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Unit3 Environmental Protection 知识清单
一、 核心词汇
1. 环境问题与污染
environment n. 环境 → environmental adj. → environmentalist n. 环保主义者
pollute v. 污染 → pollution n. (空气 air/水 water/土壤 soil/噪音 noise ~)
contaminate v. 污染，弄脏（尤指化学或放射性污染）→ contamination n.
emission n. 排放（物）→ emit v.
carbon dioxide (CO2) 二氧化碳
greenhouse gas 温室气体
global warming 全球变暖
climate change 气候变化
extinction n. 灭绝 → become extinct v.
endangered adj. 濒危的 → endangered species 濒危物种
deforestation n. 森林砍伐
desertification n. 沙漠化
ecosystem n. 生态系统
waste n. 废物，垃圾 / v. 浪费
plastic n. 塑料 → microplastics n. 微塑料
2. 影响与后果
impact n./v. 影响
consequence n. 后果
disaster n. 灾难 → natural disaster 自然灾害
drought n. 干旱
flood n. 洪水
sea level rise 海平面上升
extreme weather 极端天气
harm n./v. 伤害 → harmful adj. ←→ harmless adj.
threat n. 威胁 → threaten v. → threatened adj. 受到威胁的
crisis n. 危机（复数：crises）
3. 解决方案与行动
protect v. 保护 → protection n.
conserve v. 保护，节约 → conservation n. 保护（自然资源）
preserve v. 保护，保存（原状）→ preservation n.
sustainable adj. 可持续的 → sustainability n. → sustainable development 可持续发展
renewable adj. 可再生的 → renewable energy 可再生能源（solar, wind, hydro）
recycle v. 回收利用 → recycling n.
reuse v. 重复使用
reduce v. 减少
restore v. 恢复，修复 → restoration n.
alternative adj. 可供选择的 / n. 替代品
ban v./n. 禁止
regulation n. 规章，管理 → regulate v.
4. 责任与倡导
responsibility n. 责任 → responsible adj. → be responsible for
awareness n. 意识 → raise awareness 提高意识
advocate v. 倡导，支持 / n. 倡导者
campaign n. （宣传）运动 / v. 发起运动
take action 采取行动
individual n. 个人 / adj. 个人的
global adj. 全球的 → global cooperation 全球合作
urgent adj. 紧急的 → urgency n.
二、 高考高频词性变换与用法精析
1. pollute (v.)
名词：pollution (污染，不可数)
形容词：polluted (被污染的)， polluting (造成污染的)
人物：polluter (污染者)
2. environment (n.)
形容词：environmental (环境的)
副词：environmentally (环境上) → environmentally friendly 环保的
人物：environmentalist (环保人士)
3. sustain (v.)
形容词：sustainable (可持续的)， sustained (持续的)
名词：sustainability (可持续性)， sustenance (食物，生计)
4. consume (v.)
名词：consumption (消费，消耗)
人物：consumer (消费者)
5. vary (v.)
形容词：various (各种各样的)， variable (易变的)， varied (多样化的)
名词：variety (多样性) → a variety of
名词：variation (变化，变种)
6. protect (v.)
名词：protection (保护)
形容词：protective (保护的)
固定搭配：protect... from/against... 保护……免受……
三、 重点短语与固定搭配
A. 描述问题与影响
1. lead to / result in / contribute to 导致，造成
2. be responsible for 对……负责；是……的原因
3. pose a threat to 对……构成威胁
4. have a negative impact on 对……有负面影响
5. suffer from 遭受
6. at an alarming rate 以惊人的速度
7. in danger of 处于……危险中
8. run out of 用完，耗尽（资源）
9. wipe out 消灭，彻底摧毁（物种）
10. give rise to 引起，导致
B. 提出解决方案
1. take measures/steps/action to do 采取措施做某事
2. deal with / cope with / address 处理，应对（问题）
3. fight against / combat 与……作斗争
4. cut down on / reduce 减少
5. switch to / turn to 转向，改用（更环保的方式）
6. make use of / utilize 利用
7. replace... with... 用……替代……
8. play a part/role in 在……中发挥作用
9. raise public awareness 提高公众意识
10. call for 呼吁，要求
C. 可持续发展理念
1. live in harmony with 与……和谐共处
2. meet the needs of 满足……的需求
3. for the sake of 为了……（的利益）
4. in the long term / run 从长远来看
5. balance between A and B A与B之间的平衡
6. green lifestyle 绿色生活方式
7. low-carbon life 低碳生活
8. conserve energy and water 节约能源和水
四、 重点句型与语法结构
1. “It is + 形容词/名词 + that从句” （陈述严重性或紧迫性）
写作提分句：It is undeniable that climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time.
写作提分句：It is an urgent task for the global community to reduce carbon emissions.
2. “Only + 状语” 置于句首引起的部分倒装（强调条件）
写作提分句：Only by working together can we hope to reverse the damage to our planet.
3. 非限制性定语从句
写作提分句：Plastic waste, which takes centuries to decompose, is polluting our oceans.
功能：用于插入关键事实或数据，增强论述的科学性和说服力。
4. “so... that...” / “such... that...” 引导的结果状语从句（强调程度）
写作提分句：The situation is so severe that immediate action is required.
写作提分句：It is such a complex problem that no single country can solve it alone.
5. 现在分词作状语 （表原因、伴随）
写作提分句：Realizing the urgency of the issue, many young people have joined environmental campaigns.
写作提分句：The river flows through the city, carrying all sorts of pollutants with it.
6. 被动语态 （突出客观事实或行为对象）
写作提分句：More efforts must be made to protect endangered species.
写作提分句：A large area of rainforest is being destroyed every day.
考点：在描述环境现状和呼吁行动时，被动语态使用频繁。
五、 主题写作与论述框架
1. 分析某一环境问题及其解决方案（议论文/报告）
问题阐述：In recent decades, [问题，e.g., plastic pollution] has escalated into a global crisis, posing a severe threat to marine life and human health.
原因分析：This is primarily due to excessive consumption of single-use plastics and inadequate recycling systems.
影响描述：Consequently, not only are ecosystems being destroyed, but micro-plastics are also entering our food chain, which may lead to long-term health issues.
解决方案：To address this, a multifaceted approach is essential. Governments should enforce strict bans on unnecessary plastics. Industries ought to invest in biodegradable alternatives. Most importantly, as individuals, we must commit to reducing, reusing, and recycling.
结论呼吁：Only through collective responsibility and immediate action can we hope to cleanse our planet of this pervasive pollution.
2. 论述“个人在环保中的作用”（议论文框架）
论点句：While large-scale policies are crucial, the power of individual actions in environmental protection cannot be underestimated.
论据1 (消费选择的力量)：Everyday choices, such as opting for public transport, reducing energy consumption, and avoiding single-use products, collectively lead to a significant reduction in carbon footprint and waste.
论据2 (影响与倡导)：Individuals can serve as role models within their communities, inspiring others to adopt greener habits. Furthermore, by voicing concerns and supporting eco-friendly businesses, the public can drive market and policy changes.
论据3 (公民责任)：Protecting the environment is a shared responsibility. Individual action embodies this responsibility and is the foundation upon which broader societal change is built.
结论：Therefore, each person is not just a drop in the ocean but an essential part of the wave of change needed to secure a sustainable future.
3. 经典作文开头/结尾句
开头：Our planet is sending us a distress signal, marked by melting glaciers, raging wildfires, and vanishing biodiversity, urging humanity to rethink its relationship with the natural world.
结尾：The path to a greener future is paved not by distant promises, but by the concrete steps we take today. Let us be the generation that chooses stewardship over exploitation, ensuring that the symphony of nature continues for centuries to come.
六、 高考考点提要与易错点
1. 易混词辨析：
environment (环境总称) vs. surroundings (周围环境，具体地点)
pollute (广义污染) vs. contaminate (多指化学、生物污染，程度更重)
conserve (节约使用并保护，如 conserve water/energy) vs. preserve (保护原状，如 preserve forests/tradition)
effect (n. 效果) vs. affect (v. 影响)
2. 动词搭配易错点：
protect... from/against... 中的介词用 from 或 against。
contribute to 中的to是介词，后接名词或动名词。
focus on 专注于。
take action to do (采取行动做某事)。
3. 名词的可数与不可数：
pollution, environment, nature, waste (废物义) 通常作不可数名词。
damage (损害) 不可数，但 damages (赔偿金) 可数。
evidence (证据) 不可数。
4. 写作升级建议：
避免总是使用“bad”，描述环境破坏可用：devastating, disastrous, severe, catastrophic。
表达“很多”时，用 a vast amount of / a great deal of (接不可数) 或 a multitude of / numerous (接可数) 替代 “many/much”。
使用 There is no denying the fact that... (无可否认…) 或 It is universally acknowledged that... (众所周知…) 等句式增强论点。

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