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Unit4 Natural Disasters 知识清单
一、核心词汇
1. 自然灾害类型
earthquake 地震 tsunami 海啸 flood 洪水
drought 干旱 wildfire/forest fire 野火/森林火灾 hurricane/typhoon/cyclone 飓风/台风/气旋
tornado 龙卷风 volcanic eruption 火山喷发 landslide 滑坡
avalanche 雪崩 blizzard 暴风雪 sandstorm 沙尘暴
thunderstorm 雷暴 hailstorm 冰雹暴
2. 灾害特征与破坏
magnitude (地震)震级 epicenter 震中 aftershock 余震
intensity 强度 scale 规模 destruction 破坏
damage 损坏 devastation 毁灭 ruin 废墟
debris 瓦砾，碎片 casualty 伤亡人员 death toll 死亡人数
injury 受伤 missing 失踪的 homeless 无家可归的
displaced 流离失所的
3. 灾难过程与现象
strike/hit/occur (灾难)发生 warn 警告 predict 预测
forecast 预报 evacuate 疏散 shelter 避难所
survive 幸存 trap 困住 collapse 倒塌
bury 掩埋 sweep away 冲走 burn down 烧毁
cut off 切断(联系) submerge 淹没 erupt (火山)喷发
4. 救援与应对
rescue 救援 emergency 紧急情况 relief 救济
aid 援助 donation 捐赠 volunteer 志愿者
rescue worker 救援人员 first aid 急救 evacuation route 疏散路线
warning system 预警系统 disaster preparedness 防灾准备 rebuild 重建
recover 恢复 survivor 幸存者 victim 受害者
二、词性变换
1. destroy v. → destruction n. → destructive adj.
2. injure v. → injury n. → injured adj.
3. survive v. → survival n. → survivor n.
4. erupt v. → eruption n.
5. evacuate v. → evacuation n.
6. rescue v./n. → rescuer n.
7. volunteer n./v. → voluntary adj.
8. prepare v. → preparation n. → preparedness n.
9. warn v. → warning n.
10. predict v. → prediction n. → predictable adj.
11. safe adj. → safety n. → unsafe adj.
12. violent adj. → violence n.
13. severe adj. → severity n.
14. powerful adj. → power n.
15. dangerous adj. → danger n.
三、重点短语与固定搭配
1. 灾害发生与影响
break out (战争、火灾)爆发 go off (警报)响起
cause damage to 对...造成损坏 result in 导致
lead to 引起 in ruins 成为废墟
under debris 在废墟下 without warning 毫无预警地
at any moment 随时 in the path of 在...的路径上
2. 应对与救援
take shelter 避难 seek safety 寻求安全
escape from 从...逃离 be trapped in 被困在...
be buried under 被埋在...下 send out rescue teams 派出救援队
provide first aid 提供急救 set up temporary shelters 搭建临时避难所
donate money/supplies 捐款/捐献物资 call for help 呼救
3. 预防与准备
be prepared for 为...做准备 take precautions 采取预防措施
have an emergency plan 有应急计划 stock up on supplies 储备物资
follow safety guidelines 遵循安全指南 stay informed 保持信息畅通
in case of emergency 万一发生紧急情况
4. 描述程度与规模
on a large scale 大规模地 to a great extent 在很大程度上
a series of 一系列 hundreds/thousands of 成百/上千的
the majority of 大多数 as many as 多达...
up to 高达...
四、重点句型
1. 描述灾害发生
An earthquake measuring 7.0 on the Richter scale struck... (里氏7.0级地震袭击了...)
The flood swept away everything in its path. (洪水冲走了沿途的一切。)
The hurricane left a trail of destruction behind. (飓风所到之处一片狼藉。)
2. 表达影响与后果
As a result,... (结果...)
Consequently,... (因此...)
The disaster caused widespread damage to... (这场灾难给...造成了广泛的破坏。)
Many people were left homeless. (许多人无家可归。)
3. 报道数据与事实
It is estimated that... (据估计...)
According to official reports,... (根据官方报道...)
The death toll has risen to... (死亡人数已上升至...)
Approximately...people are missing. (大约有...人失踪。)
4. 提出建议与警告
It is advisable to... (建议...)
You had better... (你最好...)
Never...during an earthquake. (地震时千万不要...)
Make sure you... (确保你...)
5. 表达可能性与预测
There is a high probability that... (很有可能...)
It is likely that... (很可能...)
Scientists predict that... (科学家预测...)
Chances are... (有可能...)
五、语法聚焦
1. 定语从句
关系代词who, whom, which, that, whose的用法
非限制性定语从句的使用
例句：The volunteers, who came from all over the country, worked day and night.
2. 过去分词作定语和状语
过去分词表示被动或完成
例句：The damaged buildings need to be rebuilt. (作定语)
例句：Warned about the approaching tsunami, people evacuated quickly. (作状语)
3. 被动语态
在不同时态中的被动形式
情态动词的被动语态
例句：Rescue efforts are being carried out by the military.
六、话题写作框架
新闻报道结构：
1. 标题：简洁明了，突出重点
2. 导语：概括事件的核心信息(5W1H)
3. 主体：按重要性递减的顺序展开细节
4. 背景：相关背景信息
5. 结尾：最新进展或未来展望
常用开头句：
Breaking news: A major earthquake has just hit...
Residents of...are recovering from a devastating...
In the wake of the recent..., attention turns to...
常用过渡词：
Meanwhile, (与此同时)
Furthermore, (此外)
However, (然而)
Therefore, (因此)
Subsequently, (随后)
常用结尾句：
Recovery efforts are expected to continue for weeks.
The government has pledged to provide full support to the affected areas.
This tragedy reminds us of the importance of disaster preparedness.

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