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第二讲　阅读理解之主旨大意题——以偏概全，扩大或缩小概括范围
在阅读理解题中，干扰项的扩缩范围是指选项中信息的具体程度与原文信息不匹配，从而导致考生做出错误选择的命题套路。具体来说：
1．扩大范围：干扰项提供的信息比原文描述的更为广泛或夸大。这样的选项可能包含超出原文信息的推测或结论，导致考生误认为这是对文本的总结或解释。
2．缩小范围：干扰项提供的信息比原文描述的更为狭窄。这种选项可能只强调原文中某个具体细节，而忽略了更广泛的背景或整体内容，使考生误以为这是重点内容。
做阅读理解题时，考生需要仔细对比选项和原文，以确定选项是否准确反映了原文的信息范围，而不是被干扰项的扩缩范围误导。
(2024·全国甲卷)Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways．For instance，almost all animals have distinct vocals(声音) that they rely on to either ask for help，scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter．But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills．They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it．If a pet cat is hungry，it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food．However，when a cat is looking for affection，they tend to produce stretched and soft meows．Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed．
Cats have many heightened senses，but their sense of smell is quite impressive．They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger．They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax．However，another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells．Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future．That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats，which they don't usually like．
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit，but cats take this behavior up a notch．Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners．This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators(食肉动物)．Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you．These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time．So just go along with it!
27．What is a suitable title for the text
A．Tips on Finding a Smart Cat
B．Understanding Your Cat's Behavior
C．Have Fun with Your Cat
D．How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
深度分析：
选B。该选项精准概括了全文内容——文章通过解析猫的叫声、嗅觉、带“礼物”行为，旨在帮助读者理解猫的行为逻辑，与原文范围完全匹配。
干扰项的范围偏差分析：
扩大范围：
·选项A(Tips on Finding a Smart Cat)：原文通篇围绕“猫的行为及其含义”展开，未提及“聪明的猫”的定义、特征，更无“寻找聪明的猫的建议”相关内容。该选项将原文范围扩大到“寻找聪明的猫”这一原文完全未涉及的话题，属于典型的扩大范围干扰。
·选项D(How to Keep Your Cat Healthy)：原文未涉及任何与“猫的健康”相关的内容(如饮食、疾病预防等)，该选项将讨论范围扩大到“健康养护”这一原文完全未提及的领域，属于扩大范围干扰。
缩小范围 ＋ 以偏概全：
·选项C(Have Fun with Your Cat)：原文第三段提到猫会给主人带“礼物”，这是它们表达爱的天性，但这只是猫众多行为中的一种，且原文核心是“解释行为含义”，而非“如何和猫玩得开心”。该选项仅抓取“互动行为”这一细节，忽略了“叫声、嗅觉”等其他核心内容，将原文范围缩小到“玩乐互动”，属于缩小范围和以偏概全。
综上，干扰项或通过扩大范围引入原文未涉及的话题(A、D)，或通过缩小范围仅聚焦局部细节(C)，均偏离了原文“理解猫的行为”的核心范围，需通过比对选项与原文整体内容的匹配度排除。
(一)
(2025·福建漳州模拟)Along with reviewing research on how to recover and rebound from a wide range of hardships，Adam and I present stories of individuals and groups who have overcome ordinary and extraordinary difficulties．We look at the steps people can take to help themselves through tough times．We explore the psychology of recovery and the challenges of regaining confidence and rediscovering joy．We cover ways to speak about pain and comfort friends who are suffering．
1．What is the paragraph mainly about
A．The method they wrote the book．
B．The content of their book．
C．The reason for writing the book．
D．The people the book concerns．
自主解答：
深度分析：由本段关键信息“Along with reviewing research ...Adam and I present stories ...look at the steps ...explore the psychology ...cover ways ...”可知，除了回顾研究，Adam和“我”还介绍了故事、研究渡过难关的步骤，探索了康复心理学并介绍安慰正在受苦的朋友的方法。因此，这一段主要介绍了他们书的具体内容。
错因分析：部分考生受段中“Adam and I present stories of individuals and groups”和“We look at the steps people”的影响而错选D选项“这本书所涉及的人”。通读全段我们可以发现这只是本段内容的一个部分，属于以偏概全，故排除。
(二)
(2025·湖北黄冈模拟)In November 1996，the National Art Museum of China received a donation of 117 paintings，sculptures and installations made after 1970 by European and US artists．Featured artists include important figures of modern and contemporary art，such as Andy Warhol，Pablo Picasso，Jasper Johns，Roy Lichtenstein，Gerhard Richter and David Hockney．
The donation was made by German collectors Peter and Irene Ludwig．The couple traveled in many Chinese cities in the 1980s and 1990s，witnessing what was happening following the country's reform and opening-up．Peter Ludwig，an industrialist who held a PhD in art history，initialed a donation agreement with the museum in May 1996 but died two months later．His widow Irene Ludwig attended the donation ceremony and exhibition．
2．What is the suitable title for the text
A．The Important Figures of Modern Art
B．A German Couple's Shining Achievements
C．A Generous Gift Package from a German Couple
D．The Significance of a German Couple's Donation
自主解答：
深度分析：根据第一段中的“In November 1996，the National Art Museum ...by European and US artists．”可知，1996年11月，中国美术馆收到了117件由欧美艺术家1970年以后创作的艺术作品的捐赠。又根据第二段中的“The donation was made by German ...opening-up．”可知，这些是由德国收藏家路德维希夫妇捐赠的。这对夫妇在20世纪80年代和90年代游历了中国的许多城市，见证了中国改革开放后发生的变化。因此，本文叙述了来自一对德国夫妇的慷慨艺术大礼包。
错因分析：部分考生易误选B项，尽管B项提及了这对德国夫妇，但是B项中的成就涵义过宽，本文只是提及了他们的捐赠，所以B项不符合短文标题；部分考生易误选D项，这个选项提到捐赠的重要性，但文章本身更多地描述了捐赠事件和背景，而不是深入讨论其意义。
第二讲　阅读理解之主旨大意题——
以偏概全，扩大或缩小概括范围
强化练习
1．B　2．C(共23张PPT)
第二讲　阅读理解之主旨大意题——以偏概全，扩大或缩小概括范围
第二部分　弱项提分
在阅读理解题中，干扰项的扩缩范围是指选项中信息的具体程度与原文信息不匹配，从而导致考生做出错误选择的命题套路。具体来说：
1．扩大范围：干扰项提供的信息比原文描述的更为广泛或夸大。这样的选项可能包含超出原文信息的推测或结论，导致考生误认为这是对文本的总结或解释。
2．缩小范围：干扰项提供的信息比原文描述的更为狭窄。这种选项可能只强调原文中某个具体细节，而忽略了更广泛的背景或整体内容，使考生误以为这是重点内容。
做阅读理解题时，考生需要仔细对比选项和原文，以确定选项是否准确反映了原文的信息范围，而不是被干扰项的扩缩范围误导。
[典题示例]
(2024·全国甲卷)Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways．For instance，almost all animals have distinct vocals(声音) that they rely on to either ask for help，scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter．But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills．They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it．If a pet cat is
hungry，it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food．However，when a cat is looking for affection，they tend to produce stretched and soft meows．Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed．
Cats have many heightened senses，but their sense of smell is quite impressive．They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger．They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax．However，another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells．Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future．That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats，which they don't usually like．
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit，but cats take this behavior up a notch．Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners．This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators(食肉动物)．Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you．These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time．So just go along with it!
27．What is a suitable title for the text
A．Tips on Finding a Smart Cat
B．Understanding Your Cat's Behavior
C．Have Fun with Your Cat
D．How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
√
深度分析：
选B。该选项精准概括了全文内容——文章通过解析猫的叫声、嗅觉、带“礼物”行为，旨在帮助读者理解猫的行为逻辑，与原文范围完全匹配。
干扰项的范围偏差分析：
扩大范围：
·选项A(Tips on Finding a Smart Cat)：原文通篇围绕“猫的行为及其含义”展开，未提及“聪明的猫”的定义、特征，更无“寻找聪明的猫的建议”相关内容。该选项将原文范围扩大到“寻找聪明的猫”这一原文完全未涉及的话题，属于典型的扩大范围干扰。
·选项D(How to Keep Your Cat Healthy)：原文未涉及任何与“猫的健康”相关的内容(如饮食、疾病预防等)，该选项将讨论范围扩大到“健康养护”这一原文完全未提及的领域，属于扩大范围干扰。
缩小范围 ＋ 以偏概全：
·选项C(Have Fun with Your Cat)：原文第三段提到猫会给主人带“礼物”，这是它们表达爱的天性，但这只是猫众多行为中的一种，且原文核心是“解释行为含义”，而非“如何和猫玩得开心”。该选项仅抓取“互动行为”这一细节，忽略了“叫声、嗅觉”等其他核心内容，将原文范围缩小到“玩乐互动”，属于缩小范围和以偏概全。
综上，干扰项或通过扩大范围引入原文未涉及的话题(A、D)，或通过缩小范围仅聚焦局部细节(C)，均偏离了原文“理解猫的行为”的核心范围，需通过比对选项与原文整体内容的匹配度排除。
[强化练习]
(一)
(2025·福建漳州模拟)Along with reviewing research on how to recover and rebound from a wide range of hardships，Adam and I present stories of individuals and groups who have overcome ordinary and extraordinary difficulties．We look at the steps people can take to help themselves through tough times．We explore the psychology of recovery and the challenges of regaining confidence and rediscovering joy．We cover ways to speak about pain and comfort friends who are suffering．
1．What is the paragraph mainly about
A．The method they wrote the book．
B．The content of their book．
C．The reason for writing the book．
D．The people the book concerns．
√
自主解答：B
深度分析：由本段关键信息“Along with reviewing research ...Adam and I present stories ...look at the steps ...explore the psychology ...cover ways ...”可知，除了回顾研究，Adam和“我”还介绍了故事、研究渡过难关的步骤，探索了康复心理学并介绍安慰正在受苦的朋友的方法。因此，这一段主要介绍了他们书的具体内容。
错因分析：部分考生受段中“Adam and I present stories of individuals and groups”和“We look at the steps people”的影响而错选D选项“这本书所涉及的人”。通读全段我们可以发现这只是本段内容的一个部分，属于以偏概全，故排除。
(二)
(2025·湖北黄冈模拟)In November 1996，the National Art Museum of China received a donation of 117 paintings，sculptures and installations made after 1970 by European and US artists．Featured artists include important figures of modern and contemporary art，such as Andy Warhol，Pablo Picasso，Jasper Johns，Roy Lichtenstein，Gerhard Richter and David Hockney．
The donation was made by German collectors Peter and Irene Ludwig．The couple traveled in many Chinese cities in the 1980s and 1990s，witnessing what was happening following the country's reform and opening-up．Peter Ludwig，an industrialist who held a PhD in art history，initialed a donation agreement with the museum in May 1996 but died two months later．His widow Irene Ludwig attended the donation ceremony and exhibition．
2．What is the suitable title for the text
A．The Important Figures of Modern Art
B．A German Couple's Shining Achievements
C．A Generous Gift Package from a German Couple
D．The Significance of a German Couple's Donation
√
自主解答：C
深度分析：根据第一段中的“In November 1996，the National Art Museum ...by European and US artists．”可知，1996年11月，中国美术馆收到了117件由欧美艺术家1970年以后创作的艺术作品的捐赠。又根据第二段中的“The donation was made by German ...opening-up．”可知，这些是由德国收藏家路德维希夫妇捐赠的。这对夫妇在20世纪80年代和90年代游历了中国的许多城市，见证了中国改革开放后发生的变化。因此，本文叙述了来自一对德国夫妇的慷慨艺术大礼包。
错因分析：部分考生易误选B项，尽管B项提及了这对德国夫妇，但是B项中的成就涵义过宽，本文只是提及了他们的捐赠，所以B项不符合短文标题；部分考生易误选D项，这个选项提到捐赠的重要性，但文章本身更多地描述了捐赠事件和背景，而不是深入讨论其意义。
谢 谢！

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