资源简介

Unit 4　Exploring poetry
一、 单词学记
(一) 英汉对记(46组)
1. barren adj. 贫瘠的，不毛的；不结果实的(43)
2. imply vt. 含有……的意思，暗示，暗指(44)
3. dimension n. 方面，侧面；规模，程度；维(44)
4. grasp n. 理解，领会；抓紧，握紧，控制；能力所及
vt. 抓紧；领会，理解(44)
5. rhyme n. 押韵词；押韵
vt. 使押韵
vi. 和……同韵(44)
6. complex adj. 复杂的，难懂的
n. 建筑群；复合体；情结(45)
7. clue n. 线索，提示；迹象(45)
8. cage vt. 把(动物)关在笼中
n. 笼子(45)
9. trill n. (鸟的)啼啭；颤音
vt. 欢快地高声说
vi. 发颤音(45)
10. aside adv. 到旁边，在旁边；留，存；除……以外(45)
11. remote adj. 偏远的，偏僻的；遥远的，久远的；远亲的(45)
12. reward vt. 奖励，奖赏
n. 奖励，回报；悬赏金(45)
13. inner adj. 内心的，隐藏的；里面的，内部的(45)
14. reality n. 现实，实际情况；事实，实际经历(45)
15. mist n. 薄雾，水汽(47)
16. ideal n. 理想；典范
adj. 完美的，理想的(48)
17. rigid adj. 死板的，僵硬的；固执的，僵化的(48)
18. advocate vt. 拥护，支持，提倡
n. 拥护者，支持者；辩护律师(48)
19. era n. 时代，年代(48)
20. district n. 区，行政区；地区，区域(49)
21. diverge vi. 分叉，岔开；分歧，相异；偏离(50)
22. bend vi.& vt.(bent, bent) (使)拐弯，弯曲
n. 拐弯，弯道(50)
23. claim n. 声明，宣称；所有权；索赔
vt. 宣称，声称；要求；索取；获得(50)
24. tread vi.& vt.(trod, trodden) 踩，踏；踩碎，践踏；行走，步行(50)
25. sigh n．& vi. 叹气，叹息(50)
26. hence adv. 因此，由此(50)
27. dare vi.& vt. 敢于，胆敢；激(某人做某事)(53)
28. dweller n. 居民，居住者(53)
29. Taoism n. 道教，道家(53)
30. legend n. 传说，传奇故事；传奇人物(53)
31. encounter vt. 偶然碰到，意外地遇见；遭遇，碰到
n. 相遇，遭遇，冲突(53)
32. nourish vt. 培养，助长；抚养，滋养(53)
33. numerous adj. 众多的，许多的(53)
34. glorious adj. 荣耀的，光荣的；壮丽的，辉煌的(53)
35. boom n. (贸易和经济活动的)激增，繁荣
vi. 迅速发展，激增，繁荣昌盛(54)
36. unconstrained adj. 不受约束的，自由的(54)
37. exaggeration n. 夸张，夸大(54)
38. metaphor n. 暗喻，隐喻(54)
39. frost n. 霜；霜冻，严寒天气(54)
40. cast vt. (cast, cast) 投射；向……投以(视线、笑容等)；投，抛；选派角色
n. 全体演员；投，抛(54)
41. owe vt. 欠(情)；欠(债)(54)
42. debt n. 人情债，情义，恩情；借款，欠款，债务(54)
43. fascinate vt.& vi. 深深吸引，迷住(54)
44. blame vt. 把……归咎于，责怪，指责
n. 责任，责备，指责(55)
45. triumph n. 巨大成功，重大成就，伟大胜利
vi. 打败，战胜，成功(55)
46. impostor n. 冒名顶替者，冒名行骗者(55)
(二) 拓展倍记(13组)
1. frozen adj. 结冰的，冰封的；冷冻的；冻僵的(43)→freeze vt.& vi.(使)冻结，结冰；(使)冻住，冻堵；冰冻；严寒n.冻结；停止；冰冻期→freezing adj. 极冷的；冰冻的；冰点以下的
2. detect vt. 发现，查明，侦察出(44)→detective n. 侦探；警探；私人侦探→detection n. 侦查；探测；察觉；发现
3. interpret vt. 解释，阐释；把……理解为，领会；演绎vi.口译(45)→interpreter n. 口译工作者；口译译员；演绎(音乐、戏剧中人物等)的人→interpretation n. 理解；解释；说明；演绎；演奏方式；表演方式
4. patience n. 耐心，忍耐力(45)→patient adj. 有耐心的；能忍耐的n. 接受治疗者，病人
5. constantly adv. 始终，一直(45)→constant adj. 连续发生的；不断的；重复的；不变的；固定的；恒定的n. 常数；常量
6. logical adj. 符合逻辑的；必然的，合乎情理的(45)→logic n. 思维方式；解释方法；逻辑；(做某事的)道理，合乎情理的原因；逻辑学
7. novelist n. 小说家(48)→novel n．(长篇)小说 adj. 新颖的；与众不同的；珍奇的
8. belief n. 看法，信念；信仰；相信，信心(48)→believe vt.& vi. 相信；认为真实；把(某事)当真；认为有可能；认定；看作
9. striking adj.引人注目的，显著的；妩媚动人的，标致的(53)→strike vt. & vi. 突然想到，撞，碰；打；突击；罢工；划(火柴) n. 罢工；袭击；击，打(31)
10. characterize (also characterise) vt. 是……的特征，以……为典型；使……具有特点；描述，刻画(53)→character n．(人、集体的)品质，性格；(地方的)特点，特性；(事物、事件或地方的)特点，特征，特色；勇气；毅力；(地方或人的)与众不同之处，特色
11. Confucianism n. 儒家，儒学，孔子学说(53)→Confucius n. 孔子
12. stability n. 稳定(性)，稳固(性)(54)→stable adj. 稳定的；稳固的；牢固的；稳重的；沉稳的；持重的 n. 马厩 vt. 使(马)入厩
13. liberty n. 自由(54)→liberal adj. 宽宏大度的；心胸宽阔的；开明的；自由的；支持变革的；慷慨的 n. 宽容的人；开明的人；支持变革的人
(三) 合成并记(1组)
undergo vt. (underwent, undergone) 经历，经受(48)
(四) 短语强记(4组)
1. dig up发现，搜集，查明(45)
2. set sth aside把……放一边；留出(45)
3. break with sth与某事终止关联，破除(48)
4. make allowance for 体谅；考虑到，估计到(55)
(五) 重点例释(18组)
1. grasp n. 理解，领会；抓紧，握紧，控制；能力所及 vt. 抓紧；领会，理解
①I grabbed him, but he slipped from my grasp.
我紧抓着他，可他还是从我手里溜掉了。
②Don't let the situation escape from your grasp.
别让局面失去控制。
③He has a good grasp of German grammar.
他德语语法掌握得很好。
2. contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的，对立的
①Their theories are generally believed to be totally contradictory to each other.
一般认为他们各自的理论完全是相互矛盾的。
②The two newspapers have offered contradictory views as to the same issue, which means they take different stands.
这两张报纸对于同一个问题提供了对立的观点，这说明他们有不同的立场。
③He contradicts everything I say.
我说什么他都反驳。
3. dig up发现，搜集，查明
(1) dig vt. & vi. (dug, dug)掘(地)；凿(洞)；搜寻(物品)
(2) dig out挖掘出；找出，发现
①Where did you dig up the fresh evidence
你从哪儿弄到那些新证据的？
②The villagers dug many tunnels through which they could fight against the enemies.
村民们挖了许多地道，他们可以通过这些地道与敌人作战。
③By carefully questioning, they managed to dig out the information they were looking for.
通过小心询问，他们设法找出想要的信息。
4. reward vt. 奖励，奖赏 n. 奖励，回报；悬赏金
(1) in reward for为酬答……，作为对……的奖励或回报
(2) in reward作为回报
(3) as a reward for作为(对某事的)报酬(奖励、回报)
(4) rewarding adj. 有益的；值得做的；报酬高的
(5) 比较：award、reward、prize
*award “奖，奖品，奖金”，指为鼓励在工作中达到所提出的要求或条件的人而进行的奖励，往往强调荣誉而不在乎奖品的大小或奖金的多少。
*reward “酬谢，赏金”，指对某人的工作或服务等的报答，也指因帮助警方抓到罪犯或帮助失主找到东西而得到的酬金、赏金。
*prize “奖品；奖赏”，多指在各类竞赛、竞争或抽奖中所赢得的奖品。这种奖赏有的凭能力获得，有的凭运气获得。
①How can I reward your kindness
我如何酬谢你的好意呢？
②What a pity! He got nothing in reward for his hard work.
真遗憾啊！他的努力工作一无所获。
③Nursing can be a very rewarding career.
做护士可以是非常有意义的职业。
④Because of her excellent work she was given many awards.
由于她出色的工作，她获得了许多奖项。
5. perceive vt. 注意到，意识到；将……理解为，将……视为
①She perceived that all was not well.
她意识到并非一切都顺利。
②This discovery was perceived as a major breakthrough.
这一发现被视为一项重大突破。
③She showed great perception in her assessment of the family situation.
她对家庭状况的分析显示出她敏锐的洞察力。
6. industrialization n. 工业化
(1) industrialize vt. & vi. 使工业化
(2) industry n. 工业；行业；勤奋，勤劳
表示“工业”，其相应的形容词是industrial(工业的)；表示“勤奋”，其相应的形容词是industrious(勤劳的)
①There has been a recent trend in the food service industry towards lower fat content and less salt.
食品服务行业最近出现了降低脂肪含量和减少盐的趋势。
②He won the prize through his industry.
他靠勤奋获奖。
③As we all know, the industrial revolution took place in England first.
我们都知道工业革命是先在英国发生的。
④She was an industrious and willing worker.
她是个勤劳肯干的员工。
7. bend vi. & vt. (bent, bent) (使)拐弯，弯曲
n. 拐弯，弯道
(1) bent adj. 弯曲的；弯腰的；不诚实的，不正派的
(2) be bent on (doing) sth 决心(做)某事
①I bent a stick and broke it in two pieces.
我把一根棍子折成两段。
②The man then bent down and gave his wife the flower.
男人弯下腰，把花给了他的妻子。
③He bent his mind to the job.
他专心于他的工作。
④He is bent on becoming a doctor.
他决心当医生。
8. claim n. 声明，宣称；所有权；索赔
vt. 宣称，声称；要求；索取；获得
①The strike resulted in the acceptance of workers' claim by the employer.
罢工的结果是资方接受了工人的要求。
②Students surveyed by the team all claimed to support the plan.
接受该团队调查的学生都声称支持这项计划。
③The tsunami happening deep under the sea in South east Asia claimed more than 200，000 lives.
产生于东南亚深海中的海啸夺走了20多万人的生命。
9. tolerant adj. 宽容的，容忍的；能耐……的
(1) tolerate vt.容许，允许；忍受；容忍；包容；(对药物)有耐受性；能经受(困难条件)
(2) tolerance n. 忍受；容忍；宽容；宽恕；忍耐力；忍受性；耐力；耐量；公差；容限
①He has a very tolerant attitude towards other religions.
他对其他宗教持非常包容的态度。
②I can't tolerate your bad manners any longer.
我再也不能容忍你无礼的行为。
③In some communities there is a particular need to develop tolerance and improve race relations.
某些社区亟需发扬宽容精神，改善种族关系。
10. vitality n. 生命力，活力，热情
vital adj. 必不可少的；对……极重要的；生命的；维持生命所必需的；生气勃勃的；充满生机的；热情洋溢的
①Without continued learning, graduates will lose their intellectual vitality.
如果不继续学习，毕业生就会失去思想上的活力。
②Mr Li said China's reforms had brought vitality to its economy.
李先生说中国的改革给其经济注入了活力。
③Our capacity for innovation is not strong, and our weakness in terms of core technologies for key fields remains a vital problem.
我们的创新能力并不强，我们在关键领域的核心科技的弱点依然是个重要的问题。
11. distinguish vt. & vi. 成为……的特征，使有别于；区分，辨别；认出；使出众
(1) distinguished adj. 卓越的；杰出的；著名的；显得重要的；高贵的；有尊严的
(2) distinguishable adj. 可以区别开的；可辨认的；可辨识的
①I can distinguish them at a distance.
从远处我能认出他们。
②Now's your chance to distinguish yourself.
你大显身手的时机到啦！
③The king held a feast for his distinguished guests.
国王为他尊贵的客人们举行了盛大的宴会。
④He had a very distinguished career in the Foreign Office.
他在外交部有过一段光辉的事业。
⑤It was getting light and shapes were more distinguishable.
天亮了起来，物形可以看得更清楚了。
12. representative adj. 典型的，有代表性的
n. 典型人物，代表性人物；代表
represent vt. 代表；作为……的代言人；维护……的利益；等于；相当于；意味着
①He is a representative of our company.
他是我们公司的代表。
②Beijing is a representative Chinese city.
北京是一个典型的中国城市。
③This painting represents a storm.
这幅画描绘了一场暴风雨。
13. cast vt. (cast, cast)投射；向……投以(视线、笑容等)；投，抛；选派角色 n. 全体演员；投，抛
(1) cast aside抛弃；废除
(2) cast away扔掉；丢弃；抛弃
(3) cast about四处寻找；苦苦思索
(4) cast/throw a shadow over/on投下一片阴影，给……蒙上阴影
(5) cast down沮丧；泄气
(6) cast light on使(问题等)较容易理解
(7) cast off摆脱；抛弃
(8) give a cast with one's eye用眼睛瞥了一下
①Sweden needs to cast aside outdated policies and thinking.
瑞典必须摒弃过时的政策和思维。
②They cast away the equipment they would not need.
他们把不用的设备全部丢弃了。
③The parents' quarrel cast a shadow over the mind of their children.
父母的争吵在孩子心里投下了阴影。
④That information may cast light on the mystery.
那项情报可能有助于查明那件疑案。
14. owe vt. 欠(情)；欠(债)
(1) owing to由于；因为
(2) own adj. & pron. 自己的 vt. 拥有
(3) owner n. 物主；主人
(4) ownership n. 所有权；产权
①We owe our parents a lot.
＝We owe a lot to our parents.
我们亏欠我们的父母很多。
②I owe you my best thanks.
我衷心地感谢你。
③Our trading connection has broken off owing to a disagreement over prices.
因为价格问题无法达成共识，我们的贸易关系中止了。
④The number of the children who own the iPads is growing all the time.
拥有iPad的儿童数量一直在增长。
15. entitle vt. (usually passive)给……命名；使享有权利，使符合资格
①You will be entitled to your pension when you reach 65.
你到65岁就有资格享受养老金。
②She read a poem entitled The Apple Tree.
她读了一首题为《苹果树》的诗。
③Neither the subject nor the title of this lecture is of my own choice.
这次讲演的主题与题目都不是我自己选定的。
16. blame vt. 把……归咎于，责怪，指责
n. 责任，责备，指责
(1) blame sth on sb＝blame sb for sth 因为……而指责某人；把……归咎于某人
(2) be to blame (for sth) (对坏事)负责任
①He blamed the failure on me.
＝He blamed me for the failure.
他把失败归咎于我。
②Which driver was to blame for the accident
哪位司机是此次事故的肇事者？
③I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else's fault.
我拒绝为别人的过错承担责任。
④He put all the blame on me.
他把一切都归咎于我。
17. make allowance for 体谅；考虑到，估计到
(1) allowance n. 津贴，补助；限额；零花钱(＝pocket money)
(2) allow vt. 允许，准许；给予
(3) allow for把……计算在内；考虑到；估计到
(4) allowable adj. 容许的；可免税的(钱款部分)
①She receives a monthly allowance of $500.
她每月收到500美元的津贴。
②We must make allowance for his youth and inexperience.
我们应当体谅他年轻和没有经验。
③You should make allowances for the fact that she's only seven.
你应该考虑到这样一个事实，她只有七岁。
④When you set off for your appointment, allow for the traffic and make sure you are on time, or even a little bit early.
当你出发去赴约的时候，为交通状况留余地，确保你准时到达，甚至提前一点到达。
18. unforgiving adj. 棘手的；不饶人的，不宽容的
(1) forgive vt. (forgave, forgiven)原谅，宽恕；请原谅
(2) forgive and forget 既往不咎；不念旧恶
(3) forgiveness n. 原谅，宽恕
①He was an unforgiving man who never forgot a slight.
他斤斤计较，很不大度。
②Would they forgive and forget—or show him the door
他们会既往不咎吗——还是会对他下逐客令呢？
二、 短语扩充
(一) 英汉对记(89组)
1. an expression of one's will(P43) 意志的表达
2. a lecture transcript 演讲稿
3. give a poetry recital 举办一场诗歌朗诵会
4. the fallen flowers 落花
5. hold fast to dreams 紧紧抓住梦想，坚持梦想
6. a broken winged bird 折断翅膀的鸟
7. better understand and appreciate poems(P44) 更好地理解和欣赏诗歌
8. a deeper meaning beyond the words 超越字面意义的更深层含义
9. reveal this hidden dimension 揭示这个隐藏的含义
10. beyond one's grasp 某人无法理解
11. the caged bird(P45) 笼中鸟
12. sing with a fearful trill 用可怕的颤音唱歌
13. long for 渴望
14. interpret the meaning of a poem解读诗歌的意义
15. with much painstaking effort 经过艰苦的努力
16. a lifelong job 终身工作
17. go on a journey to … 去……旅行
18. make one's great discovery 有重大发现
19. fill up with snow 积满雪，银装素裹
20. abandon logical thinking 放弃逻辑思维
21. perceive another level of meaning 感知另一层含义
22. be worth one's effort 值得努力，值得一试
23. the everlasting beauty 永恒的美
24. have a dialogue in one's head with the author(P46) 在脑海中与作者进行对话
25. build up 逐步增长，逐步建立，增进
26. form one's own opinion 形成某人自己的意见
27. (be) covered with mist(P47) 笼罩着薄雾
28. the hidden beauty of simple and ordinary things 简单平凡的事物所隐藏的美
29. out of place 不在正确的位置；格格不入；不相称，不适当，不适时
30. stick out 伸出；探出；显眼；坚持到底，忍耐到底
31. solve a riddle 解谜
32. look … up in the dictionary 查字典
33. an introduction to Romantic poetry(P48) 浪漫主义诗歌介绍/概论
34. a cultural movement 文化运动
35. follow rigid rules 遵守死板的规则
36. put emphasis on … 强调，重视；把重点放在……
37. undergo a process 经历一个过程
38. Romantic poets 浪漫主义诗人
39. the improvements in science 科学的进步
40. advocate (doing) sth 提倡(做)某事
41. go back to nature 回归自然
42. celebrate the beauty of nature 歌颂大自然之美
43. explore the world of emotion 探索情感世界
44. experiment with …(P49) 以/对……做试验
45. natural scenes 自然风光，自然场景
46. rich sensory details 丰富的感官细节
47. one of the leading poets 杰出的诗人之一
48. be perfect for … 非常适合……
49. receive one's degree 获得学位
50. have a huge impact on … 对……有巨大影响
51. a collection of poems 一部诗集
52. mark the start of the Romantic era 标志着浪漫时代的开始
53. make all the difference(P50) 结果大不相同
54. take the difficult path(P51) 走艰难的路
55. give the outline of the lecture 给出讲课提纲
56. stress a certain word 强调某个词
57. have no choice but to do sth 除了做某事别无选择，不得不做某事
58. get … across to sb(P52) 把……向某人说清楚
59. a poetry review 诗评
60. the symbolic meaning of the words 词语的象征意义
61. one's personal experience 某人的个人经历
62. reach out for(P53) 伸手去够，伸手去拿
63. for fear of 为了避免，唯恐
64. in one's teenage years 在某人青少年时期
65. striking imagination 惊人的想象力
66. familiarize sb with sth 使某人熟悉某物
67. acquire the wisdom of previous generations 汲取前人的智慧
68. (be) driven by a burning desire for … 被强烈的……欲望驱使
69. nourish one's love of nature 培养某人对大自然的热爱之情
70. be deeply rooted in 深深扎根于
71. the social and historical context 社会历史背景
72. in the most glorious period of the Tang Dynasty 在唐朝最辉煌的时期，在盛唐时期
73. a time of economic boom and social stability(P54) 经济繁荣和社会稳定的时期
74. this open and tolerant atmosphere 这种开放和宽容的氛围
75. develop a free and unconstrained personality 养成了自由不羁的个性
76. given one's personal experiences 考虑到某人的个人经历
77. the most uninformed reader 最无知的读者，最没有文化的读者
78. the figures in legends 传说中的人物；传奇人物
79. a vehicle for one's imagination 某人想象力的载体
80. breathe vitality into the lifeless objects 给无生命的物体注入活力
81. be inseparable from … 与……息息相关
82. be cast into the mirror 被投射在镜子里
83. mastery of language 语言的掌握
84. be widely recognized as 被广泛认可为
85. owe a debt to … 欠……的情；需要感谢……
86. inspirational poems 励志诗
87. deal in lies(55) 用谎言去应付谎言(以牙还牙)
88. this timeless art form(P56) 这种永恒的艺术形式
89. from different perspectives 从不同的角度
(二) 同词类记(2组)
● set(14)
1. set about 攻击；抨击；开始做，着手做
2. set against反对；使对立
3. set apart 留出；使与众不同
4. set aside 把……放到一旁；留出(钱或时间)；暂时不考虑
5. set back 使推迟；耽误
6. set down 放下；记下；制订，规定
7. set forth 阐明；陈述；出发
8. set free 释放
9. set in 开始；到来
10. set off出发；动身；引起；拉响(警报)
11. set on 突然攻击；袭击
12. set out 陈列；动身，启程；开始工作；陈述
13. set sail 启航；开船
14. set up 设立；建立；安装；引起
● break(8)
1. break away from 突然挣脱；逃脱；脱离，背叛
2. break down 破坏；垮掉；出故障；失败
3. break in 强行进入；破门而入；打断
4. break into 强行闯入；突然开始；成功参与
5. break off 断开；折断；突然终止
6. break out 爆发，突然发生；逃出；摆脱
7. break through 突破；取得突破；克服；战胜
8. break up 破碎；解散；结束(关系等)
三、 精选句型
1. People with the impression that poetry is difficult to understand often hesitate about reading poetry.(P44)
2. More than any other type of literature, it usually implies a deeper meaning beyond the words on the page.(P44)
3. All of these are good qualities to notice, and they may lead you to a better understanding of the poem in the end.(P44)
4. As you slowly explore your surroundings, you will start to dig up clues that give you a greater understanding of the poem.(P45)
5. Poems that are easy to understand are often less interesting than those that constantly reveal deeper and previously unrecognized meanings.(P45)
6. Poetry can take me to remote mountaintops covered with mist; it can also take me inside someone else's mind.(P47)
7. I will not be rewarded immediately, but when I finally understand a poem, it will stay with me for a long time.(P47)
8. The aim of the Romantics was to break with the ideals of the 18th century: they refused to follow rigid rules; instead, they put emphasis on the importance of imagination and feeling, the love of nature and a return to the past.(P48)
9. Exploring the world of emotion and showing the beauty of nature, the poetry of the Romantic era is one of the greatest treasures in Western literature.(P48)
10. An article about your understanding of a poem is called a poetry review, in which you describe the symbolic meaning of the words and images in a poem, and provide a personal understanding of the poem.(P52)
11. By reading books of all kinds, from legends to historical stories, he familiarized himself with classical Chinese culture, and more importantly, he acquired the wisdom of previous generations.(P53)
12. These travelling experiences also nourished his love of nature and inspired him to write numerous poems in the romantic style.(P53)
13. This open and tolerant atmosphere allowed Li Bai the liberty to develop a free and unconstrained personality, which, in turn, had a huge impact on his poetic production.(P54)
14. Even the most uninformed reader would not fail to be impressed by the poet's rich imagination.(P54)
15. These features are inseparable from Li Bai's wide use of exaggeration, metaphor and other artistic techniques.(P54)
16. Generations of poets, both in China and abroad, owe a debt to his inspirational poems.(P54)
四、 语法指南
非谓语动词概述(Overview of to infinitives, verb ing and verb ed forms)
(一) 基础网络
非谓语动词 主动语态 被动语态 意义
不 定 式 一般式 to do to be done 表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生
进行式 to be doing / 表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生
完成式 to have done to have been done 表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前
现在分词/ 动名词 一般式 doing being done 表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或基本上同时发生
完成式 having done having been done 表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生
过去分词 done 与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成
Many Chinese brands，having developed their reputations over centuries, are facing new challenges from the modern market.
很多中国品牌，历经几个世纪树立了声誉，正面临着当代市场带来的新挑战。
There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
在我们准备在月球上长住之前，还有很多问题需要解决。
(二) 不同功能
1. 非谓语动词做状语
(1) 不定式做状语
①做目的状语，可用so as to/in order to替换，意为“为了；想要”，但 so as to一般不可置于句首。
To calculate the amount of power, work is divided by time.
要计算功率的大小，可将功除以时间。
②做结果状语，常表示出乎意料的结果，常用于下列结构中：only to do、enough to do(足够做……)、too … to … (太……而不能……)、so/such … as to … (如此……以至于……)等。
Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky.
汤姆乘出租车去了机场，结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。
③做原因状语，常用在“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”结构中。这类形容词有：easy、difficult、hard、cheap、expensive、fit、comfortable、 heavy、good、important、impossible、dangerous、surprised、astonished、delighted、disappointed等。
We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.
令我们吃惊的是，这座寺庙仍保持着最初的样子。
[注意]语法填空中常考查“主语＋be＋形容词＋不定式”结构，句子的主语和不定式构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且此时不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义。另外需注意的是在该结构中，不定式中的动词必须是及物动词；若为不及物动词，则要在其后加上适当的介词，使之构成及物动词短语。
(2) 分词做状语
主动语态 被动语态
现在分词 一般式 doing：表主动、进行 being done：表被动、进行
完成式 having done：表主动、完成 having been done：表被动、完成
过去分词 done：①表被动、完成； ②用作形容词，表状态，常见的有：located(坐落于)、lost(迷路的)、seated(坐着的)、lost/absorbed/buried in(沉溺于)等。
Ordered over a week ago, these books are expected to arrive at any time now.
这些书是一个多星期以前订购的，现在有望随时到货。
Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way using the sun and the stars.
像古代的船员一样，鸟类可以利用太阳和星星找到它们的路。
Absorbed in painting, John didn't notice evening approaching.
由于专心绘画，约翰没有注意到夜幕正在降临。
(3) 独立成分做状语
有些分词或不定式短语做状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常用的有：generally/frankly/roughly/strictly speaking、talking of、speaking of、judging from/by、taking everything into consideration、compared to/with、to be frank、to tell (you) the truth、to be honest、to make things worse 等。
Judging from his accent, he is from Hong Kong.
从口音判断，他是香港人。
To tell you the truth, I am a little tired.
说实话，我有点累。
(4) 独立主格结构
非谓语动词做状语时，它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句子中做状语，我们称之为独立主格结构。
独立主格结构的特点：a. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。b. 独立主格结构中做逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词或不定式是逻辑上的主动或被动关系。c. 独立主格结构一般有逗号与句子分开。
独立主格结构的构成：a. 名词/代词＋分词。b. 名词/代词＋不定式。c. with/without＋名词/代词＋分词/不定式。
The test finished(＝When the test was finished)，we began our holiday.
考试结束后，我们就开始放假了。
Time permitting, we'll visit the Summer Palace.
如果时间允许，我们将参观颐和园。
She sat still, with her eyes closed.
她闭着眼睛静静地坐着。(被动，状态)
She sat still, with her eyes looking at the ceiling.
她静静地坐着，眼睛看着天花板。(主动，进行)
2. 非谓语动词做定语
(1) 不定式做定语
①不定式做定语通常放在所修饰词之后，表示将来的动作。不定式与其所修饰的词之间往往是动宾关系，若该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。
Suddenly a good idea occurred to her, but she couldn't find any paper to write on.
突然她想到了一个好主意，但是她找不到纸把它写下来。
②序数词、形容词最高级、the last、the only 等后或被这些词修饰的名词/代词后，常用不定式做定语。
He is always the first to arrive at school and the last to leave school.
他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。
③被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式做定语。常见的这类名词有：ability、chance、idea、hope、wish、fact、excuse、promise、attempt、way 等。
And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit.
增强意志力最好的方法就是让它成为一种习惯。
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。
④当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时，做定语的不定式使用主动式；当句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语且不定式与所修饰的名词或代词之间是被动关系时，不定式使用被动式。
Have you got anything to buy
你有什么东西要买吗？(you是buy的执行者)
I want to go to Beijing. Do you have anything to be bought
我要去北京。你有什么东西要买吗？(you不是buy的执行者且buy与anything之间是被动关系)
(2) 分词做定语
①做定语的及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词、“being＋过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用现在分词；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时，用“being＋过去分词”；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。
②做定语的不及物动词的分词形式为：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示动作已完成，不表被动。
To return to the problem of water pollution, I'd like you to look at a study conducted in Australia in 2019.
为了再讨论一下水污染的问题，我想让大家看一项2019年在澳大利亚进行的研究。
Last night, there were millions of people watching the opening ceremony live on TV.
昨天晚上，有几百万人观看了开幕式的电视直播。
[注意]非谓语动词做定语的解题思路：表示被动、完成用done；表示主动、进行用doing；表示被动、进行用being done；表示主动、尚未进行用to do；表示被动的动作尚未进行用to be done。
3. 非谓语动词做宾语
(1) 只接不定式做宾语的动词有：agree、intend、plan、demand、promise、prepare、decide、refuse、choose、wish、hope、expect、fail(未能)、pretend、manage、determine、beg、arrange、threaten、claim、hesitate、wait、happen(碰巧)等。
She seated herself at a small table in the restaurant, waiting to be served.
她坐在餐馆里的一张小桌子旁等着被服务。
(2) 只接动名词做宾语的动词(短语)有：admit、avoid、consider、escape(避开)、imagine、mind、miss、practise、suggest、feel like、give up、put off、object to、look forward to等。此外，have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth、have fun (in) doing sth等结构中也用动名词做宾语。
I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended.
我回避提及这个话题，以免冒犯他。
It's quite hot today. Do you feel like going for a swim
今天很热。你想去游泳吗？
(3) 接不定式与动名词做宾语所表示的意义不同的动词：
She nearly forgot to give him a tip for his service.
她差点忘了给他的服务付小费。
—That would mean wasting a lot of labour.
—Really？I don't mean to waste any labour.
——那将意味着浪费许多劳动力。
——是吗？我并没打算浪费劳动力。
[注意]①动词want、need、require作“需要”讲时，其后要用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式做宾语。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve(值得)。
②不定式做动词(短语)learn、decide、know、wonder、show、tell、understand、explain、teach、advise、find out 等的宾语时，前面常带引导词how、what、whether、where、when、who 等。
③介词后一般要接动名词做宾语，但介词but/except后接不定式做宾语，若前有实义动词do，不定式要省略to。
4. 非谓语动词做宾语补足语
(1) 不定式做宾补
①不定式做宾补时，宾语和不定式之间在逻辑上是主谓关系，表示将要发出的主动动作。常接不定式做宾补的动词(短语)有：advise、allow、ask、beg、cause、encourage、expect、forbid、force、intend、invite、order、persuade、prefer、require、remind、tell、want、warn、wish、call on、depend on等。
If we expect people to give up the habit of driving, we must give them an alternative they can rely on.
如果我们期望人们放弃开车的习惯，我们必须给他们一个可以依赖的替代方案。
Having finished her project, she was invited by the school to speak to the new students.
完成项目之后，她被学校邀请去给新生讲话。
②有些动词，如think、consider、believe、suppose、feel、find、understand等后常用to be做宾补或主补。
Chinese people are considered to be the most hard working people in the world.
中国人被认为是世界上最勤劳的人民。
③在sb be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought＋to do/to have done结构中，不定式用作主语补足语。
He is thought to have acted foolishly. Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.
大家都认为他表现得很愚蠢。现在要为他的失业负责的不是别人，而是他自己。
(2) 分词做宾补
①现在分词做宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，且强调正在进行的主动动作。可接现在分词做宾补的常见动词有：感官动词(see、watch、observe、notice、hear、listen to、feel)；使役动词(have、get)、find、leave、keep、catch等。
Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help？听！你听到有人正在喊救命吗？
②过去分词做宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，且表示被动动作。可接过去分词做宾补的常见动词有：感官动词(see、watch、observe、notice、hear、listen to、feel)；使役动词(have、make、let、get)、find、leave、keep等。
Back from his two year medical service in Africa, Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother taken good care of at home.
李博士在非洲进行了两年的医疗服务，回来后看到他的母亲在家里被照顾得很好他很高兴。
③使役动词have、get后接非谓语动词做补语的异同点：a. have sth done＝get sth done让别人做某事；b. have sb/sth doing让……一直做某事；get sb/sth doing 使……开始做某事；c. have sb do sth＝get sb to do sth让某人做某事。
Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car washed.
在开车进城之前，你需要洗洗车。
④with的复合结构为：a. with＋宾语＋doing表示动作正在发生或经常发生；b. with＋宾语＋done表示被动或完成；c. with＋宾语＋to do表示将要发生的动作。
The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog following them.
这老两口常常在晚饭后到公园里散步，他们的宠物狗则在后面跟着。
With such a short time left before the deadline, it doesn't seem likely that John will finish the job.截止日期之前只剩下很短的时间，约翰似乎不可能完成工作了。
With a lot of work to do, she wasn't allowed to leave her office.
由于有许多工作要做，她不被允许离开办公室。
5. 非谓语动词做主语和表语
(1) 不定式做主语和表语
①不定式做主语时，一般表示具体某一次的动作。若不定式太长，常用it做形式主语，将不定式后置。
No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when it's better to remain silent.
不论你多么能说会道，有些时候保持沉默会更好。
②不定式做表语时，表示预定要发生的动作，常用于aim、purpose、idea、plan、wish、decision、choice等词及what引导的名词性从句后。
His wish is to be a doctor in the future.
他的愿望是将来当一名医生。
What I want to do most in senior high is (to) improve my English.
我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英语水平。
(2) 动名词做主语和表语
①动名词做主语常表示抽象的、泛指的概念，也可用it做形式主语，把做真正主语的动名词短语放在句末。常用于固定句型有：It's a waste of time doing …； It's no use/good doing …； It is useless doing …； There is no use doing …等。
Facing up to your problems rather than running away from them is the best approach to working things out.
直面你的问题而不是逃避它们，是解决这些问题最好的方法。
It's no use complaining without taking action.
不采取行动而只是抱怨是没用的。
②动名词做表语时相当于名词，用于解释主语的内容，表语和主语常常可以互换位置。
My job is cleaning the house three times a week.(＝Cleaning the house three times a week is my job.)
我的工作是每星期打扫三次房子。
③remain用作连系动词时，意为“仍然是”，后可接现在分词或过去分词做表语；但用作不及物动词时，意为“尚待……；留待……”，后常接to be done。
She remained standing though we repeatedly asked her to sit down.
虽然我们三番五次地请她坐下，但她还是站着。
It remains to be seen whether the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice.
新成立的委员会提出的方针能否实行还有待观察。
[注意]不定式和动名词做主语时，谓语动词都用单数。
五、 话题写作
(一) 佳句积累
1. What is kept in the heart is the will, but when expressed in words, it is poetry.(名言：在心为志，发言为诗。)
2. Even if its true meaning appears to be beyond your grasp, you can always say something about how the poem sounds when you read it aloud. (Even if引导让步状语从句；how置于介词后引导宾语从句；when引导时间状语从句)
3. Third, if you are still struggling to interpret the meaning of a poem even with much painstaking effort, just have some patience.(if引导条件状语从句；祈使句)
4. This may seem difficult at first, but when you finally make your great discovery, your efforts will be rewarded.(but连接并列句；when引导时间状语从句；被动语态)
5. As long as the journey of poetry reading makes you feel something or lets you perceive another level of meaning, it will have been worth your effort.(As long as引导条件状语从句；be worth＋名词)
6. Reading critically means having a dialogue in your head with the author, relating the text to your own reasoning and experiences, and forming your own ideas about the text.(四个动名词短语，一个做主语，三个做并列宾语)
7. It is the lines which stick out that make a poem interesting.(强调句型中间插入定语从句)
8. Interpreting poetry can be difficult, but what I love about poetry is that it makes me wonder—sometimes it is like a riddle that I want to solve, or a question that I want to answer.(动名词短语做主语；but连接并列句；what引导主语从句；that引导表语从句；破折号后面内容补充说明，其中两个that都引导定语从句)
9. In poetry, it is common to have lines that rhyme; that is to say, these lines have a repetition of the same sound at the end.(it做形式主语；第一个that引导定语从句；that is to say意为“也就是说”)
10. Li Bai grew up in the most glorious period of the Tang Dynasty，a time of economic boom and social stability.(同位语)
11. Given his personal experiences and the historical background, it is only natural to see that the majority of Li Bai's poems are characterized by the romantic style.(Given意为“考虑到”，熟词生义；it做形式主语)
12. Equally impressive is Li Bai's free expression of strong feelings, which breathes vitality into the lifeless objects he describes, and which distinguishes him from other landscape poets. (形容词置于句首用倒装；两个which引导非限制性定语从句)
(二) 佳作欣赏
阅读下面美国诗人Ralph Waldo Emerson的诗歌A Nation's Strength节选，写一篇诗评，发表在校英文报上。内容包括：
1. 诗歌的作者；
2. 简要介绍这首诗的内容；
3. 这首诗对你的启发。
注意：
1. 写作词数应为80左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
A Nation's Strength
Not gold but only men can make
A people great and strong；
Men who for truth and honor's sake
Stand fast and suffer long.
Brave men who work while others sleep，
Who dare while others fly …
They build a nation's pillars deep
And lift them to the sky.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
One possible version：
The poem entitled “A Nation's Strength” was written by an American poet named Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Though the poem is short, the ideas it expresses are deep. It clearly shows the great people of the nation's backbone, who stand fast and suffer long for truth and honor's sake, and who work while others sleep.
From my perspective, these national heroes really deserve our respect. After reading this poem, I am determined to devote my whole being to my country when I grow up and I am convinced that with the dedication of many young people, our country is sure to become more prosperous.

展开更多......

收起↑