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Unit4 Adversity and Courage 知识清单
一、 核心词汇
1. 逆境与挑战核心词
adversity n. 逆境，不幸
hardship n. 艰难，困苦
difficulty n. 困难
challenge n./v. 挑战
crisis n. 危机 (复数：crises)
disaster n. 灾难
catastrophe n. 大灾难
obstacle n. 障碍
setback n. 挫折
peril n. 巨大危险 → perilous adj.
danger n. 危险 → dangerous adj.
suffering n. 痛苦，苦难
2. 环境与状况
extreme adj. 极端的 → extremely adv.
hostile adj. 敌意的；恶劣的 (a hostile environment)
harsh adj. 严酷的，恶劣的 (harsh weather/conditions)
severe adj. 严重的；严厉的
bitter adj. 刺骨的；苦的 (bitter cold)
frozen adj. 冰冻的 → freeze v.
isolated adj. 孤立的 → isolation n.
remote adj. 遥远的，偏远的
desperate adj. 绝望的；极需要的 → desperation n.
bleak adj. 荒凉的；无望的
3. 品质与内在力量
courage n. 勇气 → courageous adj.
bravery n. 勇敢 → brave adj.
determination n. 决心 → determined adj.
willpower n. 意志力
perseverance n. 毅力，坚持 → persevere v.
persistence n. 坚持不懈 → persistent adj.
endurance n. 忍耐力 → endure v.
resilience n. 复原力，适应力 → resilient adj.
optimism n. 乐观 → optimistic adj. ←→ pessimism n.
hope n./v. 希望 → hopeful adj.
faith n. 信念，信任
morale n. 士气，斗志 (keep up morale)
4. 行动与应对
survive v. 幸存 → survival n. → survivor n.
overcome v. 克服
conquer v. 征服；克服
face v. 面对
struggle v./n. 斗争，奋斗
resist v. 抵抗，抵挡 → resistance n.
persist (in) v. 坚持
endure v. 忍受，忍耐
sacrifice v./n. 牺牲
unite v. （使）团结 → unity n. → united adj.
cooperate v. 合作 → cooperation n.
5. 人物与关系
leader n. 领导者 → leadership n. 领导力
crew n. 全体船员/机组成员
teamwork n. 团队合作
companionship n. 伙伴关系，友谊
loyalty n. 忠诚 → loyal adj.
responsibility n. 责任 → responsible adj.
二、 高考高频词性变换与用法精析
1. courage (n.)
形容词：courageous (勇敢的)，注意与 brave 近义，但 courageous 更显正式、有胆识。
反义词：cowardice (n. 懦弱)， cowardly (adj. 懦弱的)
2. determine (v.)
过去分词作形容词：determined (坚决的) → be determined to do
名词：determination (决心)
形容词：determinative (决定性的)
3. endure (v.)
名词：endurance (忍耐力)， endurance test 耐力测试
形容词：endurable (可忍受的)， enduring (持久的) → enduring legacy
4. persevere (v.)
名词：perseverance (毅力，不可数)
形容词：persevering (不屈不挠的)
注意与 persist 的区别：persevere 强调在困难中坚持，含积极义；persist 可指好的坚持，也可指固执不改。
5. survive (v.)
名词：survival (生存)， survivor (幸存者)
形容词：survivable (可存活的)
搭配：survive on sth. (靠…生存)， survive from (从…中幸存)
6. isolate (v.)
形容词：isolated (孤立的)， isolating (使人孤立的)
名词：isolation (孤立)
三、 重点短语与固定搭配
1. face up to 勇敢面对 2. be confronted with 面临，遭遇
3. in the face of 面对，在…面前 4. under great pressure 在巨大压力下
5. on the verge/brink of 处于…的边缘 (绝望、崩溃) 6. lose hope 失去希望
7. in despair 绝望地 8. at stake 处于危险中；利害攸关
9. against all odds 尽管困难重重 10. in harsh/extreme conditions 在恶劣/极端条件下
11. pull through 渡过难关，恢复健康 12. hold on (to) 坚持住；抓紧
13. keep going 坚持下去 14. never give up 永不放弃
15. summon up courage 鼓起勇气 16. find strength in 从…中获得力量
17. stick together 团结一致 18. work as a team 团队协作
19. take the lead 带头，领导 20. make a sacrifice 做出牺牲
21. pay off 取得成功，得到好结果 22. triumph over 战胜
e through 安然度过，脱险 24. turn the tide 扭转局势
25. build character 塑造品格 26. a test of character 对品格的考验
27. be etched in one’s memory 深深铭刻在记忆中 28. break one’s will 瓦解某人的意志
29. keep one’s spirits up 保持高昂的情绪 30. maintain hope/faith 保持希望/信念
31. a glimmer of hope 一线希望 32. in high/low spirits 情绪高涨/低落
四、 重点句型与语法结构
1. “with + 宾语 + 宾补”复合结构（描绘伴随的困境或状态）
写作提分句：They drifted on the ice, with their supplies dwindling and hope fading.
写作提分句：He made the decision, with the lives of his entire crew at stake.
2. “What + 主语从句”结构（强调最触动人心之处）
写作提分句：What truly inspires us is not their survival itself, but their unwavering unity in the face of despair.
3. “Only + 状语从句”置于句首引起的部分倒装（强调唯一条件）
写作提分句：Only when they worked as one did they stand a chance of overcoming the impossible.
4. 过去分词作状语（表状态、原因）
写作提分句：Exhausted and frostbitten, the men nevertheless continued their march.
写作提分句：United by their common goal, the crew showed extraordinary loyalty.
考点：在语法填空中，需判断主语与分词之间的被动关系。
5. “so… that…” / “such… that…” 引导的结果状语从句（强调程度）
写作提分句：The conditions were so severe that survival seemed a miracle.
写作提分句：It was such a daunting challenge that even the most optimistic doubted.
6. “It was… that…” 强调句型（突出关键因素或时刻）
写作提分句：It was Shackleton‘s leadership that ultimately held the team together.
写作提分句：It was in their darkest hour that their courage shone brightest.
五、 主题写作与论述框架
1. 描述一次克服逆境的经历（读后续写、记叙文）
背景与冲突：When the storm hit/disaster struck, we found ourselves [陷入的困境]. The immediate challenges were [具体困难1] and [具体困难2]. Fear and despair began to creep in.
应对与挣扎：At this critical juncture, [某人] urged us to [采取的行动]. We had to [具体行动], despite [面对的次级困难]. Days turned into weeks, with our situation growing increasingly desperate.
转折与高潮：Just when all seemed lost, a glimmer of hope emerged—[希望的迹象]. This rekindled our determination. Through [团队合作/个人顿悟], we managed to [关键突破].
结局与感悟：We finally [达成目标/获救]. The ordeal taught me that true courage is not the absence of fear, but the will to persevere when every fiber of your being screams to give up.
2. 论述“逆境对个人成长的价值”（议论文框架）
论点句：While adversity is universally unwelcome, it often serves as the indispensable forge in which character, resilience, and wisdom are tempered.
论据1 (锤炼品质)：Adversity acts as a revealer and strengthener of character. In comfortable circumstances, our virtues may lie dormant. It is under pressure that qualities like courage, patience, and integrity are both tested and solidified.
论据2 (激发潜能)：It pushes individuals far beyond their perceived limits, unlocking hidden reserves of strength and creativity. Many great inventions and personal breakthroughs have been born out of necessity in trying times.
论据3 (提供视角与共情)：Surviving hardship fosters a deeper appreciation for life‘s blessings and cultivates empathy for others who suffer, making us more compassionate and grounded individuals.
让步与总结：Admittedly, unchecked adversity can break spirits. Yet, when met with courage and support, it ceases to be merely a setback and transforms into a stepping stone for profound personal growth.
3. 经典作文开头/结尾句
开头：History and literature are replete with tales of human triumph over unimaginable odds, reminding us that the most extraordinary chapters of the human story are often written not in times of comfort, but in the crucible of adversity.
结尾：In the final analysis, adversity is the uninvited teacher of life. It is through navigating its stormy seas that we discover not only the strength of our own sails but also the indispensable light of courage and companionship that guides us home.
六、 高考考点提要与易错点
1. 易混词辨析：
persevere (在困难中长期坚持，褒义) vs. persist (可指褒义的坚持，也可指固执己见)
hardship (常指生活困苦，不可数或具体化) vs. difficulty (泛指困难，可数)
courage (面对危险/困难时的勇气) vs. bravery (强调行动上的英勇)
survive (vi./vt.) vs. outlive (vt. 比…活得长)
2. 动词搭配易错点：
persevere in (doing) sth. 坚持做某事。
be determined to do 决心做某事 (to是不定式)。
prevent/stop sb. from doing 中的 from 不可省略。
sacrifice A for B 为B牺牲A。
3. 名词的可数与不可数：
courage, perseverance, endurance, hope 通常不可数。
hardship 通常不可数，但指具体困难时可数。
equipment, furniture 不可数。
4. 写作升级建议：
用 unwavering resolve/indomitable spirit 替代 “strong determination”。
描述“困难”时，用 daunting challenges/insurmountable odds 等。
使用比喻修辞：Adversity is the wind that extinguishes a weak flame but fuels a strong fire.
在论述时，使用 It is through adversity that... (正是通过逆境…) 的强调句型来深化观点。

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