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第一讲　阅读理解之细节推断题——偷换概念与曲解原意
有些阅读理解题的干扰项与原文信息高度吻合，导致学生在做此类题目时容易出现信息比对失误而错选。
1．偷换概念：干扰项中仅有部分词汇在原文中没有体现或者和原文不一致，这容易给考生造成一种错觉，从而误选，这种干扰项常常偷换了动作的发出者、动作的承受者、动作本身或积极、消极语义等。
2．曲解原意：干扰项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，看似与文章表达的意思一致，其实是对原句意思的曲解。
针对此类选项，考生在解题时要根据题干中的关键词回文定位，认真分析原文相关语句，仔细比对选项与原文信息，避免误选。
(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Do you ever get to the train station and realize you forgot to bring something to read？Yes，we all have our phones，but many of us still like to go old school and read something printed．
Well，there's a kiosk (小亭) for that．In the San Francisco Bay Area，at least．
“You enter the fare gates (检票口) and you'll see a kiosk that is lit up and it tells you can get a one-minute，a three-minute，or a five-minute story，”says Alicia Trost，the chief communications officer for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit—known as BART．“You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story．”
It's that simple．Riders have printed nearly 20，000 short stories and poems since the program was launched last March．Some are classic short stories，and some are new original works．
Trost also wants to introduce local writers to local riders．“We wanted to do something where we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest，”Trost says．“And as of right now，we've received about 120 submissions．The winning stories would go into our kiosk and then you would be a published artist．”
Ridership on transit (交通) systems across the country has been down the past half century，so could short stories save transit
Trost thinks so．
“At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing everything they can to improve the rider experience．So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories，”she says．
And you'll never be without something to read．
25．How are the stories categorized in the kiosk
A．By popularity．　　 B．By length．
C．By theme． D．By language．
深度分析：
选B。原文第三段明确提到：根据第三段中的“...you can get a one-minute，a three-minute，or a five-minute story”和“You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story．”可知，故事的分类基于故事的时长，故选B项。
干扰项的干扰性分析：
选项A(By popularity，按受欢迎程度)、C(By theme，按主题)、D(By language，按语言)均属于偷换“分类标准”的概念。原文中故事的分类依据是“length(长度)”，而干扰项将这一核心概念替换为“受欢迎程度”、“主题”、“语言”等原文完全未提及的标准。这些选项仅通过“分类”这一共性误导学生，使其忽略“分类依据”的本质差异，因未仔细比对原文关键词“length”而错选。
26．What has Trost been doing recently
A．Organizing a story contest．
B．Doing a survey of customers．
C．Choosing a print publisher．
D．Conducting interviews with artists．
深度分析：
选A。原文第五段提到：根据第五段中的“we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest”和“And as of right now，we've received about 120 submissions．”明确说明 Trost 正在号召当地艺术家提交作品参加比赛，且已收到投稿，即正在组织比赛。
干扰项的干扰性分析：
偷换概念：
·选项C(Choosing a print publisher，选择印刷出版商)：原文第五段提到“The winning stories would go into our kiosk and then you would be a published artist．”，其中“published”指作品被小亭收录发布，而非“通过印刷出版商出版”。干扰项将“小亭发布”偷换为“选择印刷出版商”，改变了动作的对象和方式，属于偷换概念。
·选项D(Conducting interviews with artists，采访艺术家)：原文是第五段中的“call to artists...to submit stories(号召艺术家提交作品)”，干扰项将“号召提交作品”偷换为“采访艺术家”，改变了核心动作，属于偷换概念。
曲解原意：
·选项B(Doing a survey of customers，做客户调查)：原文第八段提到“all transit agencies...are doing everything they can to improve the rider experience”，但“改善骑手体验”与“做客户调查”并无直接关联，属于学生根据“改善体验”这一信息过度推测出的行为，无原文依据。
(一)
The team got their idea from mosquitoes，which manage to get their blood meals without causing great pain to people．One reason is that the insects use painkilling chemicals when they first puncture (刺破) the skin．But there is another reason．The point of a mosquito's saw-like proboscis(管状长嘴) is softer at its tip．The insect makes the skin of its target tight before biting，and shakes its proboscis as it pushes the proboscis in．All of this helps reduce the force needed to puncture the skin．
One paper，published in 2020，found that a mosquito-inspired needle required 27% less puncturing force than an ordinary one．And less force means less pain．
1．What primarily motivates researchers to improve the needle design
A．Copying the structure of the mosquito's proboscis．
B．Enhancing the drug delivery mechanism．
C．Reducing patients' discomfort during injection．
D．Making needles more flexible and adaptable．
自主解答：
深度分析：由第一段最后一句可知，所有这些都有助于减少刺穿皮肤所需的力量；再结合第二段可知，受蚊子启发设计的针头所需的穿刺力比普通针头少27%，更小的力量意味着更少的痛苦。由此可知，“减少患者注射时的不适”这一想法作为动力来源促进研究人员改进针头设计。
错因分析：部分考生看到A项与原文中的“The team got their idea from mosquitoes”、“mosquito-inspired needle”表述相似，从而误选A项，忽略了此处是问科学家研究的动力来源，而非灵感来源。
(二)
Answers may only feel like they're on the tip of your tongue．Sometimes you know there's just the right word for something，but your brain can't find it．That depressing feeling is called the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state，and for decades psychologists assumed it was caused by a partial recollection of the answer．But new research suggests this experience may be largely an illusion(错觉)．Being sure you know something doesn't mean you actually do．
2．What does the new study find about the TOT feeling
A．It may be a false idea．
B．It is caused by a partial memory．
C．It is a feeling of failure in giving answers．
D．It is a state of remembering anything with difficulty．
自主解答：
深度分析：根据本段中的“But new research suggests this experience may be largely an illusion．”可知，这项新的研究发现了TOT 状态可能是一种错觉。
错因分析：解答本题的关键是题干中的“the new study”，问的是新的研究发现，干扰性最大的是C项(这是一种无法给出答案的感觉)，与文中的描述“Sometimes you know there's just the right word for something，but your brain can't find it．”一致，但这不是新的发现，而是已有的情况。
第一讲　阅读理解之细节推断题——偷换概念与曲解原意
强化练习
1．C　2．A(共26张PPT)
第一讲　阅读理解之细节推断题——偷换概念与曲解原意
第二部分　弱项提分
有些阅读理解题的干扰项与原文信息高度吻合，导致学生在做此类题目时容易出现信息比对失误而错选。
1．偷换概念：干扰项中仅有部分词汇在原文中没有体现或者和原文不一致，这容易给考生造成一种错觉，从而误选，这种干扰项常常偷换了动作的发出者、动作的承受者、动作本身或积极、消极语义等。
2．曲解原意：干扰项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，看似与文章表达的意思一致，其实是对原句意思的曲解。
针对此类选项，考生在解题时要根据题干中的关键词回文定位，认真分析原文相关语句，仔细比对选项与原文信息，避免误选。
[典题示例]
(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)Do you ever get to the train station and realize you forgot to bring something to read？Yes，we all have our phones，but many of us still like to go old school and read something printed．
Well，there's a kiosk (小亭) for that．In the San Francisco Bay Area，at least．
“You enter the fare gates (检票口) and you'll see a kiosk that is lit up and it tells you can get a one-minute，a three-minute，or a five-minute story，”says Alicia Trost，the chief communications officer for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit—known as BART．“You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story．”
It's that simple．Riders have printed nearly 20，000 short stories and poems since the program was launched last March．Some are classic short stories，and some are new original works．
Trost also wants to introduce local writers to local riders．“We wanted to do something where we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest，”Trost says．“And as of right now，we've received about 120 submissions．The winning stories would go into our kiosk and then you would be a published artist．”
Ridership on transit (交通) systems across the country has been down the past half century，so could short stories save transit
Trost thinks so．
“At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing everything they can to improve the rider experience．So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories，”she says．
And you'll never be without something to read．
25．How are the stories categorized in the kiosk
A．By popularity．　　 B．By length．
C．By theme． D．By language．
√
深度分析：
选B。原文第三段明确提到：根据第三段中的“...you can get a one-minute，a three-minute，or a five-minute story”和“You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story．”可知，故事的分类基于故事的时长，故选B项。
干扰项的干扰性分析：
选项A(By popularity，按受欢迎程度)、C(By theme，按主题)、D(By language，按语言)均属于偷换“分类标准”的概念。原文中故事的分类依据是“length(长度)”，而干扰项将这一核心概念替换为“受欢迎程度”、“主题”、“语言”等原文完全未提及的标准。这些选项仅通过“分类”这一共性误导学生，使其忽略“分类依据”的本质差异，因未仔细比对原文关键词“length”而错选。
26．What has Trost been doing recently
A．Organizing a story contest．
B．Doing a survey of customers．
C．Choosing a print publisher．
D．Conducting interviews with artists．
√
深度分析：
选A。原文第五段提到：根据第五段中的“we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest”和“And as of right now，we've received about 120 submissions．”明确说明 Trost 正在号召当地艺术家提交作品参加比赛，且已收到投稿，即正在组织比赛。
干扰项的干扰性分析：
偷换概念：
·选项C(Choosing a print publisher，选择印刷出版商)：原文第五段提到“The winning stories would go into our kiosk and then you would be a published artist．”，其中“published”指作品被小亭收录发布，而非“通过印刷出版商出版”。干扰项将“小亭发布”偷换为“选择印刷出版商”，改变了动作的对象和方式，属于偷换概念。
·选项D(Conducting interviews with artists，采访艺术家)：原文是第五段中的“call to artists...to submit stories(号召艺术家提交作品)”，干扰项将“号召提交作品”偷换为“采访艺术家”，改变了核心动作，属于偷换概念。
曲解原意：
·选项B(Doing a survey of customers，做客户调查)：原文第八段提到“all transit agencies...are doing everything they can to improve the rider experience”，但“改善骑手体验”与“做客户调查”并无直接关联，属于学生根据“改善体验”这一信息过度推测出的行为，无原文依据。
[强化练习]
(一)
The team got their idea from mosquitoes，which manage to get their blood meals without causing great pain to people．One reason is that the insects use painkilling chemicals when they first puncture (刺破) the skin．But there is another reason．The point of a mosquito's saw-like proboscis(管状长嘴) is softer at its tip．The insect makes the skin of its target tight before biting，and shakes its proboscis as it pushes the proboscis in．All of this helps reduce the force needed to puncture the skin．
One paper，published in 2020，found that a mosquito-inspired needle required 27% less puncturing force than an ordinary one．And less force means less pain．
1．What primarily motivates researchers to improve the needle design
A．Copying the structure of the mosquito's proboscis．
B．Enhancing the drug delivery mechanism．
C．Reducing patients' discomfort during injection．
D．Making needles more flexible and adaptable．
√
自主解答：C
深度分析：由第一段最后一句可知，所有这些都有助于减少刺穿皮肤所需的力量；再结合第二段可知，受蚊子启发设计的针头所需的穿刺力比普通针头少27%，更小的力量意味着更少的痛苦。由此可知，“减少患者注射时的不适”这一想法作为动力来源促进研究人员改进针头设计。
错因分析：部分考生看到A项与原文中的“The team got their idea from mosquitoes”、“mosquito-inspired needle”表述相似，从而误选A项，忽略了此处是问科学家研究的动力来源，而非灵感来源。
Answers may only feel like they're on the tip of your tongue．Sometimes you know there's just the right word for something，but your brain can't find it．That depressing feeling is called the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state，and for decades psychologists assumed it was caused by a partial recollection of the answer．But new research suggests this experience may be largely an illusion(错觉)．Being sure you know something doesn't mean you actually do．
2．What does the new study find about the TOT feeling
A．It may be a false idea．
B．It is caused by a partial memory．
C．It is a feeling of failure in giving answers．
D．It is a state of remembering anything with difficulty．
√
自主解答：A
深度分析：根据本段中的“But new research suggests this experience may be largely an illusion．”可知，这项新的研究发现了TOT 状态可能是一种错觉。
错因分析：解答本题的关键是题干中的“the new study”，问的是新的研究发现，干扰性最大的是C项(这是一种无法给出答案的感觉)，与文中的描述“Sometimes you know there's just the right word for something，but your brain can't find it．”一致，但这不是新的发现，而是已有的情况。
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