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选修二 Unit1 Science and Scientists 知识清单
一、核心词汇
1. 科学探究过程
theory (n.) 理论 → theoretical (adj.)
hypothesis (n.) 假设
experiment (n./v.) 实验 → experimental (adj.)
observation (n.) 观察 → observe (v.)
analysis (n.) 分析 → analyze (v.) → analytical (adj.)
evidence (n.) 证据（不可数）→ evident (adj.)
proof (n.) 证明，证据（不可数）
conclusion (n.) 结论 → conclude (v.)
investigate (v.) 调查 → investigation (n.)
2. 科学家与品质
scientist (n.) → science (n.) → scientific (adj.)
determined (adj.) 坚决的 → determination (n.)
patient (adj.) 耐心的 ←→ impatient (adj.) → patience (n.)
strict (adj.) 严格的
curious (adj.) 好奇的 → curiosity (n.)
responsible (adj.) 负责的 → responsibility (n.)
objective (adj.) 客观的 ←→ subjective (adj.)
3. 研究结果与影响
breakthrough (n.) 突破
discovery (n.) 发现 → discover (v.)
invention (n.) 发明（物）→ invent (v.) → inventor (n.)
publication (n.) 出版，发表 → publish (v.)
revolution (n.) 革命 → revolutionary (adj.) 革命性的
contribution (n.) 贡献 → contribute (v.)
4. 挑战与态度
defeat (v./n.) 击败
challenge (n./v.) 挑战
doubt (n./v.) 怀疑
suspect (v.) 怀疑；(n.) 嫌疑人 → suspicion (n.)
blame (v./n.) 责备
criticise (v.) 批评 → criticism (n.)
support (v./n.) 支持
二、高考高频词性变换与用法精析
1. science (n.) → scientific (adj.)
误：a science method
正：a scientific method (形容词修饰名词)
2. prove (v.) → proof (n.)
proof 为不可数名词。
搭配：solid proof (确凿证据)， proof of... (……的证据)
3. observe (v.)
含义1：观察（= watch carefully）
含义2：遵守（规则、法律）= obey
含义3：庆祝（节日）= celebrate
名词：observation (观察)， observer (观察者)
4. conclude (v.)
搭配：conclude that... (得出结论……)， conclude with (以……结束)
名词：come to/draw/reach a conclusion
5. responsible (adj.)
搭配：be responsible for... (对……负责)
名词：take responsibility for...
三、 重点短语与固定搭配
1. put forward a theory/hypothesis 提出理论/假设
2. carry out/conduct/perform an experiment 进行实验
3. collect/gather evidence/data 收集证据/数据
4. analyze the results 分析结果
5. draw/reach/come to a conclusion 得出结论
6. base...on... / be based on 以……为基础
7. link...to/with... 将……与……联系起来
8. lead to/result in 导致
9. be due to 由于（常用于原因）
10. in charge of 负责，掌管
11. to begin with 首先（用于列举）
12. apart from 除……之外（还有/别无）
13. as a result (of) (作为……的)结果
14. in addition (to) 此外（除……之外还）
15. on the contrary 相反
16. in short 简而言之
17. be determined to do 决心做某事
18. be strict with sb. / in sth. 对某人/某事要求严格
19. have faith/belief in 相信，信任
20. blame sb. for sth. / blame sth. on sb. 因某事责备某人
21. make a (great) difference 产生（重大）影响
22. devote oneself to 献身于（to为介词）
四、 重点句型与语法结构（写作提分句）
1. “疑问词+不定式”作宾语
例句：The key is to figure out how to apply the theory to practice.
2. “Only + 状语”置于句首引起的部分倒装（高考高频考点）
结构：Only + 副词/介词短语/状语从句 + 助动词/be动词/情态动词 + 主语 + 其他.
例句：Only after countless failures did they finally make the breakthrough.
注意：Only修饰主语时，句子不倒装。E.g., Only scientists can understand it.
3. It 作形式主语
It is/was + 形容词/名词/过去分词 + that从句/to do...
例句：
It is evident that the experiment was a success.
It is his responsibility to check the data.
It is believed that science drives progress.
4. what 引导的名词性从句
例句：What matters most is whether we can learn from the failure.
5. 现在分词作状语（高级语法）
例句：Analyzing the data carefully, the scientist spotted an unusual pattern.
五、 主题语境与写作运用
科学探究步骤（可用于读后续写、概要写作）：
1. 提出问题：Arises from curiosity / raises a question about...
2. 提出假设：Puts forward a hypothesis that...
3. 设计实验：Designs a controlled experiment to test the hypothesis.
4. 收集数据：Carries out the experiment and collects data/evidence.
5. 分析结果：Analyzes the results objectively, avoiding bias.
6. 得出结论：Draws a conclusion based on solid evidence.
7. 发表与验证：Publishes the findings for peer review, which may lead to wider acceptance or further challenges.
科学家品质（可用于人物介绍、观点论证）：
必备品质：curiosity, determination, patience, objectivity, strictness, responsibility.
经典论述句：
A true scientist should be responsible not only for the research process but also for its potential impact on society.
It is through countless failures and unwavering faith that great discoveries are made.
六、 高考考点提要与易错点
1. 词义辨析：
discover (发现已存在事物) vs. invent (发明新事物)
evidence & proof (均常为不可数) vs. clue (可数，线索)
severe (严重或严厉) vs. serious (严肃或严重)
2. 固定搭配陷阱：
be responsible for (对事负责)， be responsible to (对人负责)
devote...to 中的 to 是介词，后接名词/动名词：devote oneself to doing。
succeed in doing， failure to do。
3. 写作升级建议：
避免总是使用“think”，可替换为：argue, believe, maintain, hold the view that...
描述“重要”时，除“important”外，可用：crucial, vital, significant, critical。

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