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1026160012433300八上Unit 2 Topic2 I must ask him to give up smoking.
一、重点短语和表达
give up放弃 ask sb to do sth要求/请求某人做某事 stay up熬夜 stay up late熬夜很晚
be bad for对...有害 read in the sun在太阳下读书 put...into...把...放到...里 throw around到处扔
do more exercise做更多的运动 before/after meals饭前/后 in fact事实上 as...as possible尽量...地
二、语法学习---情态动词
1.定义：情态动词有词义，表示某种情绪或说话者的态度。
2.用法：通常没有人称和数的变化，不能单独作谓语，后跟实义动词（动词原形）共同作谓语。
3.种类：
(1) can/could：could是can的过去式，也是单独的情态动词，语气更委婉，否定形式为can’t/couldn’t
①表示能力“能，能够”
e.g. I can play the piano. 我能弹钢琴。
e.g. He couldn’t come home yesterday because he missed the train. 他昨天没能回家，因为他误了火车。
②表示请求、允许
e.g. Can you help me? 你能帮助我吗？
③表示推测“可能”，其否定形式can’t “不可能”
e.g. He can’t be Tom because he went to Beijing yesterday. 他不可能是汤姆，因为他昨天去北京了。
(2) may/might：might是may的过去式，也是单独的情态动词，语气更委婉。
①表示请求、允许“可以”
e.g. May I take your order? 可以点餐了吗？
②表示推测“可能”
e.g. He may be late. 他可能要迟到了。
(3) must
① 表示义务、劝告
e.g. We must take care of our parents. 我们必须照顾我们的父母。
② 表示推测“一定”
e.g. The boy must be from America. 这个男孩一定来自于美国。
③ 否定形式mustn’t表示“禁止，不许”
e.g. You mustn’t swim in the river. 禁止在河里游泳。
(4) must和have to的区别
have to 客观条件导致的“不得不，必须”，有时态，人称和数的变化，must则没有。
e.g. She missed the bus and had to walk home. 她错过了公交车不得不走路回家。（have to，是客观原因导致的）
e.g. I must walk home. 我必须走路回家。（must必须，表示一种主观想法）
(5) had better“最好”，表示提建议。had better not“最好不”
e.g. You’d better (not) go to see a dentist. 你最好（不）去看牙医。
(6) should “应该”，表示义务、提出或征询建议。
e.g. We should take care of our parents. 我们应该照顾我们的父母。
e.g. You shouldn’t stay up late. 你不应该熬夜很晚。
(7) shall表示征询意见，主要用于第一人称。
e.g. Shall we take you to the hospital? 要不要我们带你去医院？
(8) will和would
will表示将来，would是will的过去式，表示过去的将来；同时都可以表示请求、邀请或建议。
e.g. I’ll do my best to help you. 我会尽我最大努力帮助你。
e.g. Would you like to come with me? 你愿意和我一块儿来吗？
(9) need “需要”，表示必要性。同时need也可以是实义动词，句型：need to do sth需要做某事
e.g. Need I open the door? 需要我开门吗？
e.g. You needn’t get up so early. 你没有必要起这么早。
e.g. She needs to show her school card. 她需要出示她的学生卡。(实义动词用法)
三、课文解读
1. I must ask him to give up smoking. 我必须要求他戒烟。
ask sb to do sth要求/请求某人做某事
ask sb for (doing)sth 要求/请求某人(做)某事
e.g. His mother asked him to call her back. 他的母亲要求他给她回电。
e.g. You can ask your teacher for help. 你可以请求你的老师帮助。（句中的help是名词）
e.g. You can ask your teacher for helping you. 你可以请求你的老师帮助你。
★ give up “放弃” give up (doing) sth 放弃做某事
e.g. You shouldn’t give up taking the medicine. 你不应该放弃吃药。
2. Staying up late is bad for your health. 熬夜很晚对你的健康有害。
★ staying up late是动名词短语，动名词或动名词短语作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
e.g. Playing basketball is good for your health. 打篮球对你的健康有益。
e.g. Reading makes me happy. 读书使我快乐。
be bad for... “对...有害”
be good for... “对...有益”
3. put litter into the dustbin把垃圾丢进垃圾箱
★ put...into... “把...放入...”
e.g. Please put your mobile phone into the box. 请把你的手机放进箱子里。
4. keeping fingernails long留长指甲
★ keep 当实义动词讲时，意为 “保存，保留，保管，坚持，继续”；当系动词讲时，意为”保持”
e.g. You can keep the books for three weeks. 你可以借这些书三周。
e.g. Keep trying. 继续努力。
e.g. We must keep quiet. 我们必须保持安静。（系动词用法）
5. going to school without breakfast不吃早饭去学校
★ without属于介词，意为“没有”，反义词是with，介词后接名词、代词、动名词。
e.g. I like rice without vegetables. 我喜欢不带蔬菜的米饭。
e.g. I can’t finish my work with your help. 没有你的帮助我不能完成我的工作。
e.g. China is a country with a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。
6. Look, the article says smoking is bad for our lungs and it can cause cancer.
看，文章说吸烟对肺有害并且能导致癌症。
★ say可以表示文章材料，书面文字的说
e.g. The newspaper says there was a traffic accident last night. 报纸上说昨晚上有一起交通事故。
★ cause v. “造成，引起，导致”
e.g. Drinking cold water may cause stomachache. 喝凉水可能导致胃疼。
7. May I borrow your newspaper and show it to my father? 我可以借你的报纸给我爸爸看吗？
★ borrow v. “借，借入”；lend v. “借，借出”
borrow sth from sb / borrow one’s sth “从某人处借入某物”
lend sth to sb “把某物借给某人”
e.g. May I borrow your bike? = May I borrow a bike from you? 我可以借你的车子吗？
e.g. I lend my car to my friend. 我把我的车借给了我的朋友。
★ show v. “出示，展示，给...看”，后可接双宾语show sb sth = show sth to sb
e.g. My grandmother always shows me her photos.
= My grandmother always shows her photos to me. 我的奶奶总是给我看她的照片。
8. Be careful not to eat too much salt or sugar. 注意不要吃太多的盐和糖。
★ be careful (not) to do sth “小心/当心/注意(不)做某事”
e.g. Be careful to cross the road. 过马路要小心。
e.g. John is always careful not to stay up late. 约翰总是很注意不熬夜。
★ or 连词，意为“或者，还是，否则，不然”
e.g. Is he coming or not? 他来还是不来？
e.g. Hurry up, or you will be late for school. 快点儿，否则你会上学迟到。
9. She said it might cause illness. 她说它可能会引发疾病。
★ ill adj. “生病的，有病的”，变成名词illness “病，疾病”，有些形容词后接ness，变成名词。
e.g. happy ---happiness(幸福的---幸福) sad---sadness(悲伤的---悲伤) busy---business(忙碌的---生意，公事)
10. She had to drink a glass of milk because her mother was always watching her.
她不得不喝杯牛奶因为她的妈妈总是盯着她。
此句是because引导的原因状语从句，另外，用why提问，需要用because来回答。
e.g. Because he got up late, he missed the bus.
= He missed the bus because he got up late. 因为他起晚了，所以错过了班车。（because和so不能连用）
e.g. ---Why he missed the bus? 为什么他错过了班车？
---Because he got up late. 因为他起晚了。
11. As soon as Michael saw it, he got mad. 迈克尔一看见它就抓狂了。
★ as soon as “一...就...”，引导时间状语从句
e.g. I often go to the library as soon as I’m free.
= As soon as I’m free, I often go to the library. 我一有空就经常去图书馆。
★ mad adj. “疯的，发疯的” get mad表示“变疯，变生气”
e.g. The woman got mad after she heard the news. 在听到这个消息后，这个妇女变疯了。
12. But his mother made him taste it. 但是他的妈妈要他尝一尝。
★ make sb do sth “使某人做某事”
e.g. My mother doesn’t make me watch TV after meals. 我的妈妈不让我饭后看电视。
13. He was surprised to find that it was delicious. 他很惊讶地发现它非常美味可口。
★ be surprised to do sth “对做某事很惊讶/惊奇/惊喜”
e.g. Jane is surprised to meet her good friend. 简很惊喜地碰见她的好朋友。
14. The smoke from cigarettes harms not only smokers but other people.
来自烟草中的烟雾不仅伤害吸烟者，而且还有其他人。
★ not only...(but) also... “不但...，而且...”
e.g. He can speak not only English but also Chinese. 他不但会说英语，而且也会说汉语。
15. Smokers shouldn’t use smoking to help them relax. 吸烟者不应该用吸烟来帮助他们放松。
★ use sth to do sth “用某物做某事”
e.g. You can use the pen to write down your name. 你可以用这支笔写下你的名字。
e.g. We often use the dictionary to look up the new words. 我们经常用词典查新单词。

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