
4 、 宾语从句置于句首表示强调时,用 whether ,不用 if。
5 、在某些动词(如 discuss ,decide)之后,只能用 whether ,而不用 if 引导宾语从句。
6 、在引导否定概念宾语从句时,只能用 if,而不用 whether。
注意:doubt 否定句用 that 引导。因为 don’t doubt 意为相信,不怀疑,if 是否表示疑虑。
八、现在完成时
(一)现在完成时基本结构:
主语+have/has+动词的过去分词
①肯定句:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+宾语.
②否定句:主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词)+宾语.
③一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词+宾语.
④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词(V-ed)+其他)
(二)过去分词变化规则如下:
1. 规则动词:规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。变化规则有四点 (1)一般动词,在词尾直接加"-ed "。
work →worked →worked visit →visited →visited
(2) 以" e "结尾的动词,只在词尾加"-d "。
live →lived →lived
(3) 以"辅音字母 + y "结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加"-ed "。
study →studied→studied cry →cried→cried
(4)重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加"-ed "。
stop →stopped→stopped drop→dropped →dropped
2. 不规则动词变化需参看不规则动词表逐一熟记。
cut →cut →cut it →hit →hit
(三)现在完成时用法
1. 现在完成时用来表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果。也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在,强调的是现在。
I have already posted the photo.
我已经把照片寄走了。强调 post对现在的影响"照片不在这里"。
2. 现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的、持续到现在的动作(用行为动词表示)或状态(be动词表示) ,常与 for(+时间段) ,since(+ 时间点或过去时的句子)连用,谓语动词必须是延续性动词如:
He has lived here since 1978.
自从 1978 年以来,他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于 1978 年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去注意:for 和 since 的用法。
①for + 时间段 译为: ……时间
②since + 过去一个时间点(译为: 自从……以来)
③since + 时间段 + ago
④since + 从句(过去时)
⑤It is + 时间段 + since + 从句(过去时)
注意: 瞬间动词(buy, die, join, lose. ..)与 for 或 since 引导的时间段连用时,要改变成延续性动词。
变化如下:
come/arrive/reach/get to →be in go out→be out finish →be over
open→be open die →be dead buy →have
Fall ill →be ill Come back→be back Put on→be on/wear
Worry →be worried Catch a cold →have a cold
(四)与现在完成时连用的时间状语
现在完成时是一个与过去和现在都有关系的时态,因此,具有这样时间特点的状语都可以与现在完成时连用。
1. 与表示一段时间的状语连用,如"for+时间段", "since+时间点"。如:
We have lived in this city for more than 40 years. 我们在这个城市已生活了 40 多年。
We have lived in this city since 1958. 我们从 1958 年起就住在这个城市里。
从以上两个例句我们可以看出,与表示一段时间的状语连用时,谓语动词常为 stay, live, teach, learn, work, sleep, read, wait, keep 等具有延续意义的动词。
2. 与笼统地表示过去的时间状语连用,如 already, never, ever, just 等。如:
I’ve just found this library book. 我刚刚找到这本图书馆的书。
How beautifully she sings! I have never heard a better voice.
她唱得多美啊!我还从来没听到过比这更优美的嗓音。
3. 与表示包含过去和现在的一整段时间的状语连用,如 lately, recently, in the past few years, these few years, these days, up to now, so far 等。如:
How have you been recently 你近来状况如何?
The famous writer has written a new book in the past two years.
那位著名的作家在过去两年的时间里写了一本新书。
Have you seen her parents these days 这些天你看见她的父母了吗?
The Browns have visited a lot of places in China so far.
迄今为止,布朗一家已经参观了中国的许多地方。
注意:现在完成时不能与单纯表示过去的时间状语连用,如 yesterday,last week,in 2002, three days
(五)现在完成时与一般过去时区别
1. 侧重点不同
现在完成时和一般过去时所表示的动作都发生在过去,但它们所强调的重点不同:现在完成时侧重于对现在的影响;而一般过去时侧重于某一动作发生在过去某个时间或某段时间,即现在完成时侧重于现在的结果,而一般过去时侧重于动作发生的时间。如:
I have seen the film.
我看过这部电影。(现在我仍记得电影的内容)
I saw the film three days ago.
三天前我看了这部电影。(强调是三天前,而不是别的什么时候看的电影)
Mr Green has bought a new computer.
格林先生买了一台新电脑。(着重点是格林先生现在有了一台新电脑)
Mr Green bought a new computer yesterday.
格林先生昨天买了一台新电脑。(强调的是格林先生买新电脑的时间是昨天)
2. 时间状语不同
现在完成时常与 already ,yet,just ,ever ,never ,before 等副词以及"for+段时间", "since+过去时间/从句"等时间状语连用;而一般过去时则常与"时间段+ago",just now ,yesterday ,last week 等表示过去的时间状语连用。如:
She has lived here since two years ago. 她两年前就住在这里了。
She lived here two years ago. 两年前她住在这里。
He has been in the League for three years. 他入团已经三年了。
Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 昨晚汤姆给他的父母写了封信。
九、被动语态
一、语态的基本概念和种类
英语的谓语动词有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。前者表示句子的主语为动作的发出者,后者表示句子的主语为动作的承受者。
二、被动语态的用法
1.不知道谁是动作的执行者或是没有必要说明执行者时。
e.g. Paper is made from wood.
2. 需要强调动作的承受者时。
e.g. Trees are planted every year.
三、各种时态被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词 be +及物动词的过去分词”构成
一般现在时 am / is / are +过去分词 am / is / are + played
一般过去时 was / were +过去分词 was / were + played
一般将来时 will / shall + be +过去分词 will / shall be + played
现在进行时 am / is / are + being +过去分词 am / is / are being + played
过去进行时 was / were + being +过去分词 was / were being + played
现在完成时 have / has + been +过去分词 have / has been + played
过去完成时 had + been +过去分词 had been + played
四、主动语态变为被动语态的步骤
1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。
2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的 be+过去分词,时态要与原句保持一致。
3.把主动语态的主语变为介词 by+宾语,放在被动语态里谓语动词之后,by 短语通常可省略。
e.g.
People plant trees near the river. Trees are planted near the river.
She broke the glass yesterday. The glass was broken by her yesterday.
We will hold a meeting tomorrow. A meeting will be held tomorrow.
五、常见的句型结构
1. It is agreed(believed/decided/hoped/thought ...)that...大家同意(相信、决定、希望、认为)
2. It is well known that ...众所周知
3. It is taken for granted that ...被视为当然
4. It must be remembered that ...务必记住
5. It is said(reported, heard, told,suggested)that ...据说(报道、听说、告知、建议)
六、被动语态的其它用法
1.不及物动词没有被动语态。
e.g. The accident happened last week.
2.系动词没有被动语态
e.g.The song sounds beautiful.
3.部分动词在主动语态中省 to ,被动语态需要加 to。
e.g.
make sb. do sth.= sb. be made to do sth.
see sb. do sth.= sb. be seen to do sth.
hear sb. do sth.= sb. be heard to do sth.
watch sb. do sth.= sb. be watched to do sth.
4.有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。
e.g. The new book sells well.
5.动介短语用于被动语态时,动介短语应当看作一个整体。
e.g. We should not laugh at him.-, He shouldn't be laughed at.
6. want, need, require 等动词后用 doing 形式表示被动意义,
e.g. My bike needs mending.= My bike needs to be mended.
十、定语从句
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词:在复合句中修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。定语从句所修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有 that ,which ,who ,whom ,whose。
(一) 定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括 that , which , who(宾格 whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括 where , when , why 等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
(二) 定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
(三)关系代词的基本用法
作主语 作宾语 作定语
指人 who/that who/whom/that/省略 whose
指物 which/that which/that/省略
The man who/that spoke at the meeting is from Hong Kong. 会上发言的人来自香港。
The building which/that is being built will be used as a hospital. 在建中的这幢建筑将用作医院。
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the world. 我拜访了一位世界知名的科学家。
1 、当关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词要与先行词保持主谓一致。
He is one of the boys who like playing basketball. 他是喜欢打篮球的男孩子之一。
He is the one of the boys who likes playing basketball. 他就是那个喜欢打篮球的男孩子。
2 、通常在以下六种情况下只能用 that 而不能用which:
(1)先行词为 all ,much ,something ,everything ,nothing ,little ,none ,the one 等代词时。 That is all that I want to say. 那就是我想要说的。
(2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用 that而不用 which.。
He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。
This is the most wonderful film that I have seen. 这是我看过的最精彩的电影。
Look at the apples. You can see the two that you gave me. 看这些苹果。你能看到你给我的那两个。
(3) 以 who 或 which 引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用 that。
Who is the girl that is crying 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
(4)先行词被 the only , the very , the same , the last , little , few 等词修饰时,只能用 that ,而不用
which。
This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
Mr. Smith is the only foreigner that he knows. 史密斯先生是他唯一认识的外国人。
(5)先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用 that ,而不用 which。
We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited. 我们访问过的老师和学校给我们留下了深刻的印象。
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
(6)先行词在主句中作表语,或关系代词在从句中作表语时。
It’s a book that will help you a lot. 这是一本对你很有帮助的书。
(7)主句是 there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用 that ,而不用 which There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
3 、关系词只能用 which ,而不用 that 的情况:
(1)先行词为 that , those 时,用 which ,而不用 that。
What’s that which is under the desk 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?
(2)关系代词前有介词时,一般用 which ,而不用 that。
This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。
(3)引导非限制性定语从句,用 which ,而不用 that。
Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。
二、关系副词引导的定语从句
(一)关系副词的基本用法
1 、when 在句中作状语,表示时间。
He remembers the day when he joined the League. 他记得他入团那天。
This was the time when he arrived. 这是他到达的时间。
2 、 where 在句中作状语,表示地点。
This is the place where Lu Xun was born. 这就是鲁迅出生的地方。
This is the place where he works. 这是他工作的地点。
3 、why 在句中作状语,表示原因。
This is the reason why he is late today. 这就是他今天迟到的原因。
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
【易错提醒】
1. 当先行词为地点名词时,如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语,则用 that 或 which 引导。如: This is the house which/that was built by my grandfather forty years ago.
这是我爷爷在 40 年前建造的房子。(定语从句中缺少主语,所以要用 which/that ,而不用where)
2. 当 position ,point ,case ,stage ,situation ,atmosphere 等表示抽象地点的名词充当先行词时,若定语从句中缺少状语,则用where 来引导。如:
It’s helpful to put children in a situation where they can see themselves differently.
把孩子们放在一个能够让他们从不同角度看待自己的环境中对他们很有帮助。
3. 关系副词why 指原因,代替先行词并在定语从句中作原因状语,其先行词一般是 reason。 Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our help 这是他拒绝我们帮助的理由吗?
三、“介词+关系代词 ”引导的定语从句
要掌握"介词+关系代词"引导的定语从句,我们要注意以下五点:
1、某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
→This is the house where I lived two years ago.
这就是我两年以前住过的那间房子。
2 、 "介词 + which / whom "构成的定语从句。
介词后只能用 which/whom ,不用 who/that ,但当介词放在后面时,在限制性定语从句中,可用 that 代替 which / whom ,并且 that 可省略。在非限制性定语从句中只能用关系代词 which/whom。
我向你请教的那个问题现在已经解决了。
【误】The problem about that I consulted you has now been solved. (错)
【正】The problem about which I consulted you has now been solved. (对)
【正】The problem I consulted you about has now been solved. (对)
3 、 "名词+ 介词+which / whom"引导的定语从句
We had a meeting the purpose of which was completely unclear.
我们开了一个会,会议的内容还不完全清楚。
4、在非限制性定语从句中,of which / whom 可用来修饰不定代词 all, each, one, many, much, more, most, any, some, a few, a little, none, both, several, enough, the latter, the former 等。
There are 103 elements found in nature, most of which are metals.
自然界中发现了 103 种金属元素,大都是金属。
5 、 "介词+ which +名词"引导的定语从句。
which 是一个代表所有关系的关系代词,可用来代表一个名词/代词或句子的一部分,但更多的是来代表整个句子。其中的名词通常是一个抽象名词,如:case, fact, state, time, point 等。
He may be late, in which case we ought to wait for him.
他可能要迟到,因此我们应该等他。
四、非限制性定语从句
(一)限制性定语从句是不能去掉的,否则剩下的部分就失去意义而不能成立。非限制性定语从句则不然,它只对所修饰的词作进一步的说明,去掉之后并不影响整个句子的含义。在形式上,非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常必须有逗号隔开。
Finally we visited the Giant Yangtze Gorges Dam, which is the greatest key water control project in the world at present. 最后我们参观了长江三峡大坝,它是目前世界上最大的水利枢纽工程。
(二)引导非限制性定语从句的which 可以指代前面的先行词,也可以指代前面整个句子
That Peter will marry Alice, which has not been announced yet, has spread around.
彼特要娶爱丽斯这件事还没宣布,却已被传得沸沸扬扬。
(三)除 which 外,还可用 when , where , who ,whom 等关系副词或关系代词引导非限制性定语从句。
After graduation, I decided to stay in Chongqing, where I spent my childhood and four years of college life.毕业后,我决定留在重庆,在那里我度过了我的童年和四年大学生活。
【注意】that 不能引导非限制性定语从句。
在限制性定语从句中,如果先行词作宾语时,引导词可以省略;但引导非限制性定语从句的引导词不能省,同时关系代词 whom 不能用 who

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