高频词根词缀词族对照表知识清单-2026届高考英语一轮复习

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高频词根词缀词族对照表知识清单-2026届高考英语一轮复习

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第一部分 核心词根词族
词根是词汇的“核心骨架”,掌握词根可快速推导派生词含义,是高考词汇记忆 的核心方法。
1. act- / ag-(核心含义:做、行动、驱动)
派生词 1:act(v. 行动;表演;n. 行为)
真题例句:2023 年全国甲卷阅读 A 篇:"You don't have to wait for an official call to act. Small steps can make a big difference."
派生词 2:active(adj. 积极的;活跃的)
构词:act(行动)+ -ive(形容词后缀,表“…性质的”)
真题例句:2022 年新高考 I 卷完形填空:"As an active member of the school drama club, she often helps organize performances."
派生词 3:action(n. 行动;行为)
构词:act(行动)+ -ion(名词后缀,表“行为”)
真题例句:2021 年全国乙卷阅读 D 篇:"Actions speak louder than words, so it's better to show your support through practical help."
派生词 4:react(v. 反应;回应)
构词:re-(前缀,表“回”)+ act(行动)→ 对外界行动的回应
真题例句:2024 年浙江卷阅读 B 篇:"How people react to failure often determines whether they can achieve success in the end."
派生词 5:interaction(n. 互动;相互作用)
构词:inter-(前缀,表“在…之间”)+ act(行动)+ -ion(名词后缀)→ 彼此 之间的行动
真题例句:2023 年新高考 II 卷阅读 C 篇:"The interaction between teachers and students plays a key role in improving learning efficiency."
2. pos- / posit-(核心含义:放、放置)
派生词 1:position(n. 位置;立场;v. 安置)
构词:posit(放置)+ -ion(名词后缀)→ 放置的地方或态度
真题例句:2022 年全国乙卷阅读 C 篇:"She adjusted her position slightly to get a better view of the stage."
派生词 2:propose(v. 提议;建议;求婚)
构词:pro-(前缀,表“向前”)+ pose(放置)→ 向前放置观点或请求
真题例句:2023 年新高考 I 卷语法填空:"He proposed that we should start early to avoid the morning traffic."
派生词 3:postpone(v. 推迟;延期)
构词:post-(前缀,表“在…之后”)+ pone(pos 的变体,放置)→ 放到后面做
真题例句:2024 年全国 I 卷完形填空:"Due to the bad weather, the sports meeting had to be postponed until next week."
派生词 4:expose(v. 暴露;揭露)
构词:ex-(前缀,表“出”)+ pose(放置)→ 放置到外面,不再隐藏
真题例句:2021 年新高考 I 卷阅读 D 篇:"The report exposed the problems in the current education system and put forward solutions."
派生词 5:deposit(v. 存放;沉积;n. 存款;押金)
构词:de-(前缀,表“向下”)+ posit(放置)→ 向下放置并留存
真题例句:2022 年天津卷阅读 B 篇:"You need to deposit 500 yuan as a security deposit when renting the apartment."
3. port-(核心含义:携带、运输、支撑)
派生词 1:support(v. & n. 支持;支撑)
构词:sup-(前缀,表“在下面”)+ port(携带)→ 在下面携带,即支撑
真题例句:2020 年全国 II 卷阅读 D 篇:"Her family and friends have always given her strong support in her pursuit of art."
派生词 2:import(v. 进口;输入;n. 进口商品)
构词:im-(前缀,表“进入”)+ port(携带)→ 携带进入本国
真题例句:2023 年北京卷阅读 C 篇:"This country imports a large amount of grain every year to meet domestic demand."
派生词 3:export(v. 出口;输出;n. 出口商品)
构词:ex-(前缀,表“出去”)+ port(携带)→ 携带到国外
真题例句:2024 年山东卷阅读 B 篇:"The region is famous for its tea, which is exported to many countries in Europe."
派生词 4:transport(v. 运输;运送;n. 运输)
构词:trans-(前缀,表“跨越”)+ port(携带)→ 跨越空间携带
真题例句:2022 年浙江卷阅读 A 篇:"The company uses special trucks to transport fresh vegetables to the city."
派生词 5:passport(n. 护照)
构词:pass(通过)+ port(携带)→ 携带并用于通过国境的证件
真题例句:2021 年全国 I 卷完形填空:"Don't forget to take your passport when you go abroad for the academic conference."
4. dict-(核心含义:说、言、指示)
派生词 1:predict(v. 预测;预言)
构词:pre-(前缀,表“预先”)+ dict(说)→ 预先说出结果
真题例句:2023 年新高考 I 卷阅读 D 篇:"Some experts predict that renewable energy will account for 50% of global energy consumption by 2030."
派生词 2:indicate(v. 指示;表明)
构词:in-(前缀,表“向”)+ dic(说)+ -ate(动词后缀)→ 向他人说明或指出
真题例句:2022 年全国甲卷阅读 B 篇:"The data collected from the survey indicate that most students are satisfied with the school's services."
派生词 3:contradict(v. 反驳;与…矛盾)
构词:contra-(前缀,表“反对”)+ dict(说)→ 说出反对的话
真题例句:2024 年江苏卷阅读 C 篇:"His latest statement contradicts what he said in the press conference last month."
派生词 4:dictionary(n. 词典)
构词:dict(说,即词汇)+ -ion(名词后缀)+ -ary(表“物”)→ 收录词汇的工 具书
真题例句:2021 年天津卷语法填空:"A good dictionary is an essential tool for learning English well."
5. struct-(核心含义:建造、构建)
派生词 1:structure(n. 结构;构造;v. 组织)
构词:struct(建造)+ -ure(名词后缀)→ 建造而成的框架
真题例句:2023 年全国乙卷阅读 C 篇:"The structure of the article is clear, with each paragraph focusing on a specific point."
派生词 2:construct(v. 建造;构建;n. 建筑物)
构词:con-(前缀,表“加强”)+ struct(建造)→ 集中力量建造
真题例句:2024 年浙江卷阅读 D 篇:"Workers spent three years to construct this bridge, which connects the two cities."
派生词 3:instruct(v. 指导;教授)
构词:in-(前缀,表“进入”)+ struct(建造)→ 引导他人构建知识或技能
真题例句:2022 年新高考 II 卷完形填空:"The coach will instruct us on how to improve our performance in the competition."
派生词 4:destroy(v. 破坏;摧毁)
构词:de-(前缀,表“否定”)+ stroy(struct 的变体,建造)→ 使建造的东西 毁坏
真题例句:2021 年全国 I 卷阅读 B 篇:"The earthquake destroyed many houses, leaving thousands of people homeless."
第二部分 高频前缀词族
前缀改变词汇的语义方向(如否定、时间、方位),不改变词性(部分例外),
是拓展词汇的高效途径。
1. 否定前缀:un- / in- / im- / il- / ir-(核心含义:不、无、非)
un-(用于形容词、副词、动词前)
派生词 1:unhappy(adj. 不开心的)→ happy(开心的)+ un-
真题例句:2023 年全国甲卷完形填空:"She felt unhappy because she failed to pass the driving test."
派生词 2:unpredictable(adj. 不可预测的)→ predictable(可预测的)+ un-
真题例句:2024 年全国 I 卷阅读 B 篇:"The weather in this area is unpredictable, so you'd better take an umbrella with you."
派生词 3:unlock(v. 解锁;开启)→ lock(锁)+ un-
真题例句:2022 年天津卷阅读 A 篇:"You can unlock the door with the password I gave you earlier."
in-(用于以非 b/p/m/l/r 开头的词前)
派生词 1:inactive(adj. 不活跃的)→ active(活跃的)+ in-
真题例句:2023 年新高考 II 卷完形填空:"The old man has been inactive since he retired, spending most of his time reading."
派生词 2:incomplete(adj. 不完整的)→ complete(完整的)+ in-
真题例句:2021 年浙江卷阅读 C 篇:"The application form is incomplete, so you need to fill in the missing information."
im-(用于以 b/p/m 开头的词前)
派生词 1:impossible(adj. 不可能的)→ possible(可能的)+ im-
真题例句:2022 年全国乙卷语法填空:"It is impossible to finish the task in such a short time without help."
派生词 2:impolite(adj. 不礼貌的)→ polite(礼貌的)+ im-
真题例句:2023 年北京卷完形填空:"It is impolite to interrupt others when they are speaking."
2. 重复/返回前缀:re-(核心含义:再、又、返回、重复)
派生词 1:rewrite(v. 重写;改写)
构词:re-(再)+ write(写)→ 再次书写
真题例句:2024 年新高考 I 卷书面表达:"The teacher asked us to rewrite the composition to make the logic clearer."
派生词 2:restore(v. 恢复;修复)
构词:re-(返回)+ store(储存)→ 使回到原本储存的状态
真题例句:2022 年全国甲卷阅读 D 篇:"The government has taken measures to restore the ancient building to its original appearance."
派生词 3:rebuild(v. 重建;重构)
构词:re-(再)+ build(建造)→ 再次建造
真题例句:2021 年全国 I 卷阅读 B 篇:"Local residents worked together to rebuild their homes after the flood."
派生词 4:review(v. & n. 复习;回顾)
构词:re-(再)+ view(看)→ 再次查看以巩固
真题例句:2023 年江苏卷完形填空:"It's important to review what you've learned every day to improve your memory."
3. 时间前缀:pre- / post-(核心含义:前/后)
pre-(在…之前)
派生词 1:preheat(v. 预热)→ pre- + heat(加热)
真题例句:2024 年浙江卷阅读 A 篇:"Please preheat the oven to 180 degrees before putting in the cake."
派生词 2:preview(v. & n. 预览;预习)→ pre- + view(看)
真题例句:2022 年新高考 I 卷阅读 C 篇:"The teacher asked us to preview the text before the next class."
post-(在…之后)
派生词 1:postwar(adj. 战后的)→ post- + war(战争)
真题例句:2023 年全国乙卷阅读 D 篇:"The postwar period was a time of great change for the country's economy."
派生词 2:postgraduate(n. 研究生;adj. 研究生的)→ post- + graduate(毕业生)
真题例句:2021 年全国 II 卷完形填空:"She decided to study abroad as a postgraduate to further her education."
第三部分 高频后缀词族
后缀主要改变词汇的词性,不改变核心语义,是构建不同词性词汇的关键。
1. 形容词后缀:-able / -ible(核心含义:可…的、能…的)
派生词 1:reliable(adj. 可靠的;可信赖的)
构词:rely(依赖)+ -able
真题例句:2023 年新高考 I 卷阅读 B 篇:"You can trust him because he is a reliable person who always keeps his promises."
派生词 2:affordable(adj. 负担得起的)
构词:afford(负担)+ -able
真题例句:2024 年全国 I 卷阅读 A 篇:"This brand provides affordable clothes with good quality, which are popular among young people."
派生词 3:possible(adj. 可能的)
构词:poss(放置)+ -ible
真题例句:2022 年全国甲卷语法填空:"It is possible that we will have a picnic this weekend if the weather is good."
2. 名词后缀:-tion / -sion(核心含义:表行为、状态、结果)
派生词 1:determination(n. 决心;决定)
构词:determine(决定)+ -tion
真题例句:2021 年新高考 I 卷阅读 C 篇:"With great determination, she overcame all the difficulties and achieved her goal."
派生词 2:conclusion(n. 结论;结局)
构词:conclude(推断)+ -ion
真题例句:2023 年全国乙卷阅读 C 篇:"The author draws a conclusion that hard work is the key to success."
派生词 3:decision(n. 决定;决策)
构词:decide(决定)+ -sion
真题例句:2024 年天津卷完形填空:"Making the right decision requires careful consideration of all factors."
3. 名词后缀:-ment(核心含义:表行为、过程、结果)
派生词 1:improvement(n. 改进;提高)
构词:improve(改进)+ -ment
真题例句:2022 年新高考 II 卷阅读 B 篇:"We have seen great improvement in his English since he joined the study group."
派生词 2:agreement(n. 同意;协议)
构词:agree(同意)+ -ment
真题例句:2023 年北京卷阅读 D 篇:"The two companies reached an agreement on cooperation in the field of technology."
派生词 3:development(n. 发展;开发)
构词:develop(发展)+ -ment
真题例句:2021 年全国 I 卷阅读 D 篇:"The development of artificial intelligence has brought great changes to our life."
4. 动词后缀:-ify / -ize(核心含义:使…化、使成为)
派生词 1:simplify(v. 简化;使简单)
构词:simple(简单的)+ -ify
真题例句:2024 年浙江卷阅读 C 篇:"The software is designed to simplify the process of data analysis."
派生词 2:modernize(v. 使现代化)
构词:modern(现代的)+ -ize
真题例句:2023 年全国甲卷阅读 D 篇:"The city has taken measures to modernize its public transportation system."
派生词 3:terrify(v. 使恐惧;使害怕)
构词:terr(恐惧)+ -ify
真题例句:2022 年全国乙卷完形填空:"The loud noise from the thunder terrified the little girl."

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