2026年高考英语专题复习讲义——名词性从句

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2026年高考英语专题复习讲义——名词性从句

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高考英语专项突破:名词性从句
名词性从句是高考英语语法考查的重点和难点之一,它贯穿于阅读理解、完形填空、单项选择和写作等多个题型。掌握名词性从句的核心概念、连接词用法、语序规则以及特殊考点,对于提升语言综合运用能力和应试得分至关重要。本讲义结合近三年高考真题及各地优质模拟题,系统梳理知识要点,配以阶梯式练习,助你攻克名词性从句。
一、 核心概念与类型精讲
定义: 在复合句中,充当名词成分(如主语、宾语、表语、同位语)的从句,称为名词性从句。它具备名词的句法功能。
四大类型:
主语从句 (Subject Clause): 在句中作主语。
连接词: that, whether, who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, how, why 等。
例句:
That he passed the exam surprised everyone. (that 引导主语从句,本身无意义,仅起连接作用,不可省略)
What he said is very important. (what 引导主语从句,且在从句中作 said 的宾语)
Whether we will go camping depends on the weather. (whether 引导主语从句,表示“是否”)
How he managed to finish it remains a mystery. (how 引导主语从句,表示“方式”)
注意: 主语从句较长时,常用 it 作形式主语,将真正的主语从句后置,避免头重脚轻。
It is clear that he is honest. (形式主语it + 系动词 + 表语 + that引导的真正主语从句)
It doesn't matter whether he agrees or not. (形式主语it + 谓语动词 + whether引导的真正主语从句)
宾语从句 (Object Clause): 在句中作动词或介词的宾语。
连接词: that (可省略), if/whether, who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, how, why 等。
位置:
作动词宾语: I know (that) he is a doctor. (know 的宾语)
作介词宾语: We are talking about what we should do next. (about 的宾语)
例句:
She asked me if/whether I had finished my homework. (if/whether 引导宾语从句,表示“是否”)
Could you tell me who will give us the lecture (who 引导宾语从句,且在从句中作主语)
I wonder why he was absent yesterday. (why 引导宾语从句,表示“原因”)
特殊考点: 某些形容词(如 sure, glad, afraid, sorry, surprised 等)后也可接宾语从句。
I'm afraid (that) I can't help you. (afraid 后的宾语从句)
表语从句 (Predicative Clause): 在系动词(be, seem, look, remain 等)后作表语。
连接词: that (通常不省略), whether, as if/as though, who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, how, why 等。
例句:
The question is whether we can get there on time. (系动词 is 后的表语)
That is why I didn't attend the meeting. (系动词 is 后的表语)
It seems as if it is going to rain. (系动词 seems 后的表语)
The most important thing is that we should learn from mistakes. (系动词 is 后的表语)
同位语从句 (Appositive Clause): 跟在某些抽象名词(如 news, idea, fact, promise, hope, suggestion, doubt 等)后,解释说明该名词的具体内容。
连接词: 通常用 that (一般不省略),偶尔用 whether。
特点: 从句与前面的名词是同位关系,即从句内容就是名词所表达的内容本身。
例句:
The news that our team had won made us very happy. (that 从句解释 news 的具体内容)
I have no doubt that he will succeed. (that 从句解释 doubt 的具体内容)
There is some doubt whether he will come. (whether 引导同位语从句,表示“是否”)
区分同位语从句与定语从句:
同位语从句: 解释名词内容(是什么),that 在从句中不充当任何成分,仅起连接作用。
定语从句: 修饰限定名词(什么样的),that 在从句中充当主语或宾语。
例:The news that you told me is exciting. (定语从句,that 作 told 的宾语,修饰 news) The news that we won the game is exciting. (同位语从句,that 无成分,解释 news 内容)
二、 核心考点与易错点突破
连接词的选择:
不缺成分: 从句结构完整,意思通顺,用 that (仅起连接作用) 或 whether (表示“是否”)。
He told me (that) he would come. (从句不缺成分)
I don't know whether he will come. (从句不缺成分,表“是否”)
缺主语: 用 who, whom, what, which 等。
Do you know who will be our new teacher (who 在从句中作主语)
缺宾语: 用 whom, what, which 等 (口语中 who 也可作宾语)。
Can you guess what I bought yesterday (what 在从句中作 bought 的宾语)
缺定语: 用 whose, which。
I'm not sure whose book this is. (whose 在从句中作 book 的定语)
缺状语: 用 when (时间), where (地点), how (方式), why (原因)。
Please tell me where we will meet. (where 在从句中作地点状语)
He explained how he solved the problem. (how 在从句中作方式状语)
whether vs. if:
whether 可引导所有名词性从句(主语、宾语、表语、同位语)。
if 通常只用于引导宾语从句,且不能与 or not 直接连用,不能放在介词后。
正: I don't know whether/if he is coming. (宾语从句)
正: Whether he is coming is unknown. (主语从句,用 whether)
误: If he is coming is unknown. (主语从句不能用 if)
正: I worry about whether he will come. (介词后宾语从句,用 whether)
误: I worry about if he will come. (介词后不能用 if)
正: I don't know whether or not he is coming. (可与 or not 连用)
正: I don't know if he is coming or not. (if 引导宾语从句时,or not 可放在句尾)
较不正式: I don't know whether he is coming or not.
语序问题:
名词性从句一律使用陈述句语序,即“主语 + 谓语 + (宾语/状语)”,不能用疑问句语序。
误: I wonder where did he go.
正: I wonder where he went. (陈述语序:主语 he + 谓语 went)
误: The question is when will they arrive.
正: The question is when they will arrive. (陈述语序:主语 they + 谓语 will arrive)
时态呼应:
当主句谓语动词是过去时态时,从句的谓语动词通常也要用相应的过去时态。
一般现在时 → 一般过去时: He said (that) he was busy. (主句 said 是过去时,从句 was 也是一般过去时)
现在进行时 → 过去进行时: She told me she was reading a book. (主句 told 过去时,从句过去进行时)
现在完成时 → 过去完成时: They knew (that) I had seen the film. (主句 knew 过去时,从句过去完成时)
一般将来时 → 过去将来时: He promised (that) he would come. (主句 promised 过去时,从句过去将来时)
例外情况: 如果从句表达的是客观真理、普遍事实、格言等,其时态不受主句影响,仍用一般现在时。
The teacher told us (that) the earth moves around the sun. (客观真理)
He said (that) practice makes perfect. (格言)
that 的省略:
在宾语从句中,连接词 that 通常可以省略。
I think (that) he is right. (that 可省略)
在主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中,连接词 that 通常不省略。
That he passed the exam is great news. (主语从句,that 不省)
The truth is that he lied. (表语从句,that 不省)
The news that we won the game is exciting. (同位语从句,that 不省)
三、 解题技巧三步法
判功能: 仔细分析空格部分在句子中充当什么成分?是主语、宾语、表语还是同位语?判断出是哪种名词性从句。
选连词:
观察从句本身的结构:
如果从句缺少主语、宾语、定语或状语,则选用相应的疑问代词或疑问副词 (who, what, which, when, where, how, why, whose)。
如果从句结构完整,不缺少成分,则考虑用 that (陈述事实) 或 whether (表示“是否”)。注意 whether 和 if 的区别。
结合具体语境和句意。
调语序: 确保从句内部使用的是陈述句语序(主语 + 谓语),而不是疑问句语序。
四、 真题精练与详解 (近3年中考及模拟精选)
(一)单项选择
【2023·北京高考】 ______ he said at the meeting shocked everyone. A. What B. That C. Whether D. If 答案:A 解析: 空格部分在句中作主语(shocked everyone),是主语从句。从句部分“he said at the meeting”缺少 said 的宾语(他说了什么),故选用疑问代词 what,且在从句中作宾语。that 引导主语从句时不缺成分;whether 表示“是否”,与句意不符;if 不能引导主语从句。
【2022·河南一模】 The problem is ______ we can finish the task on time. A. if B. whether C. that D. what 答案:B 解析: 空格部分在系动词 is 后作表语,是表语从句。从句结构完整(主语 we,谓语 can finish,宾语 the task,状语 on time),不缺成分。句意表示“我们是否能按时完成任务”,含有“是否”的意味,且是表语从句,只能用 whether,不能用 if。that 引导表语从句时仅起连接作用,无“是否”含义;what 在从句中需充当成分。
【2024·上海模拟】 I have no idea ______ he left without saying goodbye. A. why B. how C. when D. where 答案:A 解析: 空格部分在抽象名词 idea 后,解释 idea 的具体内容(他为什么不说再见就离开了),是同位语从句。从句结构完整,但需要表达“原因”,故选用疑问副词 why,在从句中作原因状语。how (方式), when (时间), where (地点) 均不符合句意。
【2023·广州高考】 — Do you know ______ the library is open on Sundays — Sorry, I’m not sure. Maybe from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. A. what B. whether C. when D. how long 答案:B 解析: 空格部分在动词 know 后作宾语,是宾语从句。从句“the library is open on Sundays”结构完整(主语 the library,谓语 is open,时间状语 on Sundays),不缺成分。根据答句“I’m not sure”和“Maybe”,可知问的是“图书馆星期天是否开放”,含有“是否”的疑问,故用 whether 或 if。此处是宾语从句,两者皆可,但 whether 更正式。what, when, how long 在从句中均需充当成分。
【2024·南京二模】 The fact ______ he didn’t attend the party made us wonder. A. which B. what C. that D. why 答案:C 解析: 空格部分在抽象名词 fact 后,解释 fact 的具体内容(他没有参加聚会),是同位语从句。从句“he didn’t attend the party”结构完整,不缺成分,且仅需一个连接词 that 来引导同位语从句。which 引导定语从句;what 在从句中需作成分;why 表示原因,但从句本身不缺少原因状语。
(二)句子转换/改写
【2023·洛阳一模】 “When will the conference begin ” (改为宾语从句) → He asked ______. 参考答案: when the conference would begin 解析: 将直接引语(疑问句)改为间接引语(宾语从句)。连接词用 when(表示时间)。语序改为陈述语序:主语 the conference + 谓语 would begin (主句 He asked 是过去时,从句将来时需改为过去将来时 would begin)。
【2022·武汉模拟】 “Is this book yours ” (改为宾语从句) → She wanted to know ______. 参考答案: whether/if this book was mine 解析: 将一般疑问句改为宾语从句。连接词用 whether 或 if (表示“是否”)。语序改为陈述语序:主语 this book + 谓语 was (主句 wanted 是过去时,从句系动词 is 改为 was) + 表语 mine (yours 改为 my book 的名词性物主代词 mine)。
【2024·成都诊断】 “Who broke the window ” Mr. Li asked. (改为宾语从句) → Mr. Li asked ______. 参考答案: who had broken the window 解析: 将特殊疑问句改为宾语从句。连接词用 who (在从句中作主语)。语序已是陈述语序。时态:主句 asked 是过去时,从句动作“broke”发生在主句动作之前,故用过去完成时 had broken。
(三)用适当的连接词完成句子
【2023·天津高考】 I can’t remember ______ I put my keys. Have you seen them (where / what) 答案: where 解析: 空格部分在动词 remember 后作宾语,是宾语从句。从句“I put my keys”缺少地点状语(我把钥匙放在哪里了),故用 where。
【2024·杭州模拟】 ______ we need more time to prepare is obvious. (That / What) 答案: That 解析: 空格部分在句中作主语(is obvious),是主语从句。从句“we need more time to prepare”结构完整(主语 we,谓语 need,宾语 more time,状语 to prepare),不缺成分,故用 that 引导。
五、 易错点强化与陷阱题训练
语序陷阱:
误: Could you tell me where is the nearest bank
正: Could you tell me where the nearest bank is (陈述语序)
时态呼应陷阱:
误: He said that the sun rises in the east. (客观真理,时态正确)
误: He said that he is busy yesterday. (非客观真理,主句过去时,从句应改为 was)
正: He said that he was busy yesterday.
whether/if 混淆陷阱 (非宾语从句位置):
误: If we will have a picnic depends on the weather. (主语从句不能用 if)
正: Whether we will have a picnic depends on the weather.
误: They discussed the question if they should accept the offer. (介词后宾语从句不能用 if)
正: They discussed the question whether they should accept the offer.
that 省略陷阱 (非宾语从句):
误: The news we won the game is exciting. (同位语从句 that 不可省)
正: The news that we won the game is exciting.
误: It is important we learn English well. (主语从句 that 不可省)
正: It is important that we learn English well.
连接词选择陷阱 (不缺成分 vs 缺成分):
误: I don't know what he is coming. (从句不缺成分,what 需作成分)
正: I don't know whether/if/that he is coming. (从句不缺成分)
误: That is that I want to say. (从句缺 say 的宾语,应用 what)
正: That is what I want to say.
六、 综合能力提升训练
(一)语篇填空 (2024·郑州二模) Scientists found ______(that/whether) the new material could resist heat. However, the question remained: ______(if/how) it would work in extreme environments. 答案: 1. that 2. how 解析:
空格在动词 found 后作宾语,是宾语从句。从句“the new material could resist heat”结构完整,不缺成分,陈述一个事实,故用 that (可省略,但此处填空需写出)。
空格在系动词 remained 后作表语,是表语从句。从句“it would work in extreme environments”结构完整,但需要表达“方式”(如何运作),故用 how。
(二)完形填空片段 (2023·长沙高考改编) ... I asked my father ______ we could go to the science museum next weekend. He smiled and said, “That depends on ______ you finish your homework on time.” I promised ______ I would work hard. A. if B. that C. when D. where A. whether B. how C. why D. what A. if B. that C. what D. / 答案: 1. A (if) 2. A (whether) 3. B (that) 解析:
空格在动词 asked 后作宾语,是宾语从句。句意“我们下周末是否能去科技馆”,表示“是否”,且是宾语从句,可用 if 或 whether。选项中有 if,故选 A。
空格在动词 depends on 后作宾语,是宾语从句。句意“那取决于你是否按时完成作业”,表示“是否”。在介词 on 后,只能用 whether,不能用 if。故选 A。
空格在动词 promised 后作宾语,是宾语从句。从句“I would work hard”结构完整,不缺成分,陈述一个事实。宾语从句中 that 可省略,但此处填空需选择连接词,且选项中有 that,故选 B。
(三)句子翻译
我想知道他是否收到了我的邮件。(I wonder...)
参考答案: I wonder whether/if he has received my email.
他迟到的原因是他错过了早班车。(The reason...)
参考答案: The reason (why) he was late is that he missed the early bus. (或 The reason for his being late is that...)
我们能否按时到达还是个问题。(It...)
参考答案: It is still a question whether we can arrive on time.

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